Bibliography

Michelle Foster

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511493980.008

Agbakwa, Shedrack C., ‘Reclaiming Humanity: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as the Cornerstone of African Human Rights’ (2000) 5 Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal177.Google Scholar

Aleinikoff, Thomas Alexander, ‘The Refugee Convention at Forty: Reflections on the IJRL Colloquium’ (1991) 3 International Journal of Refugee Law617.CrossRef Google Scholar

Aleinikoff, Thomas Alexander, Martin, David A. and Motomura, Hiroshi, Immigration and Citizenship: Process and Policy (St Paul, MN: West Group, 1998).Google Scholar

Alston, Philip, ‘Conjuring Up New Human Rights: A Proposal for Quality Control’ (1984) 78 American Journal of International Law607.CrossRef Google Scholar

Alston, Philip, ‘Out of the Abyss: The Challenges Confronting the New UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ (1987) 9 Human Rights Quarterly332.CrossRef Google Scholar

Alston, Philip and Quinn, Gerard, ‘The Nature and Scope of States Parties’ Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' (1987) 9 Human Rights Quarterly156.CrossRef Google Scholar

Andrysek, Oldrich, ‘Gaps in International Protection and the Potential for Redress through Individual Complaints Procedures’ (1997) 9 International Journal of Refugee Law392.CrossRef Google Scholar

Anker, Deborah, ‘Women Refugees: Forgotten No Longer?’ (1995) 32 San Diego Law Review771.Google Scholar

Anker, Deborah, Law of Asylum in the United States (Boston, MA: Refugee Law Center, 1999).Google Scholar

Anker, Deborah, ‘Refugee Status and Violence Against Women in the “Domestic” Sphere: The Non-State Actor Question’ (2001) 15 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal391.Google Scholar

Anker, Deborah, ‘Boundaries in the Field of Human Rights: Refugee Law, Gender and the Human Rights Paradigm’ (2002) 15 Harvard Human Rights Journal133.Google Scholar

Arambulo, Kitty, ‘Drafting an Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Can an Ideal Become Reality?’ (1996) 2 University of California Davis Journal of International Law and Policy111.Google Scholar

Arambulo, Kitty, Strengthening the Supervision of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Antwerp: Intersentia, 1999).Google Scholar

Aust, Anthony, Modern Treaty Law and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).Google Scholar

Bhabha, Jacqueline, ‘Minors or Aliens? Inconsistent State Intervention and Sepa-rate Child Asylum-Seekers’ (2001) European Journal of Migration and Law283.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bhabha, Jacqueline, ‘Boundaries in the Field of Human Rights: Internationalist Gatekeepers?: The Tension Between Asylum Advocacy and Human Rights’ (2002) 15 Harvard Human Rights Journal155.Google Scholar

Bhabha, Jacqueline and Young, Wendy, ‘Not Adults in Miniature: Unaccompanied Child Asylum Seekers and the US Guidelines’ (1999) 11(1) International Journal of Refugee Law84.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bilchitz, David, ‘Towards a Reasonable Approach to the Minimum Core: Laying the Foundations for Future Socio-Economic Rights Jurisprudence’ (2003) 19 South African Journal on Human Rights1.CrossRef Google Scholar

Blake, Nicholas, ‘Entitlement to Protection: A Human Rights-Based Approach to Refugee Protection in the United Kingdom’, in Nicholson, Frances and Twomey, Patrick (eds.), Current Issues of UK Asylum Law and Policy (Dartmouth: Ashgate, 1998).Google Scholar

Boyle, Allan, ‘Some Reflections on the Relationship of Treaties and Soft Law’, in Gowlland-Debbas, Vera (ed.), Multilateral Treaty Making, The Current Status of Challenges to and Reforms Needed in the International Legislative Process (The Hague, Boston: M. Nijhoff, 2000).Google Scholar

Brems, Eva, ‘Social and Economic Rights of Women’, in Auweraert, Peter (ed.), Social, Economic and Cultural Rights: An Appraisal of Current European and International Developments (Antwerp: Maklu, 2002).Google Scholar

Breyer, David and Cairns, Edmund, ‘For Better? For Worse? Humanitarian Aid in Conflict’ (1997) 7(4) Development in Practice363.CrossRef Google Scholar

Brownlie, Ian, Principles of Public International Law, sixth edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).Google Scholar

Buffard, Isabelle and Zemanek, Karl, ‘The “Object and Purpose” of a Treaty: an Enigma?’ (1998) 3 American Review of International and European Law311.Google Scholar

Carlier, Jean-Yves, Vanheule, Dirk, Peña Galiano, Carlos and Hullman, Klaus (eds.), Who is a Refugee? A Comparative Case Law Study (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1997).Google Scholar

Charlesworth, Hilary and Chinkin, Christine, ‘The Gender of Jus Cogens’ (1993) 15 Human Rights Quarterly63.CrossRef Google Scholar

Chisanga Puta-Chekwe and Nora Flood, ‘From Division to Integration: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as Basic Human Rights’, in Merali, Isfahan and Oostervedl, Valerie (eds.), Giving Meaning to Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).CrossRef Google Scholar

Clark, Tom and Crêpeau, Francois, ‘Mainstreaming Refugee Rights: the 1951 Refugee Convention and International Human Rights Law’ (1999) 17(4) Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights389.CrossRef Google Scholar

Connors, Jane, ‘Legal Aspects of Women as a Particular Social Group’ (1997) 9 International Journal of Refugee Law115.CrossRef Google Scholar

Cook, Shayna S., ‘Repairing the Legacy of INS v. Elias-Zacarias’ (2002) 23 Michigan Journal of International Law223.Google Scholar

Coomans, Fons, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Utrecht: Advisory Committee on Human Rights and Foreign Policy of the Netherlands, 1995).Google Scholar

Coomans, Fons, ‘In Search of the Core Content of the Right to Education’, in Chapman, Audrey R and Sage Russell (eds.), Core Obligations: Building a Framework for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Antwerp, New York: Transnational Publishing, 2002).Google Scholar

Cottier, Thomas, ‘Trade and Human Rights: a Relationship to Discover’ (2002) 5(1) Journal of International Economic Law111.CrossRef Google Scholar

Cranston, Maurice, What Are Human Rights? (London: Bodley Head, 1973).Google Scholar

Craven, Matthew C. R., The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Perspective on its Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).Google Scholar

Craven, M., ‘The Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights under the Inter-American System of Human Rights’, in Harris, David J. and Livingstone, Stephen (eds.), The Inter-American System of Human Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998).Google Scholar

Craven, M., ‘The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, in Hanski, Raija and Suksi, Markku (eds.), An Introduction to the International Protection of Human Rights – A Textbook (Åbo: Institute for Human Rights, Åbo Akademi University, 1999).Google Scholar

Crawley, Heaven, Refugees and Gender: Law and Process (Bristol: Jordan Publishing, 2001).Google Scholar

