Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I Physiology and pathophysiology of nerve fibres
- Part II Pain
- Part III Control of central nervous system output
- 18 Synaptic transduction in neocortical neurones
- 19 Cortical circuits, synchronization and seizures
- 20 Physiologically induced changes of brain temperature and their effect on extracellular field potentials
- 21 Fusimotor control of the respiratory muscles
- 22 Cerebral accompaniments and functional significance of the long-latency stretch reflexes in human forearm muscles
- 23 The cerebellum and proprioceptive control of movement
- 24 Roles of the lateral nodulus and uvula of the cerebellum in cardiovascular control
- 25 Central actions of curare and gallamine: implications for reticular reflex myoclonus?
- 26 Pathophysiology of upper motoneurone disorders
- 27 Modulation of hypoglossal motoneurones by thyrotropin-releasing hormone and serotonin
- 28 Serotonin and central respiratory disorders in the newborn
- 29 Are medullary respiratory neurones multipurpose neurones?
- 30 Reflex control of expiratory motor output in dogs
- 31 Abnormal thoraco-abdominal movements in patients with chronic lung disease
- 32 Respiratory rhythms and apnoeas in the newborn
- 33 Cardiorespiratory interactions during apnoea
- 34 Impairment of respiratory control in neurological disease
- 35 The respiratory muscles in neurological disease
- Part IV Development, survival, regeneration and death
- Index
33 - Cardiorespiratory interactions during apnoea
from Part III - Control of central nervous system output
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I Physiology and pathophysiology of nerve fibres
- Part II Pain
- Part III Control of central nervous system output
- 18 Synaptic transduction in neocortical neurones
- 19 Cortical circuits, synchronization and seizures
- 20 Physiologically induced changes of brain temperature and their effect on extracellular field potentials
- 21 Fusimotor control of the respiratory muscles
- 22 Cerebral accompaniments and functional significance of the long-latency stretch reflexes in human forearm muscles
- 23 The cerebellum and proprioceptive control of movement
- 24 Roles of the lateral nodulus and uvula of the cerebellum in cardiovascular control
- 25 Central actions of curare and gallamine: implications for reticular reflex myoclonus?
- 26 Pathophysiology of upper motoneurone disorders
- 27 Modulation of hypoglossal motoneurones by thyrotropin-releasing hormone and serotonin
- 28 Serotonin and central respiratory disorders in the newborn
- 29 Are medullary respiratory neurones multipurpose neurones?
- 30 Reflex control of expiratory motor output in dogs
- 31 Abnormal thoraco-abdominal movements in patients with chronic lung disease
- 32 Respiratory rhythms and apnoeas in the newborn
- 33 Cardiorespiratory interactions during apnoea
- 34 Impairment of respiratory control in neurological disease
- 35 The respiratory muscles in neurological disease
- Part IV Development, survival, regeneration and death
- Index
Summary
The act of breathing fulfils the essential need for acquiring oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. But it is only with the close co-operation of the cardiovascular system that oxygen can reach every tissue in the body. For many years it has been known that cardiac and respiratory control systems interact and influence one another to maintain homeostasis in the face of changing demands for increased blood flow and oxygenation. Changes in environment (e.g. diving) and the demands of exercise require that the response of these control systems is quick and efficient.
As well as these major cardiovascular adjustments more subtle interactions also occur. These include changes in the cardiorespiratory interactions by temperature and long-term blood pressure fluctuations (see Kitney & Rompelman, 1980, for review). The best known interaction, and one which has been used extensively in clinical investigations, is the breath by breath modulation of the heart rate, called respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). This can be defined as the rapid increase in heart rate which occurs during the inspiratory phase of respiration, and the subsequent slowing of the heart during expiration.
Fig. 33.1 shows two examples of RSA recorded in the barbiturate anaesthetized cat. The top trace in each panel shows a low-pass filtered version of the instantaneous heart rate (Hyndman, 1980). Below are integrated (‘leaky integrator’ low-pass filter) electromyographic (EMG) recordings from the external (inspiratory, IEMG) and internal (expiratory, EEMG) intercostal muscles recorded from intercostal spaces T4 and T8 respectively.
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- Information
- The Neurobiology of DiseaseContributions from Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology, pp. 337 - 347Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1996