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2 - Stigma, Heteronormative Passing with Health Care Providers, and Partner Health Involvement in Male Same-Sex Couples

from Part I - Interpersonal Influence in Health and Relationships

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2018

By
Stephen M. Haas
Edited by
Jennifer A. Theiss  and
Kathryn Greene
Jennifer A. Theiss
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Kathryn Greene
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Contemporary Studies on Relationships, Health, and Wellness , pp. 30 - 48
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

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References

References

American Medical Association (AMA). (2017). Creating an LGBTQ-friendly practice. Retrieved from: https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/creating-lgbtq-friendly-practice, May 25, 2017.Google Scholar
Bolin, A. (1992). Coming of age among transsexuals. In Whitehead, T. L. & Reid, B. V. (Eds.), Gender constructs and social issues (pp. 13–39). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Brooks Gardner, C. (1995). Passing by: Gender and public harassment. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Brown, P. (1991). Passing: Difference in our public and private self. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 1, 33–50. doi: 10.1300/J285v01n02_3Google Scholar
Button, S. B. (2004). Identity management strategies used by lesbian and gay employees: A quantitative investigation. Group & Organization Management, 29, 470–494. doi: 10.1177/1059601103257417Google Scholar
Clark, W. M., & Serovich, J. M. (1997). Twenty years and still in the dark? Content analysis of articles pertaining to gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues in marriage and family therapy journals. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 23, 239–253. doi: 10.1111/j.1752–0606.1997.tb01034.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clausell, E., & Roisman, G. I. (2009). Outness, big five personality traits, and same-sex relationship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 211–226. doi: 10.1177/0265407509106711Google Scholar
Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender and Society, 19, 829–859. doi: 10.1177/0891243205278639Google Scholar
Corbett, J. (1994). A proud label: Exploring the relationship between disability and gay pride. Disability & Society, 9, 343–357. doi: 10.1080/09687599466780381Google Scholar
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1985). Managing chronic illness at home: Three lines of work. Qualitative Sociology, 8, 224–247. doi: 10.1007/BF00989485Google Scholar
Daley, A. (1998). Lesbian invisibility in health care services: Heterosexual hegemony and strategies for change. Canadian Social Work Review, 15, 57–71. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41669660Google Scholar
Denton, F. N., Rostosky, S. S., & Danner, F. (2014). Stigma-related stressors, coping self-efficacy, and physical health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61, 383–391. doi: 10.1037/a0036707Google Scholar
Dowsett, G. W., Williams, H., Ventunea, A., & Carballo-Diéguez, A. (2008). “Taking it like a man”: Masculinity and barebacking online. Sexualities, 1, 121–141. doi: 10.1177/1363460707085467CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duck, S. W., & Wood, J. T. (1995). Off the beaten track: New shores for relationship research. In Duck, S. W. & Wood, J. T. (Eds.), Understudied relationships: Off the beaten track (pp. 1–21). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Edwards, W. J. (1996). A sociological analysis of an in/visible minority group: Male adolescent homosexuals. Youth & Society, 27, 334–355. doi: 10.1177/0044118X96027003004Google Scholar
Eichberg, R. (1990). Coming out, an act of love: An inspiring call to action for gay men, lesbians, and those who care. New York, NY: Plume.Google Scholar
Gates, G. J. (2015). Marriage and family: LGBT individuals and same-sex couples. The Future of Children, 25, 67–87. doi: 10.1353/foc.2015.0013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. In Hoare, Q. & Smith, G. N. (Eds.), Selections from the prison notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (p. 328). New York, NY: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Greene, K. (2009). An integrated model of health disclosure decision-making. In Afifi, W. A. & Afifi, T. D. (Eds.), Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions (pp. 226–253). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Haas, S. M., & Stafford, L. (1998). An initial examination of maintenance behaviors in gay and lesbian relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 846–855. doi: 10.11770/265407598156008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, S. M., & Whitton, S. (2015). The significance of living together and importance of marriage in same-sex couples. Journal of Homosexuality, 62, 1241–1263. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2015.1037137Google Scholar
