Section 2 - Pregnancy
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 April 2019
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Analgesia, Anaesthesia and PregnancyA Practical Guide, pp. 9 - 458Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2019
References
Further reading
Elson, CJ, Salim, R, Potdar, N, et al.; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. Green-top Guideline 21. BJOG 2016; 123: e15–55.Google Scholar
Jurkovic, D, Wilkinson, H. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. BMJ 2011; 342: d3397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Surveillance of maternal deaths in the UK 2012–14 and lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–14. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2016.Google Scholar
Further reading
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ectopic Pregnancy and Miscarriage: Diagnosis and Initial Management. Clinical Guideline 154. London: NICE, 2012. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg154 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Abnormality in England, Scotland and Wales: Report of a Working Party. London: RCOG, 2010. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/termination-of-pregnancy-for-fetal-abnormality-in-england-scotland-and-wales (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The Care of Women Requesting an Induced Abortion. Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline 7. London: RCOG, 2011. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/the-care-of-women-requesting-induced-abortion (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Preterm Labour and Birth. NICE Guideline NG 25. London: NICE, 2015. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng25 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 474: nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 420–1.Google Scholar
Cheek, TG, Baird, E. Anesthesia for nonobstetric surgery: maternal and fetal considerations. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2009; 52: 535–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melnick, DM, Wahl, WL, Dalton, VK. Management of general surgical problems in the pregnant patient. Am J Surg 2004; 187: 170–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reitman, E, Flood, P. Anaesthetic considerations for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107 (Suppl 1): i72–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
De Buck, F, Deprest, J, Van de Velde, M. Anesthesia for fetal surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21: 293–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia, PJ, Olutoye, OO, Ivey, RT, Olutoye, OA. Case scenario: anesthesia for maternal–fetal surgery: the ex utero intrapartum therapy (EXIT) procedure. Anesthesiology 2011; 114: 1446–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tran, KM. Anesthesia for fetal surgery. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 15: 40–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Richardson, J, Groen, G. Applied epidural anatomy. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 2005; 5: 98–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westbrook, JL. Anatomy of the epidural space. Anaesth Intensive Care Med 2012; 13: 551–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Further reading
Feghali, M, Venkataramanan, R, Caritis, S. Pharmacokinetics of drugs in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2015; 39: 512–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarvis, S, Nelson-Piercy, C. Common symptoms and signs during pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2014; 24: 245–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Further reading
Everett, TR, Peebles, DM. Antenatal tests of fetal wellbeing. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 20: 138–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grivell, RM, Alfirevic, Z, Gyte, GM, Devane, D. Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (9): CD007863.Google ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal Care for Uncomplicated Pregnancies. Clinical Guideline 62. London: NICE, 2008 (updated 2017). www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG62 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Cluver, C, Novikova, N, Hofmeyr, GJ, Hall, DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (3): CD007623.Google ScholarPubMed
Lee, A, Landau, R. Aortocaval compression syndrome: time to revisit certain dogmas. Anesth Analg 2017; 125: 1975–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intrapartum Care for Healthy Women and Babies. Clinical Guideline 190. London: NICE, 2014 (updated 2017). www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, G, Liu, B, Hart, D, Seed, P, Shennan, A. Effect of food intake during labour on obstetric outcome: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009; 338: b784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singata, M, Tranmer, J, Gyte, GM. Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (8): CD003930.Google ScholarPubMed
Sperling, JD, Dahlke, JD, Sibai, BM. Restriction of oral intake during labour: whither are we bound? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214: 592–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Henderson, E, Mackillop, L. Prescribing in pregnancy and during breast feeding: using principles in clinical practice. Postgrad Med J 2011; 87: 349–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howell, PR, Madej, T. Administration of drugs outside of product licence: awareness and current practice. Int J Obstet Anesth 1999; 8: 30–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Breastfeeding and Maternal Medication: Recommendations for Drugs in the Eleventh WHO Model List of Essential Drugs. Geneva: WHO, 2002. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/55732.pdf (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Griffiths, SK, Campbell, JP. Placental structure, function and drug transfer. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 2015; 15: 84–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Littleford, J. Effects on the fetus and newborn of maternal analgesia and anesthesia: a review. Can J Anesth 2004; 51: 586–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Nursing and Midwifery Council. Standards for Medicines Management. London: NMC, 2007 (updated 2015). www.nmc.org.uk/standards/standards-for-post-registration/standards-for-medicines-management (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Safe and Secure Handling of Medicines: a Team Approach. London: RPS, 2005 (updated 2018). www.rpharms.com/resources/professional-standards/safe-and-secure-handling-of-medicines (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Management of Severe Local Anaesthetic Toxicity. London: AAGBI, 2010. www.aagbi.org/sites/default/files/la_toxicity_2010_0.pdf (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Bern, S, Weinberg, G. Local anesthetic toxicity and lipid resuscitation in pregnancy. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011; 24: 262–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Ferguson, E, Owen, P. The second stage of labour. Hosp Med 2003; 64: 210–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intrapartum Care for Healthy Women and Babies. Clinical Guideline 190. London: NICE, 2014 (updated 2017). www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Steer, P, Flint, C. Physiology and management of normal labour. BMJ 1999; 318: 793–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Hinshaw, K, Ullal, A. Peripartum and intrapartum assessment of the fetus. Anaesth Intensive Care Med 2010; 11: 324–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intrapartum Care for Healthy Women and Babies. Clinical Guideline 190. London: NICE, 2014 (updated 2017). www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Viswanatha, RK, Talaulikar, VS, Arulkumaran, S. Intrapartum fetal surveillance. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2017; 27: 363–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Further reading
Bohren, MA, Hofmeyr, GJ, Sakala, C, Fukuzawa, RK, Cuthbert, A. Continuous support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; (7): CD003766.Google ScholarPubMed
Cluett, ER, Burns, E, Cuthbert, A. Immersion in water during labour and birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; (5): CD000111.Google ScholarPubMed
Dowswell, T, Bedwell, C, Lavender, T, Neilson, JP. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain relief in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (2): CD007214.Google ScholarPubMed
Madden, K, Middleton, P, Cyna, AM, Matthewson, M, Jones, L. Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; (5): CD009356.Google ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intrapartum Care for Healthy Women and Babies. Clinical Guideline 190. London: NICE, 2014 (updated 2017). www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Likis, FE, Andrews, JC, Collins, MR, et al. Nitrous oxide for the management of labor pain: a systematic review. Anesth Analg 2014; 118: 153–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richardson, MG, Lopez, BM, Baysinger, CL. Should nitrous oxide be used for labouring patients? Anesthesiol Clin 2017; 35: 125–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, CD, Butwick, AJ, Riley, E, Carvalho, B. Nitrous oxide for labor analgesia: utilization and predictors of conversion to neuraxial analgesia. J Clin Anaesth 2017; 40: 40–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Littleford, J. Effects on the fetus and newborn of maternal analgesia and anesthesia: a review. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51: 586–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, SN, Fernando, R, Girard, T. Parenteral opioid analgesia: does it still have a role? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2017; 31: 3–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, LA, Burns, E, Cuthbert, A. Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; (6): CD007396.Google ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Hinova, A, Fernando, R. Systemic remifentanil for labor analgesia. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 1925–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muchatuta, NA, Kinsella, SM. Remifentanil for labour analgesia: time to draw breath? Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 231–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schnabel, A, Hahn, N, Broscheit, J, et al. Remifentanil for labour analgesia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2012; 29: 177–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van de Velde, M, Carvalho, B. Remifentanil for labor analgesia: an evidence-based narrative review. Int J Obstet Anesth 2016; 25: 66–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Anim-Somuah, M, Smyth, RM, Cyna, AM, Cuthbert, A. Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; (5): CD000331.Google ScholarPubMed