Daley, Krista and Kelley, Ninette, ‘Particular Social Group: A Human Rights Based Approach in Canadian Jurisprudence’ (2000) 12(2) International Journal of Refugee Law148.CrossRef Google Scholar

Dauvergne, Catherine, ‘Chinese Fleeing Sterilisation: Australia's Response Against a Canadian Backdrop’ (1998) 19 International Journal of Refugee Law77.CrossRef Google Scholar

Dauvergne, Catherine and Millbank, Jenni, ‘Before the High Court: Applicants S396/2002 and S395/2002, A Gay Refugee Couple from Bangladesh’ (2003) 25 Sydney Law Review97.Google Scholar

Davy, Ulrike, ‘Refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina: Are They Genuine?’ (1995) 18 Suffolk Transnational Law Review53.Google Scholar

Wet, Erika, ‘Recent Developments Concerning the Draft Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ (1997) 13(4) South African Journal on Human Rights514.CrossRef Google Scholar

Diller, Janelle M., In Search of Asylum: Vietnamese Boat People in Hong Kong (Washington: Indochina Resource Center, 1988).Google Scholar

Drzemczewski, Andrew, ‘The Sui Generis Nature of the European Convention on Human Rights’ (1980) 29 International and Comparative Law Quarterly60.CrossRef Google Scholar

Dummett, Michael, On Immigration and Refugees (London: Routledge, 2001).Google Scholar

Einfeld, His Honour Justice Marcus, ‘Is There a Role for Compassion in Refugee Policy?’ (2000) 23(3) University of New South Wales Law Journal303.

El Hassan Bin Talal, HRH Crown Prince, ‘Refugee Law: Protection for the Minority’ (1993) 6 Journal of Refugee Studies1.Google Scholar

Evatt, Elizabeth ‘The Impact of International Human Rights on Domestic Law’, in Huscroft, Grant and Rishworth, Paul (eds.), Litigating Rights: Perspectives from Domestic and International Law (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2002).Google Scholar

Farer, Tom, ‘How the International System Copes with Involuntary Migration: Norms, Institutions and State Practice’ (1995) 17 Human Rights Quarterly72.CrossRef Google Scholar

Feller, Erika, ‘Address to the Conference of the International Association of Refugee Law Judges’ (2000–2001) 15 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal381.Google Scholar

Feller, Erika, ‘The Evolution of the International Refugee Protection Regime’ (2001a) 5 Washington University Journal of Law and Policy129.Google Scholar

Findley, Sally E., ‘Compelled to Move: the Rise of Forced Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa’, in Siddique, M. A. B. (ed.), International Migration into the 21st Century (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2001).Google Scholar

Foster, Michelle, ‘Causation in Context: Interpreting the Nexus Clause in the Refugee Convention’ (2002) 23(2) Michigan Journal of International Law265.Google Scholar

French, Duncan, ‘Treaty Interpretation and the Incorporation of Extraneous Legal Rules’ (2006) 55 International and Comparative Law Quarterly281.CrossRef Google Scholar

Frostell, Katarina and Martin Scheinin, ‘Women’, in Eide, Asbjorn, Krause, Catarina, Rosas, Allan and Scheinin, Martin (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook, second edition (Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 2001).Google Scholar

Fullerton, Maryellen, ‘A Comparative Look at Refugee Status Based on Persecution Due to Membership in a Particular Social Group’ (1993) 26 Cornell International Law Journal505.Google Scholar

Germanin, Regine, AILA's Asylum Primer: A Practical Guide to US Asylum Law and Procedure, second edition (Washington, DC: American Immigration Lawyers Association, 2005).Google Scholar

Ghosh, Bimal, Huddled Masses and Uncertain Shores: Insights into Irregular Migration (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998).Google Scholar

Gilad, Lisa, ‘The Problem of Gender-Related Persecution: A Challenge of International Protection’, in Indra, Doreen (ed.), Engendering Forced Migration: Theory and Practice (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999).Google Scholar

Goldberg, Pamela, ‘Anyplace but Home: Asylum in the United States for Women Fleeing Intimate Violence’ (1993) 26 Cornell International Law Journal565.Google Scholar

Goldberg, Pamela, ‘Where in the World Is There Safety for Me: Women Fleeing Gender-Based Persecution’, in Peters, Julie and Wolper, Andrea (eds.), Women's Rights, Human Rights: International Feminist Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 1995).Google Scholar

Goodman, Ryan, ‘The Incorporation of International Human Rights Standards into Sexual Orientation Asylum Claims: Cases of Involuntary “Medical” Intervention’ (1995) 105(1) Yale Law Journal255.CrossRef Google Scholar

Goodwin-Gill, Guy, The Refugee in International Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).Google Scholar

Goodwin-Gill, Guy, ‘Judicial Reasoning and “Social Group” after Islam and Shah’ (1999) 11 International Journal of Refugee Law537.CrossRef Google Scholar

Goodwin-Gill, Guy, ‘Refugees and Responsibility in the Twenty-First Century: More Lessons learned from the South Pacific’ (2003) 12 Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal23.Google Scholar

Grahl-Madsen, Atle, The Status of Refugees in International Law (Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1966).Google Scholar

Greatbatch, Jacqueline, ‘The Gender Difference: Feminist Critiques of Refugee Discourse’ (1989) 1 International Journal of Refugee Law518.CrossRef Google Scholar

Haines, Rodger P. G., Hathaway, James C. and Foster, Michelle, ‘Claims to Refugee Status Based on Voluntary but Protected Actions’ (2003) 15(3) International Journal of Refugee Law430.CrossRef Google Scholar

Harding, Jeremy, The Uninvited: Refugees at the Rich Man's Gate (London: Profile Books, 2000).Google Scholar

Harris, David, ‘The ICCPR and the UK: An Introduction’, in David Harris and Sarah Joseph (eds.), The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and United Kingdom Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).

Hart, H. L. A., ‘Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals’ (1958) 71(4) Harvard Law Review593.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hart, H. L. A. and Honore, A. M., Causation in the Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959).Google Scholar

Harvey, C. J., ‘Review Essay: Gender, Refugee Law and the Politics of Interpretation’ (2001) 12(4) International Journal of Refugee Law680.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hathaway, James C., ‘A Reconsideration of the Underlying Premise of Refugee Law’ (1990) 31 Harvard International Law Journal129.Google Scholar

Hathaway, James C., The Law of Refugee Status (Toronto: Butterworths, 1991).Google Scholar

Hathaway, James C., ‘The Causal Nexus in International Refugee Law’ (2002) 23 Michigan Journal of International Law207.Google Scholar

Hathaway, James C., The Rights of Refugees under International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).CrossRef Google Scholar

Hathaway, James C. and Michelle Foster, ‘Internal Protection/Relocation/Flight Alternative as an Aspect of Refugee Status Determination’, in Feller, Erika, Türk, Volker and Nicholson, Frances (eds.), Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCR's Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003a).CrossRef Google Scholar

