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  3. An Introduction to the Invertebrates
  • Cited by 11
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
September 2012
Print publication year:
2006
Online ISBN:
9780511754760
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511754760
Subjects:
Life Sciences, Zoology
Information

Book description

So much has to be crammed into today's biology courses that basic information on animal groups and their evolutionary origins is often left out. This is particularly true for the invertebrates. The second edition of Janet Moore's An Introduction to the Invertebrates fills this gap by providing a short updated guide to the invertebrate phyla, looking at their diverse forms, functions and evolutionary relationships. This book first introduces evolution and modern methods of tracing it, then considers the distinctive body plan of each invertebrate phylum showing what has evolved, how the animals live, and how they develop. Boxes introduce physiological mechanisms and development. The final chapter explains uses of molecular evidence and presents an up-to-date view of evolutionary history, giving a more certain definition of the relationships between invertebrates. This user-friendly and well-illustrated introduction will be invaluable for all those studying invertebrates.

Reviews

‘Anyone who is concerned about biological diversity and the current extinction crisis realizes that we desperately need to train more people in invertebrate biology … I strongly recommend this book to all undergraduates who are interested in biology: it provides a lucid, yet comprehensive, introduction to a significant proportion of the diversity of life on Earth.’

Source: Trends in Parasitology

‘Janet Moore’s An Introduction to the Invertebrates offers something different: a smartly annotated, comprehensive outline. The writing is clear, simple and to the point. The chapters are organised taxonomically, but within the chapters the topic heads are broad zoological questions, instead of the drearily repetitive ‘… nervous system, excretory system, reproduction, development, etc …’.’

Source: Invertebrata

‘A very accessible book that will serve as an excellent overview of the invertebrate animals.’

