To bring the story forward, six years after Operation PBSUCCESS, junior army officers in Guatemala attempted a coup against the ruling authoritarian regime headed by General José Miguel Ramón Ydígoras, who had taken power after Castillo Armas had been murdered. The year was 1960. Interestingly, the revolting officers were upset that the CIA was using Guatemala to train anti-Castro Cuban exiles. When the uprising foundered, a few of these officers retreated to the hills to organize a guerrilla insurgency, which they believed would be the surest avenue to radical social and economic change. Not surprisingly, they soon established contact with Havana. This incipient insurgent group became the Havana-backed MR-13 (Movimiento Revolucionario 13 de Noviembre), founded in 1960 with its base in the mountainous oriente (east) – in and around villages, such as Zacapa, whose names would become synonymous with the campaign of terror and atrocity that the country’s unfolding guerrilla conflict would produce. This group became the nexus of the insurgent forces that engaged in armed insurrection against the Guatemalan government for the next four decades. In addition to the MR-13 that soon integrated into the Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT), a motley alphabet soup of revolutionary acronyms such as Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), the Revolutionary Organization of Armed People (ORPA), and the Rebel Armed Forces (FAR) comprised the total guerrilla force attempting to spark “another Cuba” in Guatemala. Over the next several decades, all sorts of communists, workers, activists, and other leftists joined these guerrilla bands.