Hathaway, James C. and Foster, Michelle, ‘The Causal Connection (“Nexus”) to a Convention Ground’ (2003b) 15 International Journal of Refugee Law461.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hathaway, James C. and Foster, Michelle, ‘Membership of a Particular Social Group’ (2003) 15(3) International Journal of Refugee Law477.CrossRef Google Scholar

Haysom, Nicholas, ‘Constitutionalism, Majoritarian Democracy and Socio-Economic Rights’ (1992) 8 South African Journal on Human Rights451.CrossRef Google Scholar

Helfer, Laurence R. and Slaughter, Anne-Marie, ‘Toward a Theory of Effective Supranational Adjudication’ (1997) 107 Yale Law Journal273.CrossRef Google Scholar

Helton, Arthur C. and Jones, Eliana, ‘What is Forced Migration?’ (1999) 13 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal521.Google Scholar

Heringa, Aalt Willem, ‘The Consensus Principle – the Role of “Common law” in the ECHR Case Law’ (1996) 3 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law108.CrossRef Google Scholar

Higgins, Rosalyn, ‘The United Nations: Still a Force for Peace’ (1989) 52 The Modern Law Review1.CrossRef Google Scholar

Higgins, Rosalyn, ‘Ten Years on the UN Human Rights Committee: Some Thoughts upon Parting’ (1996) European Human Rights Law Review572.Google Scholar

Highet, Keith, Kahale, George III and David Jones, Thomas, ‘Decision: Sale v. Haitian Centers Council, Inc, 113 S Ct 2549’ (1994) 88 American Journal of International Law114.Google Scholar

Huber, Bertold, ‘The Application of Human Rights Standards by German Courts to Asylum-Seekers, Refugees and Migrants’ (2001) 3 European Journal of Migration and the Law171.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hunt, Paul, Reclaiming Social Rights: International and Comparative Perspectives (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1996).Google Scholar

Hunt, Paul, and Judith, Mesquita‘Mental Disabilities and the human right to the highest attainable standard of health’ (2006) 28 Human Rights Quarterly332.CrossRef Google Scholar

IARLJ, , The Realities of Refugee Determination on the Eve of a New Millennium: The Role of the Judiciary (Haarlem, The Netherlands: International Association of Refugee Law Judges, 1999).Google Scholar

Inter-Conference Working Parties: Human Rights Nexus Working Party, Human Rights Conference Report (IARLJ Annual Conference, Ottawa, 12–17 October 1998) (on file with author).

Jackson, Ivor, ‘The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees: A Universal Basis for Protection’ (1991) 3 International Journal of Refugee Law403.CrossRef Google Scholar

Jacobs, Francis G. and White, Robin C. A., The European Convention on Human Rights, second edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).Google Scholar

Jamail, Milton H. and Stolp, Chandler, ‘Central Americans on the Run: Political Refugees or Economic Migrants?’ (1985) 31(3) Public Affairs Comment1.Google Scholar

Jasudowicz, Taduesz, ‘The Legal Character of Social Rights from the Perspective of International Law as a Whole’, in Drzewicki, Krzysztof et al. (eds.), Social Rights as Human Rights: A European Challenge (Åbo: Institute for Human Rights, Åbo Akademi University, 1994).Google Scholar

Jayawickrama, Nihal, The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).Google Scholar

Sir Robert, Jennings and Watts, Sir Arthur (eds.), Oppenheim's International Law, vol. I, ninth edition (Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1997).Google Scholar

Jhabvala, Farroukh, ‘On Human Rights and the Socio-Economic Context’, in Snyder, Frederick E. and Sathirathai, Surakiart (eds.), Third World Attitudes Toward International Law (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987).Google Scholar

Joseph, Sarah Jenny Schultz and Castan, Melissa, The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).Google Scholar

Kanter, Arlene and Dadey, Kristin, ‘The Right to Asylum for People with Disabilities’ (2000) 73 Temple Law Review1117.Google Scholar

Keely, Charles B., ‘Demography and International Migration’, in Brettell, Caroline B. and Hollifield, James F. (eds.), Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines (New York: Routledge, 2000).Google Scholar

Klabbers, Jan, ‘Some Problems regarding the Object and Purpose of Treaties’ (1997) 8 The Finnish Yearbook of International Law138.Google Scholar

Knight, Stephen, ‘Reflections on Khawar: Recognizing the Refugee from Family Violence’ (2003) 14 Hastings Women's Law Journal27.Google Scholar

Koji, Teraya, ‘Emerging Hierarchy in International Human Rights and Beyond: From the Perspective of Non-Derogable Rights’ (2001) 12 European Journal of International Law917.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kushner, Tony and Katharine Knox, ‘The Kurds: A Moment of Humanity in an Era of Restriction?’, in Kushner, Tony and Knox, Katharine, Refugees in an Age of Genocide: Global, National and Local Perspectives during the Twentieth Century (London: Frank Cass, 1999).Google Scholar

Lambert, Helene, ‘The Conceptualisation of “Persecution” by the House of Lords: Horvath v. Secretary of State for the Home Department’ (2001) 13 International Journal of Refugee Law19.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lawson, R. A. (eds.), Leading Cases of the European Court of Human Rights, second edition (Nijmegen: Ars Aequi Libri, 1999).Google Scholar

Leckie, Scott, ‘Another Step Towards Indivisibility: Identifying the Key Features of Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ (1998) 20 Human Rights Quarterly81.CrossRef Google Scholar

Legomsky, Stephen H., Immigration and Refugee Law and Policy, third edition (New York: Foundation Press, 2002).Google Scholar

‘Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ (1987) 9 Human Rights Quarterly122.CrossRef

Macklin, Audrey, ‘Refugee Women and the Imperative of Categories’ (1995) 17 Human Rights Quarterly213.CrossRef Google Scholar

Malone, Wex S., ‘Ruminations on Cause-in-Fact’ (1956) 9 Stanford Law Review60.CrossRef Google Scholar

Marceau, Gabrielle, ‘A Call for Coherence in International Law’ (1999) 33(5) Journal of World Trade87.Google Scholar

Marceau, Gabrielle, ‘WTO Dispute Settlement and Human Rights’ (2002) 13 European Journal of International Law753.CrossRef Google Scholar

Marcus, David, ‘Famine Crimes in International Law’ (2003) 97 American Journal of International Law245.CrossRef Google Scholar

Martin, David, ‘Review of the Law of Refugee Status’ (1993) 87 American Journal of International Law348.CrossRef Google Scholar

Martin, Susan F., New Issues in Refugee Research: Global Migration Trends and Asylum (2001) UNHCR working paper no. 41.