Loubert, C, Hinova, A, Fernando, R. Update on modern neuraxial analgesia in labour: a review of the literature of the last 5 years. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 191–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sng, BL, Sia, ATH. Maintenance of epidural labour analgesia: the old, the new and the future. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2017; 31: 15–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Camorcia, M. Testing the epidural catheter. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009; 22: 336–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guay, J. The epidural test dose: a review. Anesth Analg 2006; 102: 921–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Cohn, J, Moaveni, D, Sznol, J, Ranasinghe, J. Complications of 761 short-term intrathecal macrocatheters in obstetric patients: a retrospective review of cases over a 12-year period. Int J Obstet Anesth 2016; 25: 30–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loubert, C, Hinova, A, Fernando, R. Update on modern neuraxial analgesia in labour: a review of the literature of the last 5 years. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 191–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, CM. Continuous spinal anesthesia and analgesia in obstetrics. Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 1476–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Groden, J, Gonzalez-Fiol, A, Aaronson, J, Sachs, A, Smiley, R. Catheter failure rates and time course with epidural versus combined spinal–epidural analgesia in labor. Int J Obstet Anesth 2016; 26: 4–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heesen, M, Weibel, S, Klimek, M, et al. Effects of epidural volume extension by saline injection on the efficacy and safety of intrathecal local anaesthetics: systematic review with meta-analysis, meta-regression and trial sequential analysis. Anaesthesia 2017; 72: 1398–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simmons, SW, Taghizadeh, N, Dennis, AT, Hughes, D, Cyna, AM. Combined spinal–epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (10): CD003401.Google ScholarPubMed
Further reading
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Neuraxial Opioids. Practice guidelines for the prevention, detection, and management of respiratory depression associated with neuraxial opioid administration. An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Neuraxial Opioids and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Anesthesiology 2016; 124: 535–52.Google Scholar
Armstrong, S, Fernando, R. Side effects and efficacy of neuraxial opioids in pregnant patients at delivery: a comprehensive review. Drug Saf 2016; 39: 381–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwok, S, Wang, H, Sng, BL. Post-caesarean analgesia. Trends Anaesth Crit Care 2014; 4: 189–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marroquin, B, Feng, C, Balofsky, A, et al. Neuraxial opioids for post-cesarean delivery analgesia: can hydromorphone replace morphine? A retrospective study. Int J Obstet Anesth 2017; 30: 16–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sultan, P, Halpern, SH, Pushpanathan, E, Patel, S, Carvalho, B. The effect of intrathecal morphine dose on outcomes after elective cesarean delivery: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2016; 123: 154–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Anim-Somuah, M, Smyth, RM, Cyna, AM, Cuthbert, A. Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; (5): CD000331.Google ScholarPubMed
Liu, EH, Sia, AT. Rates of caesarean section and instrumental vaginal delivery in nulliparous women after low concentration epidural infusions or opioid analgesia: systematic review. BMJ 2004; 328: 1410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Operative Vaginal Delivery. Green-top Guideline 26. London: RCOG, 2011. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg26 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Lucas, DN, Yentis, SM, Kinsella, SM, et al. Urgency of caesarean section: a new classification. J R Soc Med 2000; 93: 346–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Caesarean Section. Clinical Guideline 132. London: NICE, 2004. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg132 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Royal College of Anaesthetists. Classification of urgency of caesarean section: a continuum of risk. Good Practice 11. London: RCOG, 2010. www.rcog.org.uk/classification-of-urgency-of-caesarean-section-good-practice-11 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Yentis, SM. Whose distress is it anyway? ‘Fetal distress’ and the 30-minute rule. Anaesthesia 2003; 58: 732–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Arzola, C, Wieczorek, PM. Efficacy of low-dose bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107: 308–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butwick, AJ, Columb, MO, Carvalho, B. Preventing spinal hypotension during Caesarean delivery: what is the latest? Br J Anaesth 2015; 114: 183–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heesen, M, Klöhr, S, Rossaint, R, Straube, S. Prophylactic phenylephrine for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 143–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinsella, SM, Carvalho, B, Dyer, RA, et al. International consensus statement on the management of hypotension with vasopressors during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2018; 73: 71–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langesæter, E, Dyer, RA. Maternal haemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011; 24: 242–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Allam, J, Malhotra, S, Hemingway, C, Yentis, SM. Epidural lidocaine–bicarbonate–adrenaline vs. levobupivacaine for emergency Caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 243–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lam, DT, Ngan Kee, WD, Khaw, KS. Extension of epidural blockade in labour for emergency Caesarean section using 2% lidocaine with epinephrine and fentanyl, with or without alkalinisation. Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 790–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucas, DN, Ciccone, GK, Yentis, SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency Caesarean section: a comparison of three solutions. Anaesthesia 1999; 54: 1173–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malhotra, S, Yentis, SM. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia in labour for emergency Caesarean section: a comparison of levobupivacaine with or without fentanyl. Anaesthesia 2007; 62: 667–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, SD, Mallory, S, Lucas, DN, et al. Extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section using ropivacaine 0.75%. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 988–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Dahl, V, Spreng, UJ. Anaesthesia for urgent (grade 1) caesarean section. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009; 22: 352–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucas, DN, Yentis, SM. Unsettled weather and the end for thiopental? Obstetric general anaesthesia after the NAP5 and MBRRACE-UK reports. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 375–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sia, AT, Fun, WL, Tan, TU. The ongoing challenges of regional and general anaesthesia in obstetrics. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 24: 303–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Algie, CM, Mahar, RK, Tan, HB, et al. Effectiveness and risks of cricoid pressure during rapid sequence induction for endotracheal intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (11): CD011656.Google ScholarPubMed
Benhamou, D, Vanner, R. Controversies in obstetric anaesthesia: cricoid pressure is unnecessary in obstetric general anaesthesia. Int J Obstet Anesth 1995; 4: 30–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Obarney, M, Connolly, L. Rapid sequence induction and intubation: current controversy. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 1318–25.Google Scholar
Lerman, J. On cricoid pressure: ‘may the force be with you’. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 1363–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Kinsella, SM, Winton, AL, Mushambi, MC, et al. Failed tracheal intubation during obstetric general anaesthesia: a literature review. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24: 356–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mhyre, JM, Healy, D. The unanticipated difficult intubation in obstetrics. Anesth Analg 2011; 112: 648–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mushambi, MC, Kinsella, SM, Popat, M, et al. Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association and Difficult Airway Society guidelines for the management of difficult and failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 1286–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinn, AC, Milne, D, Columb, M, Gorton, H, Knight, M. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case–control study in the UK. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110: 74–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Baker, PA, Weller, JM, Greenland, KB, Riley, RH, Merry, AF. Education in airway management. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 101–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, SR, Butler, AR, Parker, J, Cook, TM, Smith, AF. Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy in adult patients requiring tracheal intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016 (11): CD011136.Google ScholarPubMed
Popat, MT, Srivastava, M, Russell, R. Awake fibreoptic intubation skills in obstetric patients: a survey of anaesthetists in the Oxford region. Int J Obstet Anesth 2000; 9: 78–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott-Brown, S. Russell, R. Video laryngoscopes and the obstetric airway. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24: 137–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The Management of Third- and Fourth-Degree Perineal Tears. Green-top Guideline 29. London: RCOG, 2015. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg29 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Abdallah, FW, Halpern, SH, Margarido, CB. Transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia after caesarean delivery performed under spinal anaesthesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaes 2012; 109: 679–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carvalho, B, Butwick, AJ. Postcesarean delivery analgesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2017; 31: 69–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mkontwana, N, Novikova, N. Oral analgesia for relieving post-caesarean pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (3): CD010450.Google ScholarPubMed
