Little need to introduce the Frenchlanguage here. It has lost quite a bit of its statusas a language of international communication, but itis spoken natively in most of France and parts ofBelgium, Luxemburg, Switzerland, and Canada. It isthe official language of 29 countries (also of someislands in the Caribbean, Guadeloupe, Haiti,Martinique, Saint Barthelemy, French Guiana andSaint-Martin), but in many of these it is primarilyused as a second language. This also means thatthere is much diversity in the way French is spoken,although presumably there is a single “standard” inFrench, corresponding to educated Parisian French.There has been a large literature in French sincethe early Middle Ages. In the Francophone countries,including countries in Africa, authors write andpublish in French. French does not have the sameflexibility as Spanish to change the grammaticalorder of the parts of the sentence. For instance,existent dans notre monde“exist in our world” in the translationis the only order possible. France has theappearance now of a fairly monolingual country, butin earlier times, before the French Revolution andNapoleon in particular, the country was much moremultilingual. In the north there was a Dutchspeaking region, the Breton speaking area was muchlarger, in the southwest there was Gascon andBasque, in the south Provencal was widely spoken,and in the east Alsatian German was spoken. Inaddition, there were many dialects.

Catalan, catala or llengua catalana is aWestern Romance language derived from VulgarLatin.