Mathew, Penelope, ‘Current Development: Australian Refugee Protection in the Wake of the Tampa’ (2002) 96 American Journal of International Law661.CrossRef Google Scholar

Mathew, Penelope, Hathaway, James C. and Foster, Michelle, ‘The Role of State Protection in Refugee Analysis’ (2003) 15 International Journal of Refugee Law444.CrossRef Google Scholar

McAdam, Jane, ‘Complementary Protection and Beyond: How States Deal with Human Rights Protection’, UNHCR New Issues in Refugee Research: Working Paper 118 (2005).

McAdam, Jane, Complementary Protection in International Refugee Law (Oxford: OUP, 2007).

McCorquodale, Robert, ‘Secrets and Lies: Economic Globalisation and Women's Human Rights’ (1998) 19 Australian Year Book of International Law73.CrossRef Google Scholar

McGoldrick, Dominic, The Human Rights Committee: Its Role in the Development of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).Google Scholar

McLachlan, Campbell, ‘The Principle of Systemic Integration and Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention’ (2005) 54 International and Comparative Law Quarterly279.CrossRef Google Scholar

Menjívar, Cecilia, ‘History, Economy and Politics: Macro and Micro Level Factors in Recent Salvadorean Migration to the US’ (1993) 6 Journal of Refugee Studies350.Google Scholar

Meron, Theodor, ‘On a Hierarchy of International Human Rights’ (1986) 80 American Journal of International Law1.CrossRef Google Scholar

Mureinik, Etienne, ‘Beyond a Charter of Luxuries: Economic Rights in the Constitution’ (1992) 8 South African Journal on Human Rights464.CrossRef Google Scholar

Musalo, Karen, ‘Irreconcilable Differences? Divorcing Refugee Protections from Human Rights Norms’ (1994) 15 Michigan Journal of International Law1179.Google Scholar

Musalo, Karen, ‘Revisiting Social Group and Nexus in Gender Asylum Claims: A Unifying Rationale for Evolving Jurisprudence’ (2003) 52 DePaul Law Review777.Google Scholar

Musalo, Karen and Knight, Stephen, ‘Gender-Based Asylum: An Analysis of Recent Trends’ (2000) 77(42) Interpreter Releases1533.Google Scholar

Musalo, Karen and Knight, Stephen, ‘Steps Forward and Steps Back: Uneven Progress in the Law of Social Group and Gender-Based Claims in the United States’ (2001) 13 International Journal of Refugee Law51.CrossRef Google Scholar

Musalo, Karen, Moore, Jennifer and Boswell, Richard, Refugee Law and Policy: Cases and Materials (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1997).Google Scholar

Musungu, Sisule Fredrick, ‘International Trade and Human Rights in Africa: A Comment on Conceptual Linkages’, in Abbott, Frederick M., Breining-Kaufmann, Christine and Cottier, Thomas (eds.), International Trade and Human Rights: Foundations and Conceptual Issues (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006).Google Scholar

Nathwani, Niraj, Rethinking Refugee Law (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2003).Google Scholar

Neal, David L., ‘Women as a Social Group: Recognising Sex-Based Persecution as Grounds for Asylum’ (1988) 20 Columbia Human Rights Law Review203.Google Scholar

Nickel, James, ‘How Human Rights Generate Duties to Protect and Provide’ (1993) 15 Human Rights Quarterly77.CrossRef Google Scholar

Nkiwane Muzenda, Tandeka, ‘The Role of Social and Economic Factors and Natural Disasters in Forced Population Displacements in Africa’ (1995) 7 International Journal of Refugee Law46.CrossRef Google Scholar

Noll, Gregor, Negotiating Asylum: The EU Acquis, Extraterritorial Protection and the Common Market of Deflection (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2000).Google Scholar

North, Justice A. M. and Bhuta, Nehal, ‘The Future of Protection – the Role of the Judge’ (2001) 15 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal479.Google Scholar

Nowak, Manfred, Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2003).Google Scholar

Nykanen, Eeva, ‘Protecting Children? The European Convention on Human Rights and Child Asylum Seekers’ (2001) 3 European Journal of Migration and the Law315.CrossRef Google Scholar

O'Flaherty, Michael, Human Rights and the UN: Practice before the Treaty Bodies, second edition (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002).Google Scholar

Ogata, Sadako, ‘Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Refugee Protection’, in Warner, Daniel (ed.), Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: The Quest for Universality (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1997).Google Scholar

Oloka-Onyango, Joe, ‘Human Rights, The OAU Convention and the Refugee Crisis in Africa: Forty Years after Geneva’ (1991) 3 International Journal of Refugee Law452.CrossRef Google Scholar

Orucu, Esin, ‘The Core of Rights and Freedoms: The Limit of Limits’, in Campbell, Tom, et al. (eds.), Human Rights: From Rhetoric to Reality (New York: Blackwell, 1986).Google Scholar

Otto, Diane, ‘Defending Women's Economic and Social Rights: Some Thoughts on Indivisibility and a New Standard of Equality’, in Merali, Isfahan and Oostervedl, Valerie (eds.), Giving Meaning to Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).CrossRef Google Scholar

Palmeter, David and Mavroidis, Petros, ‘The WTO Legal System: Sources of Law’ (1998) 93(3) American Journal of International Law398.CrossRef Google Scholar

Parker, Mary Caroline, ‘ “Other Treaties”: The Inter-American Court of Human Rights Defines its Advisory Jurisdiction’ (1982) 33 American University Law Review211.Google Scholar

Pauwelyn, Joost, ‘The Role of Public International Law in the WTO: How Far Can We Go?’ (2001) 95 American Journal of International Law535.CrossRef Google Scholar

Pellonpaa, Matti, ‘ECHR Case-law on Refugees and Asylum-Seekers and Protection under the 1951 Refugee Convention: Similarities and Differences’, in The Changing Nature of Persecution: IARLJ 4th Conference (Bern, Switzerland: Institute of Public Law, University of Berne, 2001).Google Scholar

‘Political Legitimacy in the Law of Political Asylum’ (1985) 99 Harvard Law Review450.CrossRef

Rajagopal, Balakrishnan, International Law From Below (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).CrossRef Google Scholar

Ramcharan, Bertrand G., Judicial Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Cases and Materials (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2005).Google Scholar

Ress, George, ‘The Interpretation of the Charter’, in Simma, Bruno et al. (eds.), The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, second edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).Google Scholar

Richmond, Anthony H., ‘Reactive Migration: Sociological Perspectives on Refugee Movements’ (1993) 6 Journal of Refugee Studies7.CrossRef Google Scholar

Richmond, Anthony H., Global Apartheid: Refugees, Racism, and the New World Order (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1994).Google Scholar

Robinson, Kim, ‘False Hope or a Realizable Right? The Implementation of the Right to Shelter Under the African National Congress’ Proposed Bill of Rights for South Africa' (1993) 28 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review505.Google Scholar

Röhl, Katharina, ‘Fleeing violence and poverty: non-refoulement obligations under the European Convention of Human Rights’ (UNHCR, New Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper No. 111, January 2005).