Wuytack, F, Smith, V, Cleary, BJ. Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; (7): CD011352.Google ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Corso, E, Hind, D, Beever, D, et al. Enhanced recovery after elective caesarean: a rapid review of clinical protocols, and an umbrella of systematic reviews. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17: 91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laronche, A, Popescu, L, Benhamou, D. An enhanced recovery programme after caesarean delivery increases maternal satisfaction and improves maternal-neonatal bonding: a case control study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 210: 212–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucas, DN, Gough, KL. Enhanced recovery in obstetrics: a new frontier? Int J Obstet Anesth 2013; 22: 92–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Wrench, IJ, Allison, A, Galimberti, A, Radley, S, Wilson, MJ. Introduction of enhanced recovery for elective caesarean section enabling next day discharge: a tertiary centre experience. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24: 124–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Apfel, CC, Saxena, A, Cakmakkaya, OS, et al. Prevention of postdural puncture headache after accidental dural puncture: a quantitative systematic review. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105: 255–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basurto Ona, X, Osario, D, Bonfill Cosp, X. Drug therapy for treating post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (7): CD007887.Google ScholarPubMed
Peralta, F, Devroe, S. Any news on the postdural puncture headache front? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2017; 31: 35–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Arevalo-Rodriguez, I, Ciapponi, A, Roqué i Figuls, M, Muñoz, L, Bonfill Cosp, X. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; (3): CD009199.Google ScholarPubMed
Basurto Ona, X, Osario, D, Bonfill Cosp, X. Drug therapy for treating post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (7): CD007887.Google ScholarPubMed
Klein, AM, Loder, E. Postpartum headache. Int J Obstet Anesth 2010; 19: 422–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachs, A, Smiley, R. Post-dural puncture headache: the worst common complication in obstetric anesthesia. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 386–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Booth, JL, Pan, PH, Thomas, JA, Harris, LC, D’Angelo, R. A retrospective review of an epidural blood patch database: the incidence of epidural blood patch associated with obstetric neuraxial anesthetic techniques and the effect of blood volume on efficacy. Int J Obstet Anesth 2017; 29: 10–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kokki, M, Sjövall, , Keinänen, M, Kokki, H. The influence of timing on the effectiveness of epidural blood patch in parturients. Int J Obstet Anesth 2013; 22: 303–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peralta, F, Devroe, S. Any news on the postdural puncture headache front? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2017; 31: 35–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Jenkins, JG. Some immediate serious complications of obstetric epidural analgesia and anaesthesia: a prospective study of 145,550 epidurals. Int J Obstet Anesth 2005; 14: 37–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yentis, SM, Dob, DP. High regional blockade: the failed intubation of the new millennium? Int J Obstet Anesth 2001; 10: 159–61.Google Scholar
Further reading
Agaram, R, Douglas, MJ, McTaggart, RA, Gunka, V. Inadequate pain relief with labor epidurals: a multivariate analysis of associated factors. Int J Obstet Anesth 2009; 18: 10–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermanides, J, Hollmann, MW, Stevens, MF, Lirk, P. Failed epidural: causes and management. Br J Anaesth 2012; 109: 144–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan, PH, Bogard, TD, Owen, MD. Incidence and characteristics of failures in obstetric neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia: a retrospective analysis of 19,259 deliveries. Int J Obstet Anesth 2004; 13: 227–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Further reading
Mankowitz, SK, Gonzalez Fiol, A, Smiley, R. Failure to extend epidural labor analgesia for cesarean delivery anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2016; 123: 1174–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Anim-Somuah, M, Smyth, RM, Cyna, AM, Cuthbert, A. Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; (5): CD000331.Google ScholarPubMed
Han, IH. Pregnancy and spinal problems. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 22: 477–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orlikowski, CE, Dickinson, JE, Paech, MJ, et al. Intrapartum analgesia and its association with post-partum back pain and headache in nulliparous women. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 46: 395–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Daly, B, Young, S, Marla, R, et al. Persistent pain after caesarean section and its association with maternal anxiety and socioeconomic background. Int J Obstet Anesth 2017; 29: 57–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jin, J, Peng, L, Chen, Q, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for chronic pain following cesarean section: a prospective study. BMC Anesthesiol 2016; 16: 99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weibel, S, Neubert, K, Jelting, Y, et al. Incidence and severity of chronic pain after caesarean section: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2016; 33: 853–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Barbara, R, Tome, R, Barua, A, et al. Transient Horner syndrome following epidural anesthesia for labor: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2011; 66: 114–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chambers, DJ, Bhatia, K. Cranial nerve palsy following central neuraxial block in obstetrics – a review of the literature and analysis of 43 case reports. Int J Obstet Anesth 2017; 31: 13–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofer, JE, Scavone, BM. Cranial nerve VI palsy after dural-arachnoid puncture. Anesth Analg 2015; 120: 644–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Cook, TM, Counsell, D, Wildsmith, J; Royal College of Anaesthetists Third National Audit Project. Major complications of central neuraxial block: report on the 3rd National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 179–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moen, V, Irestedt, L. Neurological complications following central neuraxial blockades in obstetrics. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21: 275–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Neal, MA, Chang, LY, Salajegheh, MK. Postpartum spinal cord, root, plexus and peripheral nerve injuries involving the lower extremities: a practical approach. Anesth Analg 2015; 120: 141–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, A, McLaren, T, Paech, MJ, et al. Immediate postpartum neurological deficits in the lower extremity: a prospective observational study. Int J Obstet Anesth 2017; 31: 5–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, CA. Nerve injuries after neuraxial anaesthesia and their medicolegal implications. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 24: 367–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Chambers, DJ, Howells, ACL. Neurological complications in obstetric regional anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care Med 2016; 17: 372–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, TM, Counsell, D, Wildsmith, JA; Royal College of Anaesthetists Third National Audit Project. Major complications of central neuraxial block: report on the 3rd National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 179–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moen, V, Irestedt, L. Neurological complications following central neuraxial blockades in obstetrics. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21: 275–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, JR, Christie, LE, Yentis, SM, Durbridge, J, Dob, DP. Prolonged neurological deficit following neuraxial blockade for caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth 2011; 20: 271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, CA. Nerve injuries after neuraxial anaesthesia and their medicolegal implications. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 24: 367–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association, Regional Anaesthesia UK. Regional anaesthesia and patients with abnormalities of coagulation. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 966–72.Google Scholar
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association, Regional Anaesthesia UK, Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Safety guideline: skin antisepsis for central neuraxial blockade. Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 1279–86.Google Scholar
Carlsward, C, Darvish, B, Tunelli, J, Irestedt, L. Chronic adhesive arachnoiditis after repeat epidural blood patch. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24: 280–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moen, V, Irestedt, L. Neurological complications following central neuraxial blockades in obstetrics. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21: 275–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Cook, TM, Counsell, D, Wildsmith, JA; Royal College of Anaesthetists Third National Audit Project. Major complications of central neuraxial block: report on the 3rd National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 179–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kowe, O, Waters, JH. Neurologic complications in the patient receiving obstetric anesthesia. Neurol Clin 2012; 30: 823–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Bonnet, MP, Marret, E, Josserand, J, Mercier, FJ. Effect of prophylactic 5-HT3 receptor antagonists on pruritus induced by neuraxial opioids: a quantitative systematic review. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: 311–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, K, Singh, SI. Neuraxial opioid-induced pruritus: an update. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2013; 29: 303–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waxler, B, Dadabhoy, ZP, Stojiljkovic, L, Rabito, SF. Primer of postoperative pruritus for anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 168–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Crowley, LJ, Buggy, DJ. Shivering and neuraxial anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2008; 33: 241–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witte, J, Sessler, DI. Perioperative shivering: physiology and pharmacology. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 467–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Gyte, GM, Richens, Y. Routine prophylactic drugs in normal labour for reducing gastric aspiration and its effects. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (3): CD005298.Google ScholarPubMed
Mendelson, CL. The aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs during obstetric anaesthesia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1946; 52: 191–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, M, Davidson, A. Aspiration under anaesthesia: risk assessment and decision-making. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 2014; 14: 171–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Further reading