Source: Wildlife Activist

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Contents

Contents
References
Further reading
Further reading
General reference
Ruppert, E. E., Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D., Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edn (London: Brooks Cole, 2003). A comprehensive and relatively recent textbook, with sections on general principles introducing each phylum.
Brusca, R. C. & Brusca, G. J., Invertebrates, 2nd edn (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 2003).
Pearse, V., Pearse, J., Buchsbaum, M. & Buchsbaum, R., Living Invertebrates (Palo Alto, CA: Blackwell, 1987). The enlarged successor to Buchsbaum's Animals Without Backbones, with illustrations in colour.
Tudge, C., The Variety of Life: a Survey and a Celebration of All the Creatures That Have Ever Lived. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
Alexander, R. McNeil, Animals (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). The mechanics of animal structure in relation to locomotion.
F. W. Harrison (ed.), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates (New York, NY: Wiley-Liss, 1991–1999). Specialist books (20 volumes) on the cellular structure of all invertebrates. Not elementary reading except for useful introductory summaries of some phyla and groups.
Willmer, P., Stone, G. & Johnston, I., Environmental Physiology of Animals, 2nd edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005). A wide-ranging and up-to-date reference book.
General reading
New Scientist, weekly, is warmly recommended.
Scientific American, monthly, has authoritative and beautifully illustrated articles, rather rarely about invertebrates.
Gould, S. J., Dinosaur in a Haystack (London: Penguin, 1997), and many other collections of essays.
Wells, M. J., Lower Animals (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968). Out of print and not up to date, but a pleasure if you can find it.
Wells, M. J., Civilization and the Limpet (Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books, 1998). Read about animals, mostly in the sea.
Evolution and genetics (Chapters 1–2)
Darwin, C., The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection: the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (London: John Murray, 1859; later editions are available).
Dawkins, R., The Blind Watchmaker (London: Longmans, 1986).
Dawkins, R., The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976).
Dawkins, R., The Ancestors' Tale: a Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004).
Jones, S., The Language of the Genes (London: Flamingo, 1994).
Wills, C., The Wisdom of the Genes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
Tudge, C., In Mendel's Footnotes (London: Jonathan Cape, 2000).
Ridley, M., The Red Queen (London: Viking, 1993; reprinted Penguin, 1994).
Panchen, A. L., Classification, Evolution and the Nature of Biology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
Jenner, R. A., Evolution of animal body plans. Evolution and Development, 2 (2000), 208–221.
Jenner, R. A., Unleashing the force of cladistics? Metazoan phylogenetics and hypothesis testing. Integrated and Comparative Biology, 3 (2003), 207–218.
Moore, J. & Willmer, P. G., Convergent evolution in invertebrates. Biological Reviews, 72 (1997), 1–60.
Fossils (Chapter 2)
Benton, M. J., Stems, nodes, crown clades, and rank-free lists: is Linnaeus dead?Biological Reviews, 75 (2000), 633–648.
Brooke, M. de L., How old are animals?Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14 (1999), 211–212.
Budd, G. E. & Jensen, S., A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla. Biological Reviews, 75 (2000), 253–295.
Fortey, R. A., Life, an Unauthorised Biography: a Natural History of the First Four Thousand Million Years on Earth (London: Flamingo, 1998).
Morris, S. Conway, The fossil record and the early evolution of the Metazoa. Nature, 361 (1993), 219–225.
Morris, S. Conway, Eggs and embryos from the Cambrian. BioEssays, 20 (1998), 676–682.
Morris, S. Conway, The Crucible of Creation: the Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
Knoll, A. H., Breathing room for early animals. Nature, 382 (1996), 111–112.
Invertebrate phyla (Chapters 13–18)
Porifera (Chapter 3)
Vacelet, J. & Boury-Esnault, N., Carnivorous sponges. Nature, 373 (1995), 333–335.
Leys, S. P. & Mackie, G. O., Electrical recording from a glass sponge. Nature, 387 (1997), 29–30.
Leys, S. P. & Degnan, B. M., Cytological basis of photoresponsive behavior in a sponge larva. Biological Bulletin, 201 (2001), 323–338.
Ender, A. & Schierwater, B., Placozoa are not derived cnidarians: evidence from molecular morphology. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 20 (2003), 130–134.
Voigt, O., Collins, A. G., Pearse, J. S.et al., Placozoa: no longer a phylum of one. Current Biology, 14 (2004), R944–R945.