Rosenne, Shabtai, Developments in the Law of Treaties, 1945–1986 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).Google Scholar

Roth, Kenneth, ‘Defending Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Practical Issues Faced by an International Human Rights Organization’ (2004) 24 Human Rights Quarterly63.CrossRef Google Scholar

Russell, Simon, ‘Unaccompanied Refugee Children in the United Kingdom’ (1999) 11(1) International Journal of Refugee Law126.CrossRef Google Scholar

Sands, Philippe, ‘Treaty, Custom and the Cross-Fertilization of International Law’ (1998) 1 Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal85.Google Scholar

Scheinin, Martin, ‘Economic and Social Rights as Legal Rights’, in Eide, Asbjørn, Krause, Catarina and Rosas, Allan (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, A Textbook (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001).Google Scholar

Schmeidl, Susanne, ‘Conflict and Forced Migration: A Quantitative Review, 1964–1995’, in Zolberg, Aristide R. and Benda, Peter M. (eds.), Global Migrants, Global Refugees: Problems and Solutions (New York: Berghahn Books, 2001).Google Scholar

Scott, Craig, ‘The Interdependence and Permeability of Human Rights Norms: Towards a Partial Fusion of the International Covenants on Human Rights’ (1989) 27(4) Osgoode Hall Law Journal769.Google Scholar

Scott, Craig, ‘Canada's International Human Rights Obligations and Disadvantaged Members of Society: Finally into the Spotlight?’ (1999a) 10(4) Constitutional Forum97.Google Scholar

Scott, Craig, ‘Reaching Beyond (Without Abandoning) the Category of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ (1999b) 21 Human Rights Quarterly634.CrossRef Google Scholar

Scott, Craig and Alston, Philip, ‘Adjudicating Constitutional Priorities in a Transnational Context: A Comment on Soobramoney's Legacy and Grootboom's Promise’ (2000) 16 South African Journal of Human Rights206.CrossRef Google Scholar

Scott, Craig and Macklem, Patrick, ‘Constitutional Ropes of Sand or Justiciable Guarantees? Social Rights in a New South African Constitution’ (1992) 141 University of Pennsylvania Law Review1.CrossRef Google Scholar

Seiderman, Ian D., Hierarchy in International Law: The Human Rights Dimension (Antwerp: Intersentia, 2001).Google Scholar

Sen, Amartya, Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999).Google Scholar

Sepulveda, Magdalena, The Nature of the Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (New York: Intersentia, 2003).Google Scholar

Shue, Henry, Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and US Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980).Google Scholar

Simma, Bruno, ‘Consent: Strains in the Treaty System’, in MacDonald, R. St. J. and Douglas M. Johnston (eds.), The Structure and Process of International Law: Essays in Legal Philosophy, Doctrine and Theory (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1983).Google Scholar

Simma, Bruno, ‘International Human Rights and General International Law: A Comparative Analysis’ in Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law, vol. IV, book II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).Google Scholar

Sinclair, Ian Sir, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, second edition (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984).Google Scholar

Sitaropoulos, Nicholas, Judicial Interpretation of Refugee Status: In Search of a Principled Methodology Based on a Critical Comparative Analysis, with Special Reference to Contemporary British, French, and German Jurisprudence (Athens: Sakkoulas, 1999).Google Scholar

Sloth-Nielsen, Julia, ‘Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: Some Implications for South African Law’ (1995) 11 South African Journal on Human Rights401.CrossRef Google Scholar

Smith, Charles David, ‘Women Migrants of Kagera Region, Tanzania: The Need for Empowerment’, in Indra, Doreen (ed.), Engendering Forced Migration: Theory and Practice (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999).Google Scholar

Spijkerboer, Thomas, Gender and Refugee Studies (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000).Google Scholar

Steendijk, Lisbeth, ‘The Application of Human Rights Standards to Asylum Cases: The Dutch Example’ (2001) 3 European Journal of Migration and the Law185.CrossRef Google Scholar

Steinbock, Daniel, ‘Interpreting the Refugee Definition’ (1998) 45 UCLA Law Review733.Google Scholar

Steiner, Henry J. and Alston, Philip, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals: Text and Materials (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).Google Scholar

Steiner, Henry J. and Alston, Philip, International Human Rights in Context, second edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).Google Scholar

Sternberg, Mark R., The Grounds of Refugee Protection in the Context of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Canadian and United States Case Law Compared (The Hague: M Nijhoff Publishers, 2002).Google Scholar

Stevens, Dallal, ‘Roma Asylum Applicants in the United Kingdom: “Scroungers” or “Scapegoats” ’, in Selm, Joanne et al. (eds.), The Refugee Convention at Fifty: A View from Forced Migrations Studies (Maryland: Lexington Books, 2003).Google Scholar

Storey, Hugo, ‘The Internal Flight Alternative Test: The Jurisprudence Re-Examined’ (1998) 10(3) International Journal of Refugee Law499.CrossRef Google Scholar

Storey, Hugo, ‘The Advanced Refugee Law Workshop Experience: An IARLJ Perspective’ (2003) 15 International Journal of Refugee Law422.CrossRef Google Scholar

Storey, Hugo and Wallace, Rebecca, ‘War and Peace in Refugee Law Jurisprudence’ (2001) 95 American Journal of International Law349.CrossRef Google Scholar

Symes, Mark, Caselaw on the Refugee Convention: The United Kingdom's Interpretation in the Light of the International Authorities (London: Refugee Legal Centre, 2000).Google Scholar

Symes, Mark and Peter Jorro, Asylum Law and Practice (London: LexisNexis UK, 2003).Google Scholar

Sztucki, ‘The Conclusions on the International Protection of Refugees Adopted by the Executive Committee of the UNHCR Programme’ (1989) 1(3) International Journal of Refugee Law285.CrossRef Google Scholar

‘The Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social, & Cultural Rights’ (1998) 20 Human Rights Quarterly691.CrossRef

Tistounet, Eric, ‘The Problem of Overlapping among Different Treaty Bodies’, in Alston, Philip and Crawford, James (eds.), The Future of UN Human Rights Treaty Monitoring (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).CrossRef Google Scholar

Tomuschat, Christian, Human Rights: Beyond Idealism and Realism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).Google Scholar

Tuitt, Patricia, False Images: Law's Construction of the Refugee (London: Pluto Press, 1996).Google Scholar

UN Centre for Human Rights, Right to Adequate Food as a Human Right (Geneva: UN Centre for Human Rights, 1989).

US Committee for Refugees, World Refugee Survey 2002 (Washington DC, 2002).

