Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I Physiology and pathophysiology of nerve fibres
- Part II Pain
- Part III Control of central nervous system output
- 18 Synaptic transduction in neocortical neurones
- 19 Cortical circuits, synchronization and seizures
- 20 Physiologically induced changes of brain temperature and their effect on extracellular field potentials
- 21 Fusimotor control of the respiratory muscles
- 22 Cerebral accompaniments and functional significance of the long-latency stretch reflexes in human forearm muscles
- 23 The cerebellum and proprioceptive control of movement
- 24 Roles of the lateral nodulus and uvula of the cerebellum in cardiovascular control
- 25 Central actions of curare and gallamine: implications for reticular reflex myoclonus?
- 26 Pathophysiology of upper motoneurone disorders
- 27 Modulation of hypoglossal motoneurones by thyrotropin-releasing hormone and serotonin
- 28 Serotonin and central respiratory disorders in the newborn
- 29 Are medullary respiratory neurones multipurpose neurones?
- 30 Reflex control of expiratory motor output in dogs
- 31 Abnormal thoraco-abdominal movements in patients with chronic lung disease
- 32 Respiratory rhythms and apnoeas in the newborn
- 33 Cardiorespiratory interactions during apnoea
- 34 Impairment of respiratory control in neurological disease
- 35 The respiratory muscles in neurological disease
- Part IV Development, survival, regeneration and death
- Index
32 - Respiratory rhythms and apnoeas in the newborn
from Part III - Control of central nervous system output
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I Physiology and pathophysiology of nerve fibres
- Part II Pain
- Part III Control of central nervous system output
- 18 Synaptic transduction in neocortical neurones
- 19 Cortical circuits, synchronization and seizures
- 20 Physiologically induced changes of brain temperature and their effect on extracellular field potentials
- 21 Fusimotor control of the respiratory muscles
- 22 Cerebral accompaniments and functional significance of the long-latency stretch reflexes in human forearm muscles
- 23 The cerebellum and proprioceptive control of movement
- 24 Roles of the lateral nodulus and uvula of the cerebellum in cardiovascular control
- 25 Central actions of curare and gallamine: implications for reticular reflex myoclonus?
- 26 Pathophysiology of upper motoneurone disorders
- 27 Modulation of hypoglossal motoneurones by thyrotropin-releasing hormone and serotonin
- 28 Serotonin and central respiratory disorders in the newborn
- 29 Are medullary respiratory neurones multipurpose neurones?
- 30 Reflex control of expiratory motor output in dogs
- 31 Abnormal thoraco-abdominal movements in patients with chronic lung disease
- 32 Respiratory rhythms and apnoeas in the newborn
- 33 Cardiorespiratory interactions during apnoea
- 34 Impairment of respiratory control in neurological disease
- 35 The respiratory muscles in neurological disease
- Part IV Development, survival, regeneration and death
- Index
Summary
In newborns of many species, breathing patterns are characterized by a very irregular rhythm interrupted by high-frequency respiratory periods (Mortola, 1984) and by the development of spontaneous apnoeas. Inspiratory activities of the phrenic nerve and diaphragm in newborns and particularly in preterm babies (Duron, Khater-Boidin & Wallois, 1991) consist of bursts of action potentials of short duration (50–60 ms) and low frequency (4–6 Hz). Moreover, in kittens, during eupnoea there exists relatively weak neuronal inspiratory activity (Bystrzycka, Nail & Purves, 1975; Marlot & Duron, 1976; Goldberg & Milic-Emili, 1977). In the newborn kitten, the inspiratory time is of short duration and the average duration of phrenic motor unit discharge does not exceed 500 ms (Duron & Marlot, 1979). The inspiratory time progressively lengthens during postnatal development, at the same time as the discharge pattern of phrenic motor units changes.
At birth, with regard to early inspiratory motor units (Hilaire, Monteau & Dussardier, 1972), we observed a very rapid increase in discharge frequency, which reached values of around 60 Hz, very clearly higher than those found in the adult animal. The end of the discharge is sudden, suggesting the intervention of powerful inhibitory mechanisms (Duron & Marlot, 1979). Moreover, in various experimental procedures (anaesthetized or decerebrate preparations), bilateral vagotomy, which in adults reinforces central inspiratory activity, induces prolongation and reinforcement of expiration in newborn animals (Marlot & Duron, 1979a). As shown in Fig. 32.1, bilateral vagotomy not only increases the expiratory time but also provokes the appearance of electrical activity in the expiratory muscles.
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- The Neurobiology of DiseaseContributions from Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology, pp. 327 - 336Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1996