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., McLaughlin, K. A., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2010). The impact of institutional discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: A prospective study. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 452–459. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168815Google Scholar
Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2014). Structural stigma and the health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 127–132. doi: 10.1177/0963721414523775Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine (IOM). (2011). The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: Building a foundation for better understanding. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. D., & Mohr, J. J. (2016). Conceptualizing the closet: Differentiating stigma concealment and nondisclosure processes. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3, 80–92. doi: 10.1037/sgd0000147Google Scholar
Johansson, T., & Ottemo, A. (2015). Ruptures in hegemonic masculinity: The dialectic between ideology and utopia. Journal of Gender Studies, 24, 192–206. doi: 10.1080/09589236.2013.812514Google Scholar
Jome, L. M., & Tokar, D. M. (1998). Dimensions of masculinity and major choice traditionally. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52, 120–134. doi: 10.1006/jvbe. 1996. 1571Google Scholar
Kahn, J. S., Goddard, L., & Coy, J. M. (2013). Gay men and drag: Dialogical resistance to hegemonic masculinity. Culture & Psychology, 19, 139–162. doi: 10.1177/1354067X12464984Google Scholar
Lanzieri, N., & Hildebrandt, T. (2011). Using hegemonic masculinity to explain gay male attraction to muscular and athletic men. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 275–293. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2011.540184CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, R. (2000). Health care problems of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients. Western Journal of Medicine, 172, 403–408. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/183/Google Scholar
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363rg/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363Google Scholar
Liu, H., Reczek, C., & Brown, D. (2013). Same-sex cohabitors and health: The role of race-ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 54, 25–45. doi: 10.1177/0022146512468280Google Scholar
Lumby, M. E. (1976). Code switching and sexual orientation: A test of Bernstein’s sociolinguistic theory. Journal of Homosexuality, 1, 383–399. doi: 10.1300/J082v01n04_03CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Major, B., & Eccleston, C. P. (2005). Stigma and social exclusion. In Abrams, D., Hogg, M. A., & Marques, J. (Eds.), Social psychology of inclusion and exclusion (pp. 63–88). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Major, B., & O’Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393–421. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137Google Scholar
Malinsky, K. P. (1997). Learning to be invisible: Female sexual minority students in America’s public high schools. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 7, 35–50.Google Scholar
Martin, J. I., & Knox, J. (1997). Self-esteem instability and its implications for HIV prevention among gay men. Health & Social Work, 22, 264–273. doi: 10.1300/J041v07n04_03Google Scholar
McKee, M. B., Hayes, S. F., & Axiotis, R. A. (1994). Challenging heterosexism in college health service delivery. Journal of American College Health, 42, 211–216. doi: 10.1080/07448481.1994.993846Google Scholar
McNaught, B. (1993). Gay issues in the workplace. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38–56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2137286Google Scholar
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. doi: 10.1037/0033–2909.129.5.674Google Scholar
Miller, T. (1998). Commodifying the male body: Problematizing hegemonic masculinity? Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 22, 431–477. doi: 10.1177/019372398022004007Google Scholar
Nadal, K. L. (2013). That’s so gay! Microagressions and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender community. Washington, DC; American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
O’Byrne, P., & Watts, J. (2014). Include, differentiate, manage: Gay male youth, stigma, and healthcare utilization. Nursing Inquiry, 21, 20–29. doi: 10.1111/nin.12014Google Scholar
Petronio, S. (2002). Boundaries of privacy: Dialectics of disclosure. New York, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Rintamaki, L., & Brashers, D. E. (2010). Stigma and intergroup communication. In Giles, H., Reid, S., & Harwood, J. (Eds.), The dyamics of intergroup communication (pp. 155–166). New York, NY: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Rubin, R. B., Rubin, A. M., & Jordan, F. F. (1997). Effects of instruction on communication apprehension and communication competence. Communication Education, 46, 104–114. doi: 10.1080/03634529709379080Google Scholar