Dijk, Pieter, Hoof, G. J. H. and Heringa, A. W., Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998).Google Scholar

van Hoof, G. J. H., ‘The Legal Nature of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Rebuttal of Some Traditional Views’, in Alston, Philip and Tomasevski, Katarina (eds.), The Right to Food (Utrecht: Stichting Studie-en Informatiecentrum Mensenrechten, 1984).Google Scholar

Vandenhole, Wouter, The Procedures before the UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies: Divergence or Convergence? (Antwerp: Intersentia, 2004).Google Scholar

Vanheule, Dirk, ‘A Comparison of the Judicial Interpretations of the Notion of Refugee’, in Carlier, Jean-Yves and Vanheule, Dirk (eds.), Europe and Refugees: A Challenge? (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1997).Google Scholar

Vierdag, E. W., ‘The Legal Nature of the Rights Granted by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ (1978) 9 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law69.CrossRef Google Scholar

Villiers, Janice D., ‘Closed Borders, Closed Ports: The Flight of Haitians Seeking Political Asylum in the United States’ (1994) 60 Brooklyn Law Review841.Google Scholar

Vincent, R. J., ‘Political and Economic Refugees: Problems of Migration, Asylum and Resettlement’ (1989) 2 Journal of Refugee Studies504.CrossRef Google Scholar

Waldman, Lorne, The Definition of Convention Refugee (Markham: Butterworths, 2001).Google Scholar

Walker, Kristen L., ‘Sexuality and Refugee Status in Australia’ (2000) 12(2) International Journal of Refugee Law175.CrossRef Google Scholar

Watts, Arthur Sir, The International Law Commission, 1949–1998, 2 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).Google Scholar

Weiner, Myron, ‘The Clash of Norms: Dilemmas in Refugee Policies’ (1998) 11 Journal of Refugee Studies433.CrossRef Google Scholar

Weston, Burns H., Falk, Richard A. and Charlesworth, Hilary, International Law and World Order: A Problem-Oriented Coursebook (St Paul, MN: West Group, 1997).Google Scholar

Wichert, Tim, ‘Human Rights, Refugees and Displaced Persons: the 1997 UN Commission on Human Rights’ (1997) 9 International Journal of Refugee Law500.CrossRef Google Scholar

Wilsher, Daniel, ‘Non-State Actors and the Definition of a Refugee in the United Kingdom: Protection, Accountability or Culpability’ (2003) 15 International Journal of Refugee Law68.CrossRef Google Scholar

Yong-Joong Lee, Eric, ‘National and International Legal Concerns regarding Recent North Korean Escapees’ (2001) 13 International Journal of Refugee Law142.Google Scholar

Zolberg, Aristide R., Suhrke, Astri and Aguayo, Sergio, Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).Google Scholar

Brown, Widney, ‘A Human Rights Approach to the Rehabilitation and Reintegration into Society of Trafficked Victims’ (speech delivered at the 21st Century Slavery – The Human Rights Dimension to Trafficking in Human Beings Conference, Rome, 15–16 May 2002) (on file with author).

Coker, Jane, Heaven Crawley and Alison Stanley, ‘A Gender Perspective on the Human Rights Paradigm’ (paper presented at the IARLJ Human Rights Nexus Working Party, London, 12 May 1998), p. 3 (on file with author).

DIMIA, Refugee and Humanitarian Division, ‘Gender-Related Persecution (Article 1A(2)) – An Australian Perspective’ (paper prepared as a contribution to the UNHCR's expert roundtable series, 2001) (on file with author).

Feller, Erika, ‘Challenges to the 1951 Convention in its 50th Anniversary Year’ (speech delivered at the Seminar on International Protection within One Single Asylum Procedure, Norrkoping, Sweden, 23–24 April 2001b) (on file with author).

Human Rights Watch, International Catholic Migration Committee and the World Council of Churches, NGO Background Paper on the Refugee and Migration Interface (paper presented to the UNHCR Global Consultations on International Protection, Geneva, 28–29 June 2001a) (on file with author).

IARLJ, , The Application of Human Rights Standards to the 1951 Refugee Convention – the Definition of Persecution (paper prepared by the Human Rights Nexus Working Party, 24 April 2001) (on file with author).Google Scholar

Penz, Peter, ‘Economic Refugees and Political Migrants: An Ethical Analysis of “Forced Migration” ’ (paper presented at the 7th International Conference of the International Research and Advisory Panel (‘IRAP’) of the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration, South Africa, 2001) (on file with author).

Simeon, James C., Background Paper: The Human Rights Paradigm and the 1951 Refugee Convention (London: Human Rights Nexus Working Party, 1998) (on file with author).Google Scholar

Council of the European Union, Joint Position of 4 March 1996 Defined by the Council on the Basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on the Harmonized Application of the Definition of the Term ‘Refugee’ in Article 1 of the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 relating to the Status of Refugees, 96/196/JHA, 13 March 1996.

Council of the European Union, Directive on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals and Stateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of the Protection Granted, 29 April 2004, 2004/83/EC.

CEDAW Committee, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women: Combined Fourth and Fifth Reports of States Parties (Romania), UN Doc. CEDAW/C/ROM/4–5 (1999a).

CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 13: Equal Remuneration for Work of Equal Value, UN Doc. A/44/38 (1990a).

CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 15: Avoidance of Discrimination against Women in National Strategies for the Prevention and Control of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), UN Doc. A/45/38 (1990b).

CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 16: Unpaid Workers in Rural and Urban Family Enterprises, UN Doc. A/46/38 (1993a).

CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 17: Measurement and Quantification of the Unremunerated Domestic Activities of Women and Their Recognition in the Gross National Product, UN Doc. A/46/38 (1993b).

CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 18: Disabled Women, UN Doc. A/46/38 (1993c).

CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 21, Equality in marriage and family relations, UN Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.4 (2000).

CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 24: Women and Health UN Doc. A/54/38 (1999b).

Commission on Human Rights, Question of the Realization in All Countries of the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and Study of Special Problems which the Developing Countries Face in their Efforts to Achieve these Human Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1998/33 (1998).

Commission on Human Rights, Question of the Realization in All Countries of the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and Study of Special Problems which the Developing Countries Face in their Efforts to Achieve these Human Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/2000/9 (2000a).

Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Expert Seminar on Human Rights and Extreme Poverty, 7–10 February 2001, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2001/54/Add.1 (2001).

Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing as a Component of the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/48 (2005a).

Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/51 (2005b).

Commission on Human Rights, Report Submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/50 (2004a).

Commission on Human Rights, The Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health, UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/2002/31 (2002).

Commission on Human Rights, The Right to Education: Report Submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/50 (2004b).

Commission on Human Rights, The Right to Food, UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/2000/10 (2000b).

Commission on Human Rights, The Right to Food: Note by the Secretary-General, GA Res. A/60/350, UN GAOR, 60th sess, Agenda Item 73(b), UN Doc. A/60/350 (2005).

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 3: The Nature of States Parties Obligations (Art. 2, para. 1 of the Covenant), UN Doc. E/1991/23 (1990).

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 4: The Right to Adequate Housing (Art. 11(1) of the Covenant), UN Doc. E/1992/23 (1991).

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (‘CESCR’), General Comment 5: Persons with Disabilities, UN Doc. E/1995/22 (1994).