Symposium (2005) (Nichols, S. & Worheide, G.), Sponges: new views of old animals. Integrated and Comparative Biology, 45 (2005), 333– (first few papers).
Cnidaria (Chapter 4)
Frank, U., Leitz, T. & Muller, W. A., My favourite animal: the hydroid Hydractinia versatile, an informative cnidarian representative. BioEssays, 23 (2001), 963–971.
Coates, M. M., Visual ecology and functional morphology of Cubozoa. Integrated and Comparative Biology, 43 (2003), 542–548.
Nordstrom, K., Wallen, R., Seymour, J.et al., A simple visual system without neurons in jellyfish larvae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 270 (2003), 2349–2354.
Nillson, D. E., Gislen, L., Coates, M. M.et al., Advanced optics in a jellyfish eye. Nature, 435 (2005), 201–205.
Baker, A. C., Starger, C. J., McClanahan, T. R.et al., Corals' adaptive response to climate change. Nature, 430 (2004), 741.
Pandolfi, J. M., Bradbury, R. H., Sala, E.et al., Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems. Science, 301 (2003), 955–958.
Gardner, T. A., Cote, I. M., Gill, J. A.et al., Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Science, 301 (2003), 958–960.
Wild, C., Huettal, M., Klueter, A.et al., Coral mucus functions as an energy carrier and particle trap in the reef ecosystem. Nature, 428 (2004), 66–70.
Symposium (2003) (Dewel, R. A.), New perspectives on the origin of metazoan complexity. Integrated and Comparative Biology, 43 (2003), 1–86. Note useful papers on hexactinellid sponges, epithelium, the Cambrian fossil record, and also the following:
Cartwright, P., Developmental insights into the origin of complex colonial Hydrozoa. Integrated and Comparative Biology, 43 (2003), 82–86.
Rieger, R. M. & Ladurner, P., The significance of muscle cells for the origin of mesoderm. Integrated and Comparative Biology, 43 (2003), 47–54.
Jacobs, D. K. & Gates, R. D., Developmental genes and the reconstruction of metazoan evolution. Integrated and Comparative Biology, 43 (2003), 11–18.
Technau, U., Rudd, S., Maxwell, P.et al., Maintenance of ancestral complexity and non-metazoan genes in two basal Cnidaria. Trends in Genetics, 21 (2005), 633–639.
Worms (Chapter 5)
Symposium (2002) (Garey, J. R.), The lesser known protostome taxa. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42 (2002), 611–703. Papers on Kinorhynchs, Nematomorphs, Gastrotrichs, Loricifera, Cycliophora, Rotifers, Acanthocephala; also Nemertea (Chapter 7) and Tardigrades (Chapter 12).
Parasitism (Box 6.1)
Matthews, B. E., An Introduction to Parasitology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Clay, K., Parasites lost. Nature, 421 (2003), 585–586.
Torchin, M. E., Laferty, K. D., Dobson, A. P.et al., Introduced species and their missing parasites. Nature, 421 (2003), 628–630.
Hoek, R. M., Kesteren, R. E., Smit, A. B.et al., Altered gene expression in the host brain caused by a trematode parasite: neuropeptide genes are preferentially affected during parasitosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94 (1997), 14072–14076.
Hurst, L. D. & Randerson, J., Parasitic sex puppeteers. Scientific American, April 2002, 42–47.
Nemertea (Chapter 7)
Gibson, R., British Nemerteans (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
Sea, fresh water and land (Box 7.1)
Little, C., The Terrestrial Invasion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Nematoda (Chapter 8)
Hodgkin, J., Horvitz, H. R., Jasny, B. R. & J. Kimble, C. elegans: sequence to biology. Science, 282 (1998), 2011. Introduction to a special issue of Science devoted to C. elegans.
Plasterk, R. H. A., The Year of the Worm. BioEssays, 21 (1999), 105–109.
Blaxter, M., Two worms are better than one. Nature, 426 (2003), 395–396.
Cohen, P., Review of work on RNA interference (RNAi). New Scientist, 14 September 2002, 28–33.
Annelida (Chapter 9)
Bartolomaeus, T., Structure, function and development of segmental organs in Annelida. Hydrobiologia, 402 (1999), 21–37.
Mollusca (Chapter 10)
Martin, R. & Walther, P., Effects of discharging nematocysts when an aeolid nudibranch feeds on a hydroid. Journal of the Marine Biological Association, UK, 82 (2002), 455–462.
Greenwood, P. G., Garry, K., Hunter, A.et al., Adaptable defense: a nudibranch mucus inhibits nematocyst discharge and changes with prey type. Biological Bulletin, 206 (2004), 113–120.
Cephalopoda (Chapter 11)
Hanlon, R. T. & Messenger, J., Cephalopod Behaviour (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
Arthropoda (Chapter 12)
Budd, G. E., Why are arthropods segmented?Evolution and Development, 3 (2001), 332–342.
Budd, G. E., Tardigrades as stem-group arthropods: the evidence from the Cambrian fauna. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 240 (2001), 265–279.
R. A. Fortey & R. H. Thomas (eds.), Arthropod Relationships (London: Chapman & Hall, 1997).