Smart, L., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). The hidden costs of hidden stigma. In Heatherton, T. F., Kleck, R. E., Hebl, M. R., & Hull, J. G. (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 220–242). New York, NY; Guliford Press.Google Scholar
Spradlin, A. L. (1998). The price of passing: A lesbian perspective on authenticity in organizations. Management Communication Quarterly, 11, 598–605. doi: 10.1177/0893318998114006Google Scholar
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Vargo, M. E. (1998). Acts of disclosure: The coming-out process of contemporary gay men. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.Google Scholar
Woods, S. E., & Harbeck, K. M. (1991). Living in two worlds: The identity management strategies used by lesbian physical educators. Journal of Homosexuality, 22, 141–166. doi: 10.1300/J082v22n03_06Google Scholar
Yep, A., & Pietri, M. (1999). In their own words: Communication and the politics of HIV education for transgenders and transsexuals in Los Angeles. In Elwood, W. N. (Ed.), Power in blood: A handbook on AIDS, politics, and communication (pp. 199–213). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Google Scholar
American Medical Association (AMA). (2017). Creating an LGBTQ-friendly practice. Retrieved from: https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/creating-lgbtq-friendly-practice, May 25, 2017.Google Scholar
Bolin, A. (1992). Coming of age among transsexuals. In Whitehead, T. L. & Reid, B. V. (Eds.), Gender constructs and social issues (pp. 13–39). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Brooks Gardner, C. (1995). Passing by: Gender and public harassment. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Brown, P. (1991). Passing: Difference in our public and private self. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 1, 33–50. doi: 10.1300/J285v01n02_3Google Scholar
Button, S. B. (2004). Identity management strategies used by lesbian and gay employees: A quantitative investigation. Group & Organization Management, 29, 470–494. doi: 10.1177/1059601103257417Google Scholar
Clark, W. M., & Serovich, J. M. (1997). Twenty years and still in the dark? Content analysis of articles pertaining to gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues in marriage and family therapy journals. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 23, 239–253. doi: 10.1111/j.1752–0606.1997.tb01034.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clausell, E., & Roisman, G. I. (2009). Outness, big five personality traits, and same-sex relationship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 211–226. doi: 10.1177/0265407509106711Google Scholar
Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender and Society, 19, 829–859. doi: 10.1177/0891243205278639Google Scholar
Corbett, J. (1994). A proud label: Exploring the relationship between disability and gay pride. Disability & Society, 9, 343–357. doi: 10.1080/09687599466780381Google Scholar
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1985). Managing chronic illness at home: Three lines of work. Qualitative Sociology, 8, 224–247. doi: 10.1007/BF00989485Google Scholar
Daley, A. (1998). Lesbian invisibility in health care services: Heterosexual hegemony and strategies for change. Canadian Social Work Review, 15, 57–71. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41669660Google Scholar
Denton, F. N., Rostosky, S. S., & Danner, F. (2014). Stigma-related stressors, coping self-efficacy, and physical health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61, 383–391. doi: 10.1037/a0036707Google Scholar
Dowsett, G. W., Williams, H., Ventunea, A., & Carballo-Diéguez, A. (2008). “Taking it like a man”: Masculinity and barebacking online. Sexualities, 1, 121–141. doi: 10.1177/1363460707085467CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duck, S. W., & Wood, J. T. (1995). Off the beaten track: New shores for relationship research. In Duck, S. W. & Wood, J. T. (Eds.), Understudied relationships: Off the beaten track (pp. 1–21). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Edwards, W. J. (1996). A sociological analysis of an in/visible minority group: Male adolescent homosexuals. Youth & Society, 27, 334–355. doi: 10.1177/0044118X96027003004Google Scholar
Eichberg, R. (1990). Coming out, an act of love: An inspiring call to action for gay men, lesbians, and those who care. New York, NY: Plume.Google Scholar
Gates, G. J. (2015). Marriage and family: LGBT individuals and same-sex couples. The Future of Children, 25, 67–87. doi: 10.1353/foc.2015.0013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. In Hoare, Q. & Smith, G. N. (Eds.), Selections from the prison notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (p. 328). New York, NY: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Greene, K. (2009). An integrated model of health disclosure decision-making. In Afifi, W. A. & Afifi, T. D. (Eds.), Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions (pp. 226–253). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Haas, S. M., & Stafford, L. (1998). An initial examination of maintenance behaviors in gay and lesbian relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 846–855. doi: 10.11770/265407598156008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, S. M., & Whitton, S. (2015). The significance of living together and importance of marriage in same-sex couples. Journal of Homosexuality, 62, 1241–1263. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2015.1037137Google Scholar