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 7: The Right to Adequate Housing (Art. 11.1): Forced Evictions, UN Doc. E/1998/22 (1997).

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 13: The Right to Education (Art. 13), UN Doc. E/C.12/1999/10 (1999).

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, UN Doc. E/C.12/2000/4 (2000).

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 15: The Right to Water, UN Doc. E/C.12/2002/11 (2003).

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 16: The Equal Right of Men and Women to the Enjoyment of All Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc. E/C.12/2005/4 (2005a).

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 18: The Right to Work, UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/18 (2005b).

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation 27: Discrimination Against Roma, UN Doc. A/55/18 (2000).

Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Commment No. 3: HIV/Aids and the Rights of the Children, UN Doc. CRC/GC/2003/3, 17 March 2003.

Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment 5: General Measures of Implementation for the Convention on the Rights of the Child, UN Doc. CRC/GC/2003/5 (2003).

Comprehensive and Integral International Convention to Promote and Protect the Rights and Identity of Persons with Disabilities, GA Res. 56/168, UN GAOR, 3rd Comm, 56th sess, 88th mtg, Agenda Item 119(b), UN Doc. A/RES/56/168 (2001).

Danilo Turk, The New International Economic Order and the Promotion of Human Rights: Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Preliminary Report), UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1989/19 (1989).

Danilo Turk, The Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub. 2/1992/16 (1992).

Draft International Covenants on Human Rights: Annotation – Report of the Secretary-General to the Tenth Session of the General Assembly, UN Doc. A/2929 (1955).

Economic and Social Council, Review of the Composition, Organization and Administrative Arrangements of the Sessional Working Group of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ESC Res. 17, UN ESCOR, 22nd mtg, UN Doc. E/RES/1985/17 (1985).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 1: Reporting by States Parties, UN Doc. E/1989/22 (1989).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 3: Implementation at the National Level (Art. 2), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 4 (1981).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 06: The Right to Life (Art. 6), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 (1982).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 7: Prohibition of Torture and Cruel Punishment, UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 7 (1994a).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 9: Humane Treatment of Persons Deprived of Liberty, UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 9 (1994b).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 10: Freedom of Expression (Art. 19), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 11 (1994c).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 13: Equality Before the Courts and the Right to a Fair and Public Hearing by an Independent Court Established by Law (Art. 14), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 14 (1984).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 16: The Right to Respect of Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence, and Protection of Honour and Reputation (Art. 17), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 21 (1994d).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 17: Rights of the Child (Art. 24), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 23 (1989a).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 18: Non-discrimination, UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 26 (1989b).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 20: Replaces General Comment 7 concerning Prohibition of Torture and Cruel Treatment or Punishment (Art. 7), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 30 (1992).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 22: The Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion (Art. 18), UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add. 4 (1993).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 24: Issues Relating to Reservations Made upon Ratification or Accession to the Covenant or the Optional Protocols thereto, or in Relation to Declarations under Article 41 of the Covenant, UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.6 (1994e).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 25: The Right to Participate in Public Affairs, Voting Rights and the Right of Equal Access to Public Service (Art. 25) UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7 (1996).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 27: Freedom of Movement (Art. 12), UN Doc. CCPR/C/21 Rev. 1/Add.9 (1999).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 28: Equality of Rights between Men and Women (Art. 3), UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10 (2000).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 29: States of Emergency (Art. 4), UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11 (2001).

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 31: The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13 (2004).

Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations of the UN Human Rights Committee In Respect of India, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.81 (1997).

ILC, Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising From the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, UN Doc. A/CN.4/537 (2000).

ILC, Report of the International Law Commission: Fifty-Fifth Session, UN Doc. A/CN.4/537 (2004).

ILC, Report of the International Law Commission: Fifty-Seventh Session, UN Doc. A/60/10 (2005).

ILC, Report of the Study Group on Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising From the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.644 (2003).

ILC, Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission by Martti Koskenniemi, UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.682, 4 April 2006.

ILO, Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (1998) <http://www.ilo.org/dyn/declaris/DECLARATIONWEB.static_jump?var_language=EN&var_pagename=DECLARATIONTEXT>.

Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Introductory Note to the Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1996) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/protect/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PROTECTION&id=3b66c2aa10>.

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 16 (Rev. 1): The Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (1991) <http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publications/docs/fs16.htm>.

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Status of Ratifications of the Principal International Human Rights Treaties (2006) <http://www.ohchr.org/english/countries/ratification/index.htm>.

UNHCR, , Agenda for Protection, third edition (2003) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/protect/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PROTECTION&id=3e637b194>.Google Scholar

UNHCR, Composite Flows and the Relationship to Refugee Outflows, Including Return of Persons not in Need of International Protection as Well as Facilitation of Return in its Global Dimension, UN Doc. EC/48/SC/CRP.29 (1998).

UNHCR, , Discussion Paper: Reconciling Migration Control and Refugee Protection in the European Union: A UNHCR Perspective (Geneva, 2000) (on file with author).Google Scholar

UNHCR Division of International Protection, ‘Gender-Related Persecution: An Analysis of Recent Trends’ (1997) 9 International Journal of Refugee Law79.CrossRef

UNHCR Executive Committee, Note on International Protection (1990) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=3ae68c6114>.

UNHCR Executive Committee, General Conclusion on International Protection (1993a) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=3ae68c6814>.

UNHCR Executive Committee, General Conclusion on International Protection (1993b) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=3ae68c6814>.

UNHCR Executive Committee, Conclusion on International Protection (1998) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=3ae68c6e30>.

UNHCR Executive Committee, Conclusion on the Provision of International Protection Including Through Complementary Forms of Protection (2005), para (c) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=43576e292>.

UNHCR, Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme, UN Doc. A/AC.96/1020/Rev.1 (2005).

UNHCR, Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme, Conclusion on the Provision on International Protection Including Through Complementary Forms of Protection (2005) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=43576e292>.

UNHCR Executive Committee, Conclusion on the Civilian and Humanitarian Character of Asylum (2002) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=3dafdd7c4> at 31 May 2006.

UNHCR, ‘General Briefing Note: UNHCR, Human Rights and Refugee Protection’, REFWORLD, July 1997.

UNHCR, Global Consultations on International Protection, Refugee Protection and Migration Control: Perspectives From UNHCR and IOM, UN Doc. EC/GC/01/11 (2001).

UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection: Gender-Related Persecution within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, UN Doc. HCR/GIP/02/02 (2002a).

UNHCR, Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1992), para. 51 <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PUBL&id=3d58e13b4>.

Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, ‘Note on International Protection’ (2001) 20(3) Refugee Survey Quarterly34.Google Scholar

UNHCR, Refugee Children – Global Consultations on International Protection, UN Doc. EC/GC/02/9 (2002b).

UNHCR, Report on International Protection, UN Doc. A/AC.96/527 (1996).

Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, ‘The International Protection of Refugees: Interpreting Article 1 of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees’ (2001) 20(3) Refugee Survey Quarterly77.CrossRef Google Scholar

World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, UN Doc. A/CONF.157/23 (1993).