Barclay, S., Ash, J. E. & Rowell, D. M., Environmental factors influencing the presence and abundance of a log-dwelling invertebrate, Euperipatoides rowelli. Journal of Zoology, London, 250 (2000), 425–436.
Crustacea (Chapter 13)
Chen, J.-Y., Vannier, J. & Huang, D. Y., The origin of Crustacea: new evidence from the early Cambrian in China. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 268 (2001), 2181–2187.
Lavrov, D. V., Brown, W. M. & Boore, J. L., Phylogenetic position of the Pentastomida and (pan) crustacean relationships. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 271 (2004), 537–544.
Chelicerata (Chapter 14)
Barlow, R. B., What the brain tells the eye [in the horseshoe crab]. Scientific American, April 1990, 66–71.
Insecta (Chapter 15)
Chapman, R. F., The Insects: Structure and Function, 4th edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Maddrell, S. H. P., Why are there no insects in the open sea?Journal of Experimental Biology, 201 (1998), 2461–2464.
McLeod, M. & Braddy, S., Invasion Earth. New Scientist, 8 June 2002, 38–41.
Ellington, C. P., Berg, C., Willmott, A.et al., Leading-edge vortices in insect flight. Nature, 384 (1996), 626–630.
Wootton, R., How flies fly. Nature, 400 (1999), 112–113.
Animals with lophophores (Chapter 16)
Bartolomaeus, T., Ultrastructure and formation of the body cavity lining in Phoronis muelleri. Zoomorphology, 120 (2001), 135–148.
Peck, L. & Barnes, D. K. A., Metabolic flexibility: the key to long-term evolutionary success in Bryozoa?Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 271 (2004) (Suppl.), S18–S21.
Echinodermata (Chapter 17)
Wilkie, I. C., Mutable collagenous tissues: extracellular matrix as mechano-effector. Echinoderm Studies, 5 (1996), 61–102.
Aizenburg, J., Tkachenko, A., Weiner, S.et al., Calcitic microlenses as part of the photoreceptor system in brittle stars. Nature, 412 (2001), 819–822.
Eaves, A. A. & Palmer, A. R., Widespread cloning in echinoderm larvae. Nature, 425 (2003), 146.
Vickery, M. S. & McClintock, J. B., Regeneration in metazoan larvae. Nature, 394 (1998), 140.
Invertebrate Chordata and Hemichordata (Chapter 18)
Lacalli, T. C., Vetulicolians: are they deuterostomes? Chordates?BioEssays, 24 (2002), 208–211.
Shu, D. G., Morris, S. Conway, Chen, H.et al., Primitive deuterostomes from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China). Nature, 414 (2001), 419–424.
Dilly, P. N., Cephalodiscus graptolitoides sp.nov.: a probable extant graptolite. Journal of Zoology, London, 229 (1993), 69–78.
Rigby, S., Graptolites come to life. Nature, 362 (1993), 209–210.
Lowe, C. J., Wu, M., Salic, A.et al., Anteroposterior patterning in hemichordates and the origins of the chordate nervous system. Cell, 113 (2003), 853–865.
Tautz, D., Chordate evolution in a new light [comment on paper by Lowe et al.] Cell, 113 (2003), 812–813.
Ruppert, E. E., Evolutionary origin of the vertebrate nephron. American Zoologist, 34 (1994), 542–553.
Mayer, G. & Bartolomaeus, T., Ultrastructure of stomocord and heart glomerulus complex in Rhabdopleura compacta (Pterobranchiata) and phylogenetic implications. Zoomorphology, 122 (2003), 125–133.
Henry, J. Q., Tagawa, K. & Martindale, M. Q., Deuterostome evolution: early development in the enteropneust hemichordate Ptychodera flava. Evolution and Development, 3 (2001), 375–390.
Nakajima, Y., Humphreys, T. & Kaneko, H.et al., Development and neural organisation of the tornaria larva of the Hawaiian hemichordate Ptychodera flava. Zoological Science, 21 (2004), 69–78.
Deep-sea invertebrates (Box 18.1)
Dover, C. L., The Ecology of Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).
Little, C. T. S. & Vrijenhoek, R. C., Are hydrothermic vent animals living fossils?Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18 (2003), 582–588.
Byatt, A., Fothergill, A. & Holmes, M., The Blue Planet: a Natural History of the Oceans (London: BBC, 2001). (Based on David Attenborough's television series).
Development (Chapter 19)
Wolpert, L., Beddington, R. S. P., Brockes, J. P.et al., Principles of Development, 2nd edn (London: Current Biology, 2002).
Lawrence, P. A., The Making of a Fly: the Genetics of Animal Design (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
Minelli, A., The Development of Animal Form: Ontogeny, Morphology and Evolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
Lambert, J. D. & Nagy, L. M., Asymmetrical inheritance of centrosomally localised mRNAs during embryonic cleavages. Nature, 420 (2002), 682–686.
Lemaire, P. & Marcellini, S., Early animal embryogenesis. Biologist, 50 (2003), 137–140.
Wray, G. A., Punctuated evolution of embryos. Science, 267 (1995), 1115–1116.
Martindale, M. Q. & Henry, J. Q., Intracellular fate mapping in a basal metazoan, the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, reveals the origins of mesoderm and the existence of indeterminate cell lineages. Developmental Biology, 214 (1999), 243–257.