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., McLaughlin, K. A., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2010). The impact of institutional discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: A prospective study. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 452–459. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168815Google Scholar
Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2014). Structural stigma and the health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 127–132. doi: 10.1177/0963721414523775Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine (IOM). (2011). The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: Building a foundation for better understanding. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. D., & Mohr, J. J. (2016). Conceptualizing the closet: Differentiating stigma concealment and nondisclosure processes. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3, 80–92. doi: 10.1037/sgd0000147Google Scholar
Johansson, T., & Ottemo, A. (2015). Ruptures in hegemonic masculinity: The dialectic between ideology and utopia. Journal of Gender Studies, 24, 192–206. doi: 10.1080/09589236.2013.812514Google Scholar
Jome, L. M., & Tokar, D. M. (1998). Dimensions of masculinity and major choice traditionally. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52, 120–134. doi: 10.1006/jvbe. 1996. 1571Google Scholar
Kahn, J. S., Goddard, L., & Coy, J. M. (2013). Gay men and drag: Dialogical resistance to hegemonic masculinity. Culture & Psychology, 19, 139–162. doi: 10.1177/1354067X12464984Google Scholar
Lanzieri, N., & Hildebrandt, T. (2011). Using hegemonic masculinity to explain gay male attraction to muscular and athletic men. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 275–293. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2011.540184CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, R. (2000). Health care problems of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients. Western Journal of Medicine, 172, 403–408. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/183/Google Scholar
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363rg/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363Google Scholar
Liu, H., Reczek, C., & Brown, D. (2013). Same-sex cohabitors and health: The role of race-ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 54, 25–45. doi: 10.1177/0022146512468280Google Scholar
Lumby, M. E. (1976). Code switching and sexual orientation: A test of Bernstein’s sociolinguistic theory. Journal of Homosexuality, 1, 383–399. doi: 10.1300/J082v01n04_03CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Major, B., & Eccleston, C. P. (2005). Stigma and social exclusion. In Abrams, D., Hogg, M. A., & Marques, J. (Eds.), Social psychology of inclusion and exclusion (pp. 63–88). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Major, B., & O’Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393–421. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137Google Scholar
Malinsky, K. P. (1997). Learning to be invisible: Female sexual minority students in America’s public high schools. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 7, 35–50.Google Scholar
Martin, J. I., & Knox, J. (1997). Self-esteem instability and its implications for HIV prevention among gay men. Health & Social Work, 22, 264–273. doi: 10.1300/J041v07n04_03Google Scholar
McKee, M. B., Hayes, S. F., & Axiotis, R. A. (1994). Challenging heterosexism in college health service delivery. Journal of American College Health, 42, 211–216. doi: 10.1080/07448481.1994.993846Google Scholar
McNaught, B. (1993). Gay issues in the workplace. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38–56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2137286Google Scholar
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. doi: 10.1037/0033–2909.129.5.674Google Scholar
Miller, T. (1998). Commodifying the male body: Problematizing hegemonic masculinity? Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 22, 431–477. doi: 10.1177/019372398022004007Google Scholar
Nadal, K. L. (2013). That’s so gay! Microagressions and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender community. Washington, DC; American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
O’Byrne, P., & Watts, J. (2014). Include, differentiate, manage: Gay male youth, stigma, and healthcare utilization. Nursing Inquiry, 21, 20–29. doi: 10.1111/nin.12014Google Scholar