Amnesty International, Change in the Air for AI (2001) <http://web.amnesty.org/wire/October2001/ICM>.

Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report 2004 – Building an International Human Rights Agenda: Upholding the Rights of Refugees and Migrants (2004) <http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/hragenda-8-eng>.

Amnesty International, Israel and the Occupied Territories Surviving under Siege: The Impact of Movement Restrictions on the Right to Work (2003a) <http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGMDE150012003>.

Amnesty International, Lebanon: Economic and Social Rights of Palestinian Refugees (2003c) <http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGMDE180172003>.

Amnesty International, Starved of Rights: Human Rights and the Food Crisis in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) (2004b) <http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa240032004>.

Anti-Slavery International, The Migration-Trafficking Nexus: Combating Trafficking Through the Protection of Migrants' Human Rights (2003) <http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/resources/the%20migration%20trafficking%20nexus%202003.pdf>.

DIMA, Guidelines on Gender Issues for Decision-Makers (1996) <http://www.immi.gov.au>.

European Council on Refugees and Exiles, Position Paper on the Interpretation of Article 1 of the Refugee Convention (2000) <http://www.ecre.org/positions/csrinter.shtml>.

Human Rights Watch, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights <http://hrw.org/esc/>.

Human Rights Watch, Famine in Sudan, 1998: The Human Rights Causes (1999) <http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/sudan/SUDAWEB2.htm>.

Human Rights Watch, In the Shadow of Death: HIV/AIDS and Children's Rights in Kenya (2001b) <http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/kenya/kenya0701.PDF>.

Human Rights Watch, The Invisible Exodus: North Koreans in the People's Republic of China (2002) <http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/northkorea/norkor1102.pdf>.

Human Rights Watch, Double Standards: Women's Property Rights Violations in Kenya (2003) <http://hrw.org/reports/2003/kenya0303/>.

Human Rights Watch, Not Eligible: The Politicization of Food in Zimbabwe (2003c) <http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/zimbabwe1003/zimbabwe1003.pdf>.

Human Rights Watch, Hated to Death: Homophobia, Violence and Jamaica's HIV/AIDS Epidemic (2004a) <http://hrw.org/reports/2004/jamaica1104/jamaica1104.pdf>.

Human Rights Watch, The Politics of Food Assistance in Zimbabwe (2004b) <http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/africa/zimbabwe/2004/zimbabwe0804.pdf>.

Human Rights Watch, Failing Our Children: Barriers to the Right to Education (2005a) <http://hrw.org/reports/2005/education0905/education0905.pdf>.

Human Rights Watch, Letting Them Fail: Government Neglect and the Right to Education for Children Affected by AIDS (2005b) <http://hrw.org/reports/2005/africa1005/africa1005.pdf>.

Human Rights Watch, Positively Abandoned: Stigma and Discrimination against HIV-Positive Mothers and their Children in Russia (2005c) <http://hrw.org/reports/2005/russia0605/russia0605.pdf>.

Human Rights Watch, Rhetoric and Risk: Human Rights Abuses Impeding Ukraine's Fight against HIV/AIDS (2006) <http://hrw.org/reports/2006/ukraine0306/ukraine0306web.pdf>.

Immigration and Refugee Board (Canada), Civilian Non-Combatants Fearing Persecution in Civil War Situations: Guidelines Issued by the Chairperson Pursuant to Section 65(3) of the Immigration Act (1996a) <http://www.cisr-irb.gc.ca/en/about/guidelines/civil_e.htm>.

Immigration and Review Board (Canada), Child Refugee Claimants – Procedural and Evidentiary Issues: Guidelines Issued by the Chairperson Pursuant to Section 65(3) of the Immigration Act (1996b) <http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/policy/guidelines/child_e.htm>.

Quinn, Gerard and Theresia Degener, Human Rights and Disability: The Current Use and Future Potential of United Nations Human Rights Instruments in the Context of Disability (2002) <http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/disability.doc>.

Sané, Pierre, Amnesty International Secretary General, Globalisation: AI and Socio-Economic Rights (2001) Amnesty International <http://web.amnesty.org>.

Swedish Migration Board, Gender-Based Persecution: Guidelines for Investigation and Evaluation of the Needs of Women for Protection (2001) <www.migrationsverket.se>.

UK Immigration and Nationality Directorate, ‘Discretionary Leave’ (2006) <http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/en/home/laws___policy/policy_instructions/apis/discretionary_leave.html>.

UK Immigration Appellate Authority, Asylum Gender Guidelines (2000) <http://www.asylumsupport.info/publications/iaa/gender.pdf>.

United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe (2002) <http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Trafficking.Report.2005.pdf>

United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women, International Agreements (2006) <http://www.un-instraw.org/en/index.php?option=content&task=blogcategory&id=178&Itemid=239> at 31 May 2006.

US Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Guidelines for Children's Asylum Claims (1998) <http://uscis.gov/graphics/lawsregs/handbook/10a_ChldrnGdlns.pdf>.

Deardroff, Julie, ‘ Mom Wins Asylum for Autistic Son with Autism ’, Chicago Tribune, 21 February 2001.Google Scholar

‘IJ Grants Asylum to Chinese Girl Fleeing Forced Marriage’ (2000) 77(45) Interpreter Releases1634.

‘IJ Grants Asylum to Guatemalan Street Child’ (2002) 79 Interpreter Releases440.

‘IJ Grants Asylum to HIV Positive Man, General Counsel Issues HIV Instructions’ (1996) 73 Interpreter Releases901.

Immigration and Review Board, Discrimination as a Basis for a Well-Founded Fear of Persecution (IRB Legal Services, 1991).

‘INS Grants Asylum to Autistic Child Persecuted due to Disability’ (2001) 78(13) Interpreter Releases604.

Jarvis, Catriona, ‘Can Trafficked Persons Be Refugees?’, in Immigration Appellate Authority, Legal and Research Unit Update, 29 February 2004.Google Scholar

Legal Services, Immigration and Refugee Board, Consolidated Grounds in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act: Persons in Need of Protection, Risk to Life or Risk of Cruel and Unusual Treatment or Punishment (15 May 2002).

Magar, Binda Kumari, Forum for Women, Law and Development, Submission to UN Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights, Working Group on Minorities, 10th Session (Nepal: 1–5 March 2004).Google Scholar

Musalo, Karen and Knight, Stephen, ‘Unequal Protection’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November/December 2002.

‘Ostracism, Lack of Medical Care Support HIV-Positive Alien's Asylum Quest, IJ Rules’ 78(3) Interpreter Releases233.

US Department of Justice, Office of General Counsel, ‘Legal Opinion: Palestinian Asylum Applicants’ (27 October 1995).

‘US-Asylum Granted to Person Living with HIV’ (1996) 3(1) Canadian HIV/Aids Policy and Law Newsletter.