Lee, J.-Y. & Goldstein, B., Mechanisms of cell positioning during C. elegans gastrulation. Development, 130 (2003), 307–320.
Goldstein, B. & Freeman, G., Axis specification in animal development. BioEssays, 19 (1997), 105–116.
Angerer, L. M. & Angerer, R. C., Animal–vegetal axis patterning mechanisms in the early sea urchin embryo. Developmental Biology, 218 (2000), 1–12.
Bayascas, J. R., Castillo, E., Muñoz-Mármol, A. M.et al., Planarian Hox genes: novel patterns of expression during regeneration. Development, 124 (1997), 141–148.
Raff, R. A., Evo-devo: the evolution of a new discipline. Nature Reviews Genetics, 1 (2000), 74–79.
Wagner, G. P., What is the promise of developmental evolution?Journal of Experimental Zoology, 288 (2000), 95–98.
Wolpert, L. & Szathma'ry, E., Evolution and the egg. Nature, 420 (2002), 745.
Scott, I. C. & Stainier, D. Y. R., Twisting the body into shape. Nature, 425 (2003), 461–463.
Carroll, S. B., Endless Forms Most Beautiful: the New Science of Evo Devo and the Making of the Animal Kingdom (New York, NY: Norton, 2005).
Invertebrate evolutionary history (Chapter 20)
Genes
Raff, R. A., The Shape of Life: Genes, Development and the Evolution of the Animal Form (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
Carroll, S. B., Grenier, J. K. & Weatherbee, S. D., From DNA to Diversity, 2nd edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001).
Valentine, J. W., On the Origin of Phyla (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2004).
Levine, M. & Tjian, R., Transcription regulation and animal diversity. Nature, 424 (2003), 147–151.
Rosenburg, S. M. & Hastings, P. J., Worming into genetic instability. Nature, 430 (2004), 625–626.
Curole, J. P. & Kocher, T. D., Mitogenomics: digging deeper with complete mitochondrial genomes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14 (1999), 394–398.
Origins of Metazoa
Baldauf, S. L., The deep roots of eukaryotes. Science, 300 (2003), 1703–1706.
Martin, W. & Embley, T. M., Early evolution comes full circle. Nature, 431 (2004), 134–137.
Simpson, A. G. B. & Roger, A. J., Eukaryotic evolution: getting to the root of the problem. Current Biology, 12 (2002), R691–R693.
Wainright, P. O., Hinkle, G., Sogin, M. L.et al., Monophyletic origins of the Metazoa: an evolutionary link with fungi. Science, 260 (1993), 340–342.
King, N. & Carroll, S. B., A receptor tyrosine kinase from choanoflagellates: molecular insights into early animal evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98 (2001), 15032–15037.
King, N., Hittenger, C. T. & Carroll, S. B., Evolution of key cell signaling and adhesion protein families predates animal origins. Science, 301 (2003), 361–363.
Earliest present-day phyla
Bode, H., Matinez, D., Shenk, M. A.et al., Evolution of head development. Biological Bulletin, 196 (1999), 408–410.
Bode, H. R., The role of Hox genes in axial patterning in Hydra. American Zoologist, 41 (2001), 621–628.
Finnerty, J. R., Master, V. A., Irvine, S.et al., Homeobox genes in the Ctenophora: identification of ‘paired’ type and Hox homologues in the atentaculate ctenophore Beroe ovata. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 5 (1996), 249–258.
Henry, J. Q. & Martindale, M. Q., Inductive interactions and embryonic equivalence groups in a basal metazoan, the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Evolution and Development, 6 (2004), 17–24.
Early protostomes
Boyer, B. C., Regulative development in a spiralian embryo as shown by deletion experiments on the Acoel, Childia. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 176 (1971), 97–106.
Henry, J. Q. & Boyer, B. C., The unique developmental program of the acoel flatworm Neochildia fusca. Developmental Biology, 220 (2000), 285–293.
Ruiz-Trillo, I., Riutort, M., Littlewood, D. T. J.et al., Acoel flatworms: earliest extant bilaterian metazoans, not members of Platyhelminthes. Science, 283 (1999), 1919–1923.
Telford, M. J., Lockwood, A. E., Cartwright-Finch, C.et al., Combined large and small subunit RNA phylogenies support a basal position of the acoelomorph flatworms. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 270 (2003), 1077–1083.
Baguña, J. & Riutort, M., The dawn of bilaterian animals: the case of acoelomorph flatworms. BioEssays, 26 (2004), 1046–1057.
Cook, C. E., Jiménez, E., Akam, M.et al., The Hox gene complement of acoel flatworms, a basal bilaterian clade. Evolution and Development, 6 (2004), 154–163.
Erwin, D. H. & Davidson, E. H., The last common bilaterian ancestor. Development, 129 (2002), 3021–3032.
Worms
Carranza, S., Baguña, J. & Riutort, M., Are the platyhelminthes a monophyletic primitive group? An assessment using 18S rDNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 14 (1997), 485–497.
Saló, E., Tauler, J., Jiménez, E.et al., Hox and paraHox genes in flatworms: characterisation and expression. American Zoologist, 41 (2001), 652–663.
