The concept of autonomy has assumed increasing importance in contemporary moral and political philosophy. Philosophers such as John Rawls, Thomas Scanlon, Robert P. Wolff, and Ronald Dworkin have employed the concept to define and illuminate issues such as the characterization of principles of justice, the limits of free speech, and the nature of the liberal state.

In the most recent formulation of the foundations of his theory of justice, Rawls makes clear – what was implicit in his book – that a certain ideal of the person is the cornerstone of his moral edifice. A central feature of that idea is the notion of autonomy.

Scanlon's defense of a Millian principle of free speech relies also on a view of what powers autonomous persons would grant to the state.

Ronald Dworkin, in his article on Liberalism, does not use the word “autonomy,” but in discussing the idea of treating people as equals he is arguing for equal respect for the autonomy of citizens.