Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I Physiology and pathophysiology of nerve fibres
- Part II Pain
- Part III Control of central nervous system output
- 18 Synaptic transduction in neocortical neurones
- 19 Cortical circuits, synchronization and seizures
- 20 Physiologically induced changes of brain temperature and their effect on extracellular field potentials
- 21 Fusimotor control of the respiratory muscles
- 22 Cerebral accompaniments and functional significance of the long-latency stretch reflexes in human forearm muscles
- 23 The cerebellum and proprioceptive control of movement
- 24 Roles of the lateral nodulus and uvula of the cerebellum in cardiovascular control
- 25 Central actions of curare and gallamine: implications for reticular reflex myoclonus?
- 26 Pathophysiology of upper motoneurone disorders
- 27 Modulation of hypoglossal motoneurones by thyrotropin-releasing hormone and serotonin
- 28 Serotonin and central respiratory disorders in the newborn
- 29 Are medullary respiratory neurones multipurpose neurones?
- 30 Reflex control of expiratory motor output in dogs
- 31 Abnormal thoraco-abdominal movements in patients with chronic lung disease
- 32 Respiratory rhythms and apnoeas in the newborn
- 33 Cardiorespiratory interactions during apnoea
- 34 Impairment of respiratory control in neurological disease
- 35 The respiratory muscles in neurological disease
- Part IV Development, survival, regeneration and death
- Index
27 - Modulation of hypoglossal motoneurones by thyrotropin-releasing hormone and serotonin
from Part III - Control of central nervous system output
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I Physiology and pathophysiology of nerve fibres
- Part II Pain
- Part III Control of central nervous system output
- 18 Synaptic transduction in neocortical neurones
- 19 Cortical circuits, synchronization and seizures
- 20 Physiologically induced changes of brain temperature and their effect on extracellular field potentials
- 21 Fusimotor control of the respiratory muscles
- 22 Cerebral accompaniments and functional significance of the long-latency stretch reflexes in human forearm muscles
- 23 The cerebellum and proprioceptive control of movement
- 24 Roles of the lateral nodulus and uvula of the cerebellum in cardiovascular control
- 25 Central actions of curare and gallamine: implications for reticular reflex myoclonus?
- 26 Pathophysiology of upper motoneurone disorders
- 27 Modulation of hypoglossal motoneurones by thyrotropin-releasing hormone and serotonin
- 28 Serotonin and central respiratory disorders in the newborn
- 29 Are medullary respiratory neurones multipurpose neurones?
- 30 Reflex control of expiratory motor output in dogs
- 31 Abnormal thoraco-abdominal movements in patients with chronic lung disease
- 32 Respiratory rhythms and apnoeas in the newborn
- 33 Cardiorespiratory interactions during apnoea
- 34 Impairment of respiratory control in neurological disease
- 35 The respiratory muscles in neurological disease
- Part IV Development, survival, regeneration and death
- Index
Summary
Motoneurones form part of the final common pathway in the control of the musculature. Two modes of neurotransmitter action on neurones are distinguishable: neurotransmitters can gate ion channels directly or induce alterations in ion channel behaviour indirectly by way of second-messenger systems (Hille, 1992). In the former case the action is characterized by rapid onset and brief duration (milliseconds) whereas in the latter case the effects occur over longer time spans (seconds to minutes). In recent years it has become apparent that alterations in specific ionic conductances by neurotransmitters acting via second-messenger systems can modify motoneuronal behaviour.
Two neurotransmitters that produce their action primarily through second-messenger systems are the three-amino-acid peptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and the indolamine serotonin (5-HT). TRH and 5-HT are of interest because the source of these transmitters to various motoneurone pools appears to be the caudal raphe nuclei in the medulla oblongata, including raphe pallidus and obscurus (Holstege & Kuypers, 1987). Along with substance P (SP) these transmitters can be found co-localized within the same raphe neurone (Johansson et al., 1981). Neurones of raphe pallidus and obscurus alter their activity dramatically in different behavioural states (Jacobs & Azmitia, 1992), highest levels of activity occurring during waking and lowest levels during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. It is therefore possible that TRH-, 5-HT- and SP-related inputs to motoneurones may vary with each state. An understanding of how these neurotransmitters affect motoneurones may provide new insights into changes in motor output that occur during various states (e.g. muscle atonia and reduced muscle reflexes in REM sleep).
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- Information
- The Neurobiology of DiseaseContributions from Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology, pp. 283 - 291Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1996