Paech, MJ, Scott, KL, Clavisi, O, et al. A prospective study of awareness and recall associated with general anaesthesia for caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17: 298–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pandit, JJ, Cook, TM (eds). Accidental Awareness During General Anaesthesia in the United Kingdom and Ireland: Report and Findings. NAP5: Fifth National Audit Project. London: Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, 2014. www.nationalauditprojects.org.uk/NAP5report (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Platt, F, Lucas, N, Bogod, DG. AAGA in obstetric anaesthesia. In Pandit, JJ, Cook, TM (eds), Accidental Awareness During General Anaesthesia in the United Kingdom and Ireland: Report and Findings. London: RCoA and AAGBI, 2014, pp. 133–43.Google Scholar
Robins, K, Lyons, G. Intraoperative awareness during general anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 886–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Mozurkewich, EL, Chilimigras, JL, Berman, DR, et al. Methods of induction of labour: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011; 11: 84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mozurkewich, E, Chilimigras, J, Koepke, E, Keeton, K, King, VJ. Indications for induction of labour: a best-evidence review. BJOG 2009; 116: 626–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Inducing Labour. Clinical Guideline 70. London: NICE, 2008. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG70 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Mavrides, E, Allard, S, Chandraharan, E, et al.; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage. BJOG 2016; 124: e106–49.Google Scholar
Meshykhi, LS, Nel, MR, Lucas, DN. The role of carbetocin in the prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2016; 28: 61–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Preterm Labour and Birth. NICE Guideline NG 25. London: NICE, 2015. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng25 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Vallera, C, Choi, LO, Cha, CM, Hong, RW. Uterotonic medications: oxytocin, methylergonovine, carboprost, misoprostol. Anesthesiol Clin 2017; 35: 207–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vercauteren, M, Palit, S, Soetens, F, Jacquemyn, Y, Alahuhta, S. Anaesthesiological considerations on tocolytic and uterotonic therapy in obstetrics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53: 701–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Preterm Labour and Birth. NICE Guideline NG 25. London: NICE, 2015. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng25 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Simhan, HN, Canavan, TP. Preterm premature rupture of membranes: diagnosis, evaluation and management strategies. BJOG 2005; 112 (Suppl 1): 32–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simhan, HN, Caritis, SN. Prevention of preterm delivery. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 477–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Hannah, ME, Hannah, WJ, Hewson, SA, et al. Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: a randomised multicentre trial. Term Breech Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet 2000; 356: 1375–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Impey, LWM, Murphy, DJ, Griffiths, M, Penna, LK; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. External cephalic version and reducing the incidence of term breech presentation. Green-top Guideline 20a. BJOG 2017; 124: e178–92.Google Scholar
Further reading
Hutton, EK, Hofmeyr, G, Dowswell, T. External cephalic version for breech presentation before term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (7): CD000084Google Scholar
Impey, LWM, Murphy, DJ, Griffiths, M, Penna, LK; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. External cephalic version and reducing the incidence of term breech presentation. Green-top Guideline 20a. BJOG 2017; 124: e178–92.Google Scholar
Khaw, KS, Lee, SW, Ngan Kee, WD, et al. Randomized trial of anaesthetic interventions in external cephalic version for breech presentation. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114: 944–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, S, Lucero, J. Obstetric and anesthetic approaches to external cephalic version. Anesthesiol Clin 2017; 35: 81–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magro-Malosso, ER, Saccone, G, Di Tommaso, M, Mele, M, Berghella, V. Neuraxial analgesia to increase the success rate of external cephalic version: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215: 276–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Kilby, MD, Bricker, L; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of monochorionic twin pregnancy. Green-top Guideline 51. BJOG 2016; 124: e1–45.Google Scholar
Melka, S, Miller, J, Fox, NS. Labor and delivery of twin pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2017; 44: 645–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Multiple Pregnancy: Antenatal Care for Twin and Triplet Pregnancies. Clinical Guideline 129. London: NICE, 2011. www.nice.org.uk/CG129 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Cahill, AG, Odibo, AO, Allsworth, JE, Macones, GA. Frequent epidural dosing as a marker for impending uterine rupture in patients who attempt vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 355.e1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guise, JM, Denman, MA, Emeis, C, et al. Vaginal birth after cesarean: new insights on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 1267–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Birth after Previous Caesarean Birth. Green-top Guideline 45. London: RCOG, 2015. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg45 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Scott, JR. Intrapartum management of trial of labour after caesarean delivery: evidence and experience. BJOG 2014; 121: 157–62.Google ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Laopaiboon, M, Lumbiganon, P, Intarut, N, et al.; WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal Newborn Health Research Network. Advanced maternal age and pregnancy outcomes: a multicountry assessment. BJOG 2014; 121 (Suppl 1): 49–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osmundson, SS, Gould, JB, Butwick, AJ, Yeaton-Massey, A, El-Sayed, YY. Labor outcome at extremely advanced maternal age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214: 362.e1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Fitzpatrick, KE, Sellers, S, Spark, P, et al. The management and outcomes of placenta accreta, increta, and percreta in the UK: a population-based descriptive study. BJOG 2014; 121: 62–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jauniaux, E, Alfirevic, Z, Bhide, AG, et al.; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Placenta praevia and placenta accreta: diagnosis and management. Green-top Guideline 27a. BJOG 2019; 126: e12–48.Google ScholarPubMed
Jauniaux, E, Alfirevic, Z, Bhide, AG, et al.; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Vasa praevia: diagnosis and management. Green-top Guideline 27b. BJOG 2019; 126: e49–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lilker, SJ, Meyer, RA, Downey, KN, Macarthur, AJ. Anesthetic considerations for placenta accreta. Int J Obstet Anesth 2011; 20: 288–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snegovskikh, D, Clebone, A, Norwitz, E. Anesthetic management of patients with placenta accreta and resuscitation strategies for associated massive hemorrhage. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011; 24: 274–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, NJ, Russell, R. Anaesthesia for abnormally invasive placenta: a single-institution case series. Int J Obstet Anesth 2017; 30: 10–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viñas, MT, Chandraharan, E, Moneta, MV, Belli, AM. The role of interventional radiology in reducing haemorrhage and hysterectomy following caesarean section for morbidly adherent placenta. Clin Radiol 2014: 69: e345–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Further reading
Oyelese, Y, Ananth, CV. Placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1005–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tikkanen, M. Placental abruption: epidemiology, risk factors and consequences. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90: 140–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Holbrook, BD, Phelan, ST. Umbilical cord prolapse. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2013; 40: 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinsella, SM, Girgirah, K, Scrutton, MJ. Rapid sequence spinal anaesthesia for category-1 urgency caesarean section: a case series. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 664–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Umbilical Cord Prolapse. Green-top Guideline 50. London: RCOG, 2014. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg50 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Committee on Obstetric Practice, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion. Number 326, December 2005. Inappropriate use of the terms fetal distress and birth asphyxia. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106: 1469–70.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intrapartum Care for Healthy Women and Babies. Clinical Guideline 190. London: NICE, 2014 (updated 2017). www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Yentis, SM. Whose distress is it anyway? ‘Fetal distress’ and the 30-minute rule. Anaesthesia 2003; 58: 732–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Dahlke, JD, Bhalwal, A, Chauhan, SP. Obstetric emergencies: shoulder dystocia and postpartum haemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2017; 44: 231–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, A, Chauhan, SP. Shoulder dystocia: definitions and incidence. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 184–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, MN, Gale, A, Debroy, B. Early resort to general anaesthesia in severe shoulder dystocia. J Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 28: 436–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Shoulder Dystocia. Green-top Guideline 42. London: RCOG, 2012 (updated February 2017). www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg42 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Late Intrauterine Fetal Death and Stillbirth. Green-top Guideline 55. London: RCOG, 2010. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg55 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Allam, J, Cox, M, Yentis, SM. Cell salvage in obstetrics. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17: 37–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, SF, Rayment, R, Collins, PW, Collis, RE. The use of fibrinogen concentrate to correct hypofibrinogenaemia rapidly during obstetric haemorrhage. Int J Obstet Anesth 2010; 19: 218–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cotton, BA, Au, BK, Nunez, TC, et al. Predefined massive transfusion protocols are associated with a reduction in organ failure and postinjury complications. J Trauma 2009; 66: 41–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Mallaiah, S, Barclay, P, Harrod, I, Chevannes, C, Bhalla, A. Introduction of an algorithm for ROTEM-guided fibrinogen concentrate administration in major obstetric haemorrhage. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 166–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mercier, FJ, Bonnet, MP. Use of clotting factors and other prohemostatic drugs for obstetric hemorrhage. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2010; 23: 310–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plaat, F, Shonfeld, A. Major obstetric haemorrhage. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 2015; 15: 190–3.Google Scholar
WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2017; 389: 2105–16.Google Scholar
Further reading
Kayem, G, Kurinczuk, JJ, Alfirevic, Z, et al. Specific second-line therapies for postpartum haemorrhage: a national cohort study. BJOG 2011; 118: 856–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, M; UKOSS. Peripartum hysterectomy in the UK: management and outcomes of the associated haemorrhage. BJOG 2007; 114: 1380–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liabsuetrakul, T, Choobun, T, Peeyananjarassri, K, et al. Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (1): CD003249.Google Scholar
Mavrides, E, Allard, S, Chandraharan, E, et al.; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage. Green-top Guideline 52. BJOG 2016; 124: e106–49.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The role of emergency and elective interventional radiology in postpartum haemorrhage. Good Practice 6. London: RCOG, 2007. www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/goodpractice6roleemergency2007.pdf (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Weeks, A. The prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: what do we know, and where do we go to next? BJOG 2015; 122: 202–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Maternal Collapse in Pregnancy and the Puerperium. Green-top Guideline 56. London: RCOG, 2011. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg56 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Eldridge, AJ, Ford, R. Perimortem caesarean deliveries. Int Journal Obs Anesth 2016; 27: 46–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeejeebhoy, FM, Zelop, CM, Lipman, S, et al. Cardiac arrest in pregnancy: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015; 132: 1747–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kikuchi, J, Deering, S. Cardiac arrest in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2018; 42: 33–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipman, S, Cohen, S, Einav, S, et al. The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology Consensus Statement on the Management of Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy. Anesth Analg 2014; 118: 1003–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truhlář, A, Deakin, CD, Soar, J, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 4. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation 2015; 95: 148–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Knight, M, Berg, C, Brocklehurst, P, et al. Amniotic fluid embolism incidence, risk factors and outcomes: a review and recommendations. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2012; 12: 7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2013–15. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2017.Google Scholar
McDonnell, NJ, Percival, V, Paech, MJ. Amniotic fluid embolism: a leading cause of maternal death yet still a medical conundrum. Int J Obstet Anesth 2013; 22: 329–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pacheco, LD, Saade, G, Hankins, GD, Clark, SL; Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine. Amniotic fluid embolism: diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215: B16–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Joshi, D, James, A, Quaglia, A, Westbrook, RH, Heneghan, MA. Liver disease in pregnancy. Lancet 2010; 375: 594–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Obstetric Cholestasis. Green-top Guideline 43. London: RCOG, 2011 (updated 2014). www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg43 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Westbrook, RH, Dusheiko, G, Williamson, C. Pregnancy and liver disease. J Hepatol 2016; 64: 933–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Kia, L, Rinella, ME. Interpretation and management of hepatic abnormalities in pregnancy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11: 1392–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, M, Nelson-Piercy, C, Kurinczuk, JJ, Spark, P, Brocklehurst, P; UK Obstetric Surveillance System. A prospective national study of acute fatty liver of pregnancy in the UK. Gut 2008; 57: 951–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rajasri, AG, Srestha, R, Mitchell, J. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: an overview. J Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 27: 237–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tran, TT, Ahn, J, Reau, NS. ACG clinical guideline: liver disease and pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111: 176–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Further reading
del-Rio-Vellosillo, M, Garcia-Medina, JJ. Anesthetic considerations in HELLP syndrome. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 2016; 60: 144–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzpatrick, KE, Hinshaw, K, Kurinczuk, JJ, Knight, M. Risk factors, management, and outcomes of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome and elevated liver enzymes, low platelets syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 618–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haram, K, Svendsen, E, Abildgaard, U. The HELLP syndrome: clinical issues and management. A review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2009; 9: 8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Dennis, AT, Castro JM. Hypertension and haemodynamics in pregnant women: is a unified theory for pre-eclampsia possible? Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 1183–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofmeyr, R, Matjila, M, Dyer, R. Preeclampsia in 2017: obstetric and anaesthesia management. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2017; 31: 125–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leffert, LR. What’s new in obstetric anesthesia? Focus on preeclampsia. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24: 264–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mol, BWJ, Roberts, CT, Thangaratinam, S, et al. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2016; 387: 999–1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management. Clinical Guideline 107. London: NICE, 2010. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG107 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Stocks, G. Preeclampsia: pathophysiology, old and new strategies for management. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2014; 31: 183–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Dean, C, Douglas, J. Magnesium and the obstetric anaesthetist. Int J Obstet Anesth 2013; 22: 52–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duley, L, Gülmezoglu, AM, Henderson-Smart, DJ, Chou, D. Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (11): CD000025.Google ScholarPubMed
Duley, L, Henderson-Smart, DJ, Chou, D. Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (10): CD000128.Google ScholarPubMed
Duley, L, Henderson-Smart, DJ, Walker, GJ, Chou, D. Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (12): CD000127.Google ScholarPubMed
Duley, L, Matar, HE, Almerie, MQ, Hall, DR. Alternative magnesium sulphate regimens for women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (8): CD007388.Google ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Boelig, RC, Barton, SJ, Saccone, G, et al. Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2016; (5): CD010607.Google ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The Management of Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Green-top Guideline 69. London: RCOG, 2016. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg69 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2018.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2013–15. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2017.Google Scholar
Lucas, DN, Bamber, JH. UK Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths: still learning to save mothers’ lives. Anaesthesia 2018; 73: 416–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yentis, SM. From CEMD to CEMACH to CMACE to … ? Where now for the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths? Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 859–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Adriaensens, I, Vercauteren, M, Soetens, F, et al. Allergic reactions during labour analgesia and caesarean section anaesthesia. Int J Obstet Anesth 2013; 22: 231–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Management of a patient with suspected anaphylaxis during anaesthesia. London: AAGBI, 2009. www.aagbi.org/sites/default/files/ana_web_laminate_final.pdf (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Cook, TM, Harper, N. Anaesthesia, Surgery and Life-Threatening Allergic Reactions. Report and Findings of the Royal College of Anaesthetists’ 6th National Audit Project: Perioperative Anaphylaxis. London: RCoA, 2018. www.nationalauditprojects.org.uk/NAP6Report (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Hepner, DL, Castells, M, Mouton-Faivre, C, Dewachter, P. Anaphylaxis in the clinical setting of obstetric anesthesia: a literature review. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 1357–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soar, J, Perkins, GD, Abbas, G, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010, Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 1400–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Curry, R, Swan, L, Steer, PJ. Cardiac disease in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2009; 21: 508–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 3147–97.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Cardiac disease and pregnancy. Good Practice 13. London: RCOG, 2011. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/good-practice-13 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Ruys, TPE, Roos-Hesselink, JW, Hall, R, et al. Heart failure in pregnant women with cardiac disease: data from the ROPAC. Heart 2014; 100: 231–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turnbull, J, Bell, R. Obstetric anaesthesia and peripartum management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 593–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vause, S, Clarke, B, Thorne, S, James, R, on behalf of the MBRRACE-UK cardiovascular chapter writing group. Lessons on cardiovascular disease. In Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Surveillance of maternal deaths in the UK 2012–14 and lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–14. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2016, pp. 33–68.Google Scholar
Further reading
