Introduction

In Chapter 4 we saw that all the Friedmann models have singularities in the finite past, that is, at a finite time in the past, which we have called t = 0; the scale factor R(t) goes to zero and correspondingly some physical variables, such as the energy density, go to infinity. Only exceptionally, such as in the de Sitter or the steady state models (see Fig. 6.1), is there no singularity in the finite past. But these latter models have some unphysical or unorthodox feature, such as the continuous creation of matter, which is not generally acceptable. The presence of singularities in the universe, where physical variables such as the mass-energy density or the pressure or the strength of the gravitational field go to infinity seems doubtful to many people, who therefore feel uneasy about this kind of prediction of the equations of general relativity. This was partly the motivation with which Einstein searched for a ‘unified field theory’. In this connection he says (1950):