Maslakova, S. A. & Norenburg, J. L., Trochophore larva is plesiomorphic for nemerteans: evidence for prototroch in a basal nemertean, Carinoma tremaphorus (Paleonemertea). American Zoologist, 41 (2001), 1515–1516.
Thollesson, M. & Norenburg, J. L., Ribbon worm relationships: a phylogeny of the phylum ‘Nemertea’. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 270 (2002), 407–415.
Turbeville, J. M., Progress in nemertean biology: development and phylogeny. Integrated and Comparative Biology, 42 (2002), 692–703.
Shankland, M. & Seaver, E. C., Evolution of the bilaterian body plan: what have we learnt from annelids?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97 (2000), 4434–4437.
Robertis, E. M., The ancestry of segmentation. Nature, 387 (1997), 25.
Other protostomes
Lee, P. N., Callaerts, P., Couet, H. G.et al., Cephalopod Hox genes and the origin of morphological novelties. Nature, 424 (2003), 1061–1065.
Rosa, R., Grenier, J. K., Andreeva, T.et al., Hox genes in brachiopods and priapulids and protostome evolution. Nature, 399 (1999), 772–776.
Halanych, K. M., Bacheller, J. D., Aguinaldo, A. M. A.et al., Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals. Science, 267 (1995), 1641–1643.
Cohen, B. L., Monophyly of brachiopods and phoronids: reconciliation of molecular evidence with Linnaean classification (the subphylum Phoroniformea nov.). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 267 (2000), 225–331.
Kobayashi, M., Furuya, H. & Holland, P. W. H., Dicyemids are higher animals. Nature, 401 (1999), 762.
Anderson, C. L., Canning, E. U. & Okamura, B., A triploblast origin for Myxozoa?Nature, 392 (1998), 346.
Monteiro, A. S., Okamura, B. & Holland, P. W. H., Orphan worm finds a home: Buddenbrockia is a myxozoan. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (2002), 968–971.
Papillon, D., Perez, Y., Caubit, X.et al., Hox gene survey in the chaetognath Spadella cephalaptera: evolutionary implications. Development, Genes and Evolution, 213 (2003), 142–148.
Telford, M. J., Affinity for arrow worms. Nature, 431 (2004), 254–256.
Ecdysozoa and the division of the protostomes
Shear, W. A., End of the ‘Uniramia’ taxon. Nature, 359 (1992), 477–478.
Averof, M. & Cohen, S. M., Evolutionary origin of insect wings from ancestral gills. Nature, 385 (1997), 627–630.
Ogg, S., Paradis, S., Gottlieb, S.et al., The Fork head transcription factor DAF-16 transduces insulin-like metabolic and longevity signals in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 389 (1997), 994–999.
Ramskold, L. & Hou, X., New early Cambrian animal and onychophoran affinities of enigmatic metazoans. Nature, 351 (1991), 225–228.
Aguinaldo, A. M. A., Turbeville, J. M., Linford, L. S.et al., Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature, 387 (1997), 489–493.
Adoutte, A., Balavoine, G., Lartillot, N.et al., The new animal phylogeny: reliability and implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93 (2000), 4453–4456.
Graham, A., Animal phylogeny: root and branch surgery. Current Biology, 10 (2000), R36–R38.
Arthur, W., The emerging conceptual framework of evolutionary developmental biology. Nature, 415 (2002), 757–764.
Deuterostomes
Lowe, C. J. & Wray, G. A., Radical alterations in the roles of homeobox genes during echinoderm evolution. Nature, 389 (1997), 718–721.
Wray, G. A. & Lowe, C. J., Developmental regulatory genes and echinoderm evolution. Systematic Biology, 49 (2000), 28–51.
Bromham, L. D. & Degnan, B. M., Hemichordates and deuterostome evolution: robust molecular phylogenetic support for a hemichordate and echinoderm clade. Evolution and Development, 1 (1999), 166–171.
Cameron, C. B., Particle retention and flow in the pharynx of the hemichordate worm Harrimania planktophilus: the filter feeding pharynx may have evolved before the chordates. Biological Bulletin, 202 (2002), 182–200.
Tagawa, K., Satoh, N. & Humphreys, T., Molecular studies of hemichordate development: a key to understanding the evolution of bilateral animals and chordates. Evolution and Development, 3 (2001), 443–454.
Dehal, P., Satou, Y., Campbell, R. K.et al., The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate–vertebrate origins. Science, 298 (2002), 2157–2167.
Gee, H., Return of a little squirt. Nature, 420 (2002), 755–756.
Patel, N. H., Time, space and genomes. Nature, 431 (2004), 28–29.
Seo, H.-C., Edvardsen, R. B., Maeland, A. D.et al., Hox cluster disintegration with persistent anteroposterior order of expression in Oikopleura dioica. Nature, 431 (2004), 67–71.
Robertis, E. M. & Sasai, Y., A common plan for dorsoventral patterning in Bilateria. Nature, 380 (1996), 37–40.
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Arthropod phylogeny
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Homology
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