Laksman, Z, Harris, L, Silversides, C. Cardiac arrhythmias during pregnancy: a clinical approach. Fetal Maternal Med Rev 2011; 22: 123–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metz, T, Khanna, A. Evaluation and management of maternal cardiac arrhythmias. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2016; 43: 729–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salman, MM, Kemp, HI, Cauldwell, MR, Dob, DP, Sutton, R. Anaesthetic management of pregnant patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: case reports and review. Int J Obstet Anesth 2018; 33: 57–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, ME, Salter, B, Fischer, A. Perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107 (Suppl 1): i16–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Dennis, AT, Solnordal, CB. Acute pulmonary oedema in pregnant women. Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 646–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sciscione, AC, Ivester, T, Largoza, M, et al. Acute pulmonary edema in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101: 511–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Blauwet, LA, Cooper, LT. Diagnosis and management of peripartum cardiomyopathy. Heart 2011; 97: 1970–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrey, AS. Pregnancy in inherited and acquired cardiomyopathies. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 563–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilfiker-Kleiner, D, Haghikia, A, Nonhoff, J, et al. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: current management and future perspectives. Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 1090–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewey, J, Haythe, J. Cardiomyopathy in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 309–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 3147–97.Google Scholar
van Hagen, IM, Roos-Hesselink, JW. Aorta pathology and pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 537–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Erbel, R, Aboyans, V, Boileau, C, et al.; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 2873–926.Google ScholarPubMed
European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 3147–97.Google Scholar
Rajagopalan, S, Nwazota, N, Chandrasekhar, S. Outcomes in pregnant women with acute aortic dissections: a review of the literature from 2003 to 2013. Int J Obs Anes 2014; 23: 348–56.Google ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Dennis, AT. Valvular heart disease in pregnancy. Int J Obstet Anesth 2016; 25: 4–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 3147–97.Google Scholar
Lawley, CM, Lain, SJ, Algert, CS, et al. Prosthetic heart valves in pregnancy, outcomes for women and their babies: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. BJOG 2015; 122: 1446–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLintock, C. Thromboembolism in pregnancy: challenges and controversies in the prevention of pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism and management of anticoagulation in women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 519–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorne, S. Pregnancy and native heart valve disease. Heart 2016; 102: 1410–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Hagen, IM, Roos-Hesselink, JW, Ruys, TP, et al.; ROPAC investigators. Pregnancy in women with a mechanical heart valve: data of the European Society of Cardiology Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC). Circulation 2015; 132: 132–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vause, S, Clarke, B, Tower, CL, Hay, C, Knight, M; UKOSS. Pregnancy outcomes in women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves: a prospective descriptive population based study using the United Kingdom Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) data collection system. BJOG 2017; 124: 1411–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windram, JD, Colman, JM, Wald, RM, et al. Valvular heart disease in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 507–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Connolly, HM. Managing congenital heart disease in the obstetric patient. Semin Perinatol 2018; 42: 39–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 3147–97.Google Scholar
Stout, K. Pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease: the importance of evaluation and counselling. Heart 2005; 91: 713–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swan, L. Congenital heart disease in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 495–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Curry, R, Swan, L, Steer, PJ. Cardiac disease in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2009; 21: 508–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, CR, Trow, TK. Pregnancy and pulmonary hypertension. Clin Chest Med 2011; 32: 165–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rex, S, Devroe, S. Anesthesia for pregnant women with pulmonary hypertension. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2016; 29: 273–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sliwa, K, van Hagen, IM, Budts, W, et al.; ROPAC investigators. Pulmonary hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: data from the Registry Of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC) of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18: 1119–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Bush, N, Nelson-Piercy, C, Spark, P, et al. Myocardial infarction in pregnancy and postpartum in the UK. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 20: 12–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fryearson, J, Adamson, DL. Heart disease in pregnancy: ischaemic heart disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 551–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kealey, A. Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction in pregnancy: a review of epidemiology, diagnosis, and medical and surgical management. Can J Cardiol 2010; 26: 185–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Surveillance of maternal deaths in the UK 2012–14 and lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–14. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2016.Google Scholar
Roth, A, Elkayam, U. Acute myocardial infarction associated with pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 171–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Biggar, MA, Lennard, TW. Systematic review of phaeochromocytoma in pregnancy. Br J Surg 2013; 100: 182–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Frise, CJ, Williamson, C. Endocrine disease in pregnancy. Clin Med (Lond) 2013; 13: 176–81.Google ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, RL, Malabu, UH, Jarrod, G, et al. Thyroid function and pregnancy: before, during and beyond. J Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 30: 774–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Peri-operative management of the surgical patient with diabetes 2015. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 1427–40.Google Scholar
de Veciana, M. Diabetes ketoacidosis in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2013; 37: 267–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCance, DR. Diabetes in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29: 685–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management from Preconception to the Postnatal Period. NICE Guideline NG 3. London: NICE, 2015. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Achebe, MM, Gafter-Gvili, A. How I treat anemia in pregnancy: iron, cobalamin, and folate. Blood 2017; 129: 940–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annamraju, H, Pavord, S. Anaemia in pregnancy. Br J Hosp Med 2016; 77: 584–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goonewardene, M, Shehata, M, Hamad, A. Anaemia in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26: 3–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muñoz, M, Acheson, AG, Auerbach, M, et al. International consensus statement on the peri-operative management of anaemia and iron deficiency. Anaesthesia 2017; 72: 233–47.Google ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Durán-Mendicuti, A, Sodickson, A. Imaging evaluation of the pregnant patient with suspected pulmonary embolism. Int J Obstet Anesth 2011; 20: 51–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guimicheva, B, Czuprynska, J, Arya, R. The prevention of pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism. Br J Haematol 2015; 168: 163–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2018.Google Scholar
Nelson-Piercy, C, on behalf of the MBRRACE-UK thrombosis and thromboembolism chapter writing group. Prevention and treatment of thrombosis and venous thromboembolism. In Knight, M, Tuffnell, D, Kenyon, S, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Surveillance of maternal deaths in the UK 2011–13 and lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–13. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2015, pp. 42–52.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Reducing the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism during Pregnancy and the Puerperium. Green-top Guideline 37a. London: RCOG, 2015. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg37a (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Thromboembolic Disease in Pregnancy and the Puerperium: Acute Management. Green-top Guideline 37b. London: RCOG, 2015.www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg37b (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Bates, SM, Greer, IA, Middeldorp, S, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th edn: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141 (2 Suppl): e691S–736S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danza, A, Ruiz-Irastorza, G, Khamashta, M. Antiphospholipid syndrome in obstetrics. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26: 65–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, G, Nelson-Piercy, C. Thromboembolic disorders in obstetrics. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26: 53–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Reducing the Risk of Thromboembolism During Pregnancy and the Puerperium. Green-top Guideline 37a. London: RCOG, 2015. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg37a (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland; Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association; Regional Anaesthesia UK. Regional anaesthesia and patients with abnormalities of coagulation. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 966–72.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Fiol, A, Eisenberger, A. Anesthesia implications of coagulation and anticoagulation during pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 370–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, D, Beilin, Y. Disorders of coagulation in pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115: ii75–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pacheco, LD, Costantine, MM, Saade, GR, et al. von Willebrand disease and pregnancy: a practical approach for the diagnosis and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203: 194–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Chi, C, Kadir, RA. Inherited bleeding disorders in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26: 103–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, D, Beilin, Y. Disorders of coagulation in pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115: ii75–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavord, S, Rayment, R, Madan, B, et al.; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of inherited bleeding disorders in pregnancy. Green-top Guideline 71. BJOG 2017; 124: e193–263.Google Scholar