Petronio, S. (2002). Boundaries of privacy: Dialectics of disclosure. New York, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Rintamaki, L., & Brashers, D. E. (2010). Stigma and intergroup communication. In Giles, H., Reid, S., & Harwood, J. (Eds.), The dyamics of intergroup communication (pp. 155–166). New York, NY: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Rubin, R. B., Rubin, A. M., & Jordan, F. F. (1997). Effects of instruction on communication apprehension and communication competence. Communication Education, 46, 104–114. doi: 10.1080/03634529709379080Google Scholar
Smart, L., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). The hidden costs of hidden stigma. In Heatherton, T. F., Kleck, R. E., Hebl, M. R., & Hull, J. G. (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 220–242). New York, NY; Guliford Press.Google Scholar
Spradlin, A. L. (1998). The price of passing: A lesbian perspective on authenticity in organizations. Management Communication Quarterly, 11, 598–605. doi: 10.1177/0893318998114006Google Scholar
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Vargo, M. E. (1998). Acts of disclosure: The coming-out process of contemporary gay men. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.Google Scholar
Woods, S. E., & Harbeck, K. M. (1991). Living in two worlds: The identity management strategies used by lesbian physical educators. Journal of Homosexuality, 22, 141–166. doi: 10.1300/J082v22n03_06Google Scholar
Yep, A., & Pietri, M. (1999). In their own words: Communication and the politics of HIV education for transgenders and transsexuals in Los Angeles. In Elwood, W. N. (Ed.), Power in blood: A handbook on AIDS, politics, and communication (pp. 199–213). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Google Scholar
American Medical Association (AMA). (2017). Creating an LGBTQ-friendly practice. Retrieved from: https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/creating-lgbtq-friendly-practice, May 25, 2017.Google Scholar
Bolin, A. (1992). Coming of age among transsexuals. In Whitehead, T. L. & Reid, B. V. (Eds.), Gender constructs and social issues (pp. 13–39). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Brooks Gardner, C. (1995). Passing by: Gender and public harassment. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Brown, P. (1991). Passing: Difference in our public and private self. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 1, 33–50. doi: 10.1300/J285v01n02_3Google Scholar
Button, S. B. (2004). Identity management strategies used by lesbian and gay employees: A quantitative investigation. Group & Organization Management, 29, 470–494. doi: 10.1177/1059601103257417Google Scholar
Clark, W. M., & Serovich, J. M. (1997). Twenty years and still in the dark? Content analysis of articles pertaining to gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues in marriage and family therapy journals. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 23, 239–253. doi: 10.1111/j.1752–0606.1997.tb01034.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clausell, E., & Roisman, G. I. (2009). Outness, big five personality traits, and same-sex relationship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 211–226. doi: 10.1177/0265407509106711Google Scholar
Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender and Society, 19, 829–859. doi: 10.1177/0891243205278639Google Scholar
Corbett, J. (1994). A proud label: Exploring the relationship between disability and gay pride. Disability & Society, 9, 343–357. doi: 10.1080/09687599466780381Google Scholar
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1985). Managing chronic illness at home: Three lines of work. Qualitative Sociology, 8, 224–247. doi: 10.1007/BF00989485Google Scholar
Daley, A. (1998). Lesbian invisibility in health care services: Heterosexual hegemony and strategies for change. Canadian Social Work Review, 15, 57–71. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41669660Google Scholar
Denton, F. N., Rostosky, S. S., & Danner, F. (2014). Stigma-related stressors, coping self-efficacy, and physical health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61, 383–391. doi: 10.1037/a0036707Google Scholar
Dowsett, G. W., Williams, H., Ventunea, A., & Carballo-Diéguez, A. (2008). “Taking it like a man”: Masculinity and barebacking online. Sexualities, 1, 121–141. doi: 10.1177/1363460707085467CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duck, S. W., & Wood, J. T. (1995). Off the beaten track: New shores for relationship research. In Duck, S. W. & Wood, J. T. (Eds.), Understudied relationships: Off the beaten track (pp. 1–21). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Edwards, W. J. (1996). A sociological analysis of an in/visible minority group: Male adolescent homosexuals. Youth & Society, 27, 334–355. doi: 10.1177/0044118X96027003004Google Scholar
Eichberg, R. (1990). Coming out, an act of love: An inspiring call to action for gay men, lesbians, and those who care. New York, NY: Plume.Google Scholar
Gates, G. J. (2015). Marriage and family: LGBT individuals and same-sex couples. The Future of Children, 25, 67–87. doi: 10.1353/foc.2015.0013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine.Google Scholar
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