Over the first 15 chapters, many implications for instruction have been suggested. They reflect research results and what we now understand about the nature of reading abilities and how they develop. One conclusion to draw from these chapters is that reading comprehension and its development are very complex. Added to this complexity is the variability of instructional possibilities, teacher orientations, and student engagement. One of the major issues facing teachers, teacher trainers, curriculum developers, administrators, and materials writers is how to determine the most efficient and effective instructional approach for reading improvement that also achieves institutional goals. In this chapter, we explore briefly major implications for reading instruction; these include (a) specific suggestions for carrying out reading instruction that draws on research findings and (b) ways to build coherent curricular approaches that maximize learning.

Implications for instruction from research

Overall, the combination of research on L1 and L2 reading suggests that there are a number of important implications for L2 reading instruction. Most fundamentally, reading comprehension requires the 12 skills and knowledge resources identified in Table 16.1.