Peyvandi, F, Garagiola, I, Young, G. The past and future of haemophilia: diagnosis, treatments, and its complications. Lancet 2016; 388: 187–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Erez, O. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy: clinical phenotypes and diagnostic scores. Thromb Res 2017; 151: S56–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erez, O, Mastrolia, SA, Thachil, J. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy: insights in pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213: 452–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martí-Carvajal, AJ, Comunián-Carrasco, G, Peña-Martí, GE. Haematological interventions for treating disseminated intravascular coagulation during pregnancy and postpartum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (3): CD008577.Google ScholarPubMed
Squizzato, A, Hunt, BJ, Kinasewitz, GT, et al. Supportive management strategies for disseminated intravascular coagulation: an international consensus. Thromb Haemost 2016; 215: 896–904.Google Scholar
Further reading
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin No. 166: Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 128: e43–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland; Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association; Regional Anaesthesia UK. Regional anaesthesia and patients with abnormalities of coagulation. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 966–72.Google Scholar
Cines, DB, Levine, LD. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Blood 2017; 130: 2271–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers, B. Diagnosis and management of maternal thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Br J Haematol 2012; 158: 3–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Amit, O, Barzilai, M, Avivi, I. Management of hematologic malignancies: special considerations in pregnant women. Drugs 2015; 75: 1725–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elterman, KG, Meserve, JR, Wadleigh, M, Farber, MK, Tsen, LC. Management of labor analgesia in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. A A Case Rep 2014; 3: 104–6.Google Scholar
Lishner, M, Avivi, I, Apperley, JF, et al. Hematologic malignancies in pregnancy: management guidelines from an international consensus meeting. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34: 501–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owsiak, JN, Bullough, AS. Chronic myeloid leukemia in pregnancy: an absolute contraindication to neuraxial anesthesia? Int J Obstet Anesth 2016; 25: 85–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Boga, C, Ozdogu, H. Pregnancy and sickle cell disease: a review of the current literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 98: 364–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of Sickle Cell Disease in Pregnancy. Green-top Guideline 61. London: RCOG, 2011. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg61 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of Beta Thalassaemia in Pregnancy. Green-top Guideline 66. London: RCOG, 2014. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg66 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Clowse, ME, Jamison, M, Myers, E, James, AH. A national study of the complications of lupus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199: 127:e1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marder, W, Littlejohn, EA, Somers, EC. Pregnancy and autoimmune connective tissue diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2016; 30: 63–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Märker-Hermann, E, Fischer-Betz, R. Rheumatic diseases and pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 22: 458–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saar, P, Hermann, W, Muller-Ladner, U. Connective tissue diseases and pregnancy. Rheumatology 2006; 45: 30–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Elliott, AB, Chakravarty, EF. Management of rheumatic diseases during pregnancy. Postgrad Med 2010; 122: 213–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Märker-Hermann, E, Fischer-Betz, R. Rheumatic diseases and pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 22: 458–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samanta, R, Shoukrey, K, Griffiths, R. Rheumatoid arthritis and anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 1146–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smolen, JS, Aletaha, D, McInnes, IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2016; 388: 2023–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Ko, JY, Leffert, L. Clinical implications of neuraxial anesthesia in the parturient with scoliosis. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 1930–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, PS, Wilson, RC, Robinson, AP, Lyons, GR. Regional blockade for delivery in women with scoliosis or previous spinal surgery. Int J Obstet Anesth 2003; 12: 17–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Liddle, SD, Pennick, V. Interventions for preventing and treating low-back and pelvic pain during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (9): CD001139Google ScholarPubMed
Orlikowski, CE, Dickinson, JE, Paech, MJ, McDonald, SJ, Nathan, E. Intrapartum analgesia and its association with post-partum back pain and headache in nulliparous women. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 46: 395–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vermani, E, Mittal, R, Weeks, A. Pelvic girdle pain and low back pain in pregnancy: a review. Pain Pract 2010; 10: 60–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Sommerfield, D, Hu, P, O’Keeffe, D, McKeating, K. Caesarean section in a parturient with a spinal cord stimulator. Int J Obstet Anesth 2010; 19: 114–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souzdalnitski, D, Snegovskikh, D. Analgesia for the parturient with chronic nonmalignant pain. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag 2014; 18: 166–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, AC, Lubenow, TR, Buvanendran, A. The parturient with implanted spinal cord stimulator: management and review of the literature. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2015; 40: 276–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, JL, Lockhart, EM, Baysinger, CL. Anesthetic and obstetric management of the opioid-dependent parturient. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2014: 52: 67–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice. Opinion no. 656. Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 127: e75–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, AN, Alshaeri, T, Akst, SA, Berger, JS. Neurologic disease with pregnancy and considerations for the obstetric anesthesiologist. Semin Perinatol 2014: 38: 359–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, J, Kitchen, N. Neurosurgery and pregnancy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 745–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
American Society of Anesthesiologists, American Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine. Practice advisory for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of infection complications associated with neuraxial techniques: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on infectious complications associated with neuraxial techniques and the American Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine. Anesthesiology 2017; 126: 585–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association, Regional Anaesthesia UK, Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Safety guideline: skin antisepsis for central neuraxial blockade. Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 1279–86.Google Scholar
Horlocker, TT, Wedel, DJ. Infectious complications of regional anesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2008; 22: 451–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGill, F, Heyderman, RS, Michael, BD, et al. The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults. J Infect 2016; 72: 405–38.Google ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Pacheco, LD, Saad, AF, Hankins, GDV, Chiosi, G, Saade, G. Guillain–Barré syndrome in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 128: 1105–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willison, HJ, Jacobs, BC, van Doom, PA. Guillain–Barré syndrome. Lancet 2016; 388: 717–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Vercauteren, M, Waets, P, Pitkänen, M. Neuraxial techniques in patients with pre-existing back impairment or prior spine interventions: a topical review with special reference to obstetrics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011; 55: 910–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Anson, JA, Vaida, S, Giampetro, DM, McQuillan, PM. Anesthetic management of labor and delivery in patients with elevated intracranial pressure. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24: 147–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopkins, AN, Alshaeri, T, Akst, SA, Berger, JS. Neurologic disease with pregnancy and considerations for the obstetric anesthesiologist. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 359–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Anson, JA, Vaida, S, Giampetro, DM, McQuillan, PM. Anesthetic management of labor and delivery in patients with elevated intracranial pressure. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24: 147–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leffert, LR, Schwamm, LH. Neuraxial anesthesia in parturients with intracranial pathology: a comprehensive review and reassessment of risk. Anesthesiology 2013; 119: 703–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verheecke, M, Halasaka, MJ, Lok, CA, et al. Primary brain tumours, meningiomas and brain metastases in pregnancy: report on 27 cases and review of literature. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 1462–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, LP, Paech, MJ. Neuroanesthesia for the pregnant woman. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 193–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Fox, CJ, Tomajian, S, Kaye, AJ, et al. Perioperative management of neurofibromatosis type 1. Ochsner J 2012; 12: 111–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Hirbe, AC, Gutmann, DH. Neurofibromatosis type 1: a multidisciplinary approach to care. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13: 834–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakai, T, Vallejo, MC, Shannon, KT. A parturient with neurofibromatosis type 2: anesthetic and obstetric considerations for delivery. Int J Obstet Anesth 2005; 14: 332–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Edlow, JA, Caplan, LR, O’Brien, K, Tibbles, CD. Diagnosis of acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and post-partum women. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 175–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Frontera, JA, Ahmed, W. Neurocritical care complications of pregnancy and puerperum. J Crit Care 2014; 29: 1069–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, CA, Bewley, S, Rudd, A, et al. Incidence, risk factors, management, and outcomes of stroke in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120: 318–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shainker, SA, Edlow, JA, O’Brien, K. Cerebrovascular emergencies in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29: 721–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Hart, LA, Sibai, BM. Seizures in pregnancy: epilepsy, eclampsia and stroke. Semin Perinatol 2013; 37: 207–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelso, A, Wills, A, on behalf of the MBRRACE-UK neurology chapter writing group. Learning from neurological complications. In Knight, M, Kenyon, S, Brocklehurst, P, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform future maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–12. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2014, pp. 73–9.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Epilepsy in Pregnancy. Green-top Guideline 68. London: RCOG, 2016. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg68 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Hart, LA, Sibai, BM. Seizures in pregnancy: epilepsy, eclampsia and stroke. Semin Perinatol 2013; 37: 207–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Contag, SA, Bushnell, C. Contemporary management of migrainous disorders in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 22: 437–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goadsby, PJ, Goldberg, J, Silberstein, SD. Migraine in pregnancy. BMJ 2008; 336: 1502–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, AM, Loder, E. Postpartum headache. Int J Obstet Anesth 2010; 19: 422–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearce, CF, Hansen, WF. Headache and neurological disease in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2012; 55: 810–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Hopkins, AN, Alshaeri, T, Akst, SA, Berger, JS. Neurologic disease with pregnancy and considerations for the obstetric anesthesiologist. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 359–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsui, A, Lee, MA. Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2011; 23: 435–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Norwood, F, Dhanjal, M, Hill, M, et al. Myasthenia in pregnancy: best practice guidelines from a U.K. multispecialty working group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85: 538–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sussman, J, Farrugia, ME, Maddison, P, et al. Myasthenia gravis: Association of British Neurologists’ management guidelines. Pract Neurol 2015; 15: 199–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Griffiths, S, Durbridge, J. Anaesthetic implications of neurological disease in pregnancy. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 2011; 11: 157–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, AE, Fombon, FN, Francis, S. UK registry of high-risk obstetric anaesthesia: report on neurological disease. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17: 31–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, CJ, Stanley, E, Kavanagh, E, Lenane, PE, McCaul, CL. Spinal dysraphisms in the parturient: implications for perioperative anaesthetic care and labour analgesia. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24: 252–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Bonham, CA, Patterson, KC, Strek, ME. Asthma: outcomes and management during pregnancy. Chest 2018; 153: 515–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, M, Kenyon, S, Brocklehurst, P, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform future maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–12. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2014.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2013–15. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2017.Google Scholar
Further reading
Bonham, CA, Patterson, KC, Strek, ME. Asthma outcomes and management during pregnancy. Chest 2018; 153: 515–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British Guideline on the Management of Asthma: a National Clinical Guideline. London: BTS; Edinburgh: SIGN, 2016. www.sign.ac.uk/assets/sign153.pdf (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Edenborough, FP, Borgo, G, Knoop, C, et al.; European Cystic Fibrosis Society. Guidelines for the management of pregnancy in women with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2008; 7 (Suppl 1): S2–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huffmyer, JL, Littlewood, KE, Nemergut, EC. Perioperative management of the adult with cystic fibrosis. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 1949–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McArdle, J. Pregnancy in cystic fibrosis. Clin Chest Med 2011; 32: 111–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Budev, MM, Arroliga, AC, Emery, S. Exacerbation of underlying pulmonary disease in pregnancy. Crit Care Med 2005; 33 (10 Suppl): S313–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wexler, ID, Johannesson, M, Edenborough, FP, Sufian, BS, Kerem, E. Pregnancy and chronic progressive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 300–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Freymond, N, Cottin, V, Cordier, JF. Infiltrative lung diseases in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med 2011; 32: 133–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, D, Rowland, R, Howell, T. Sarcoidosis and anaesthesia. BJA Educ 2016; 16: 173–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Further reading
Schwaiberger, D, Marcz, M, Menk, M et al. Respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation in the pregnant patient. Crit Care Clin 2016; 32: 85–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Brito, V, Niederman, MS. Pneumonia complicating pregnancy. Clin Chest Med 2011; 32: 121–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, M, Kenyon, S, Brocklehurst, P, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform future maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–12. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2014.Google Scholar
Lamont, RF, Sobel, JD, Carrington, D, et al. Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox) infection in pregnancy. BJOG 2011; 118: 1155–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasmussen, S, Jamieson, D. 2009 H1N1 influenza and pregnancy: 5 years later. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1373–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Galvagno, SM, Camann, W. Sepsis and acute renal failure in pregnancy. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 572–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2018.Google Scholar
Levy, MM, Dellinger, RP, Townsend, SR, et al.; Surviving Sepsis Campaign. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 367–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucas, DN, Robinson, N, Nel, MR. Sepsis in obstetrics and the role of the anaesthetist. Int J Obstet Anesth 2012; 21: 56–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paruk, F. Infection in obstetric critical care. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 22: 865–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Tran, TT. Hepatitis B in pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62 (Suppl 4): S314–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westbrook, RH, Dusheiko, G, Williamson, C. Pregnancy and liver disease. J Hepatol 2016; 64: 933–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Chen, YH, Rau, RH, Keller, JJ, Lin, HC. Possible effects of anaesthetic management on the 1 yr followed-up risk of herpes zoster after caesarean deliveries. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108: 278–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corey, L, Wald, A. Maternal and neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1376–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foley, E, Clarke, E, Beckett, VA, et al.; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of Genital Herpes in Pregnancy. London: RCOG, 2014. https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/management-genital-herpes.pdf (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Lee, R, Nair, M. Diagnosis and treatment of herpes simplex 1 virus infection in pregnancy. Obstet Med 2017; 10: 58–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Bull, L, Khan, AW, Barton, S. Management of HIV infection in pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2015; 25: 273–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hignett, R, Fernando, R. Anesthesia for the pregnant HIV patient. Anesthesiol Clin 2008; 26: 127–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Ruiter, A, Taylor, GP, Clayden, P, et al.; British HIV Association. British HIV Association guidelines for the management of HIV in pregnant women. HIV Med 2014; 15 (Suppl 4): 1–77.Google ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Lalloo, DG, Shingadia, D, Bell, DJ, et al.; PHE Advisory Committee on Malaria Prevention in UK Travellers. UK malaria treatment guidelines. J Infect 2016; 72: 635–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathew, DC, Loveridge, R, Solomon, AW. Anaesthetic management of caesarean delivery in a parturient with malaria. Int J Obstet Anesth 2011; 20: 341–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Malaria in Pregnancy: Prevention. Green-top Guideline 54A. London: RCOG, 2010 (updated 2017). www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg54a (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Malaria in Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Treatment. Green-top Guideline 54B. London: RCOG, 2010 (updated 2017). www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg54b (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Soltanifar, D, Carvalho, B, Sultan P. Perioperative considerations of the patient with malaria. Can J Anesth 2015; 62: 304–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarning, J. Treatment of malaria in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2016; 374: 981–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Riley, LE, Celi, AC, Onderdonk, AB, et al. Association of epidural-related fever and noninfectious inflammation in term labor. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 588–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segal, S. Labor epidural analgesia and maternal fever. Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 1467–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sultan, P, David, AL, Fernando, R, Ackland, GL. Inflammation and epidural-related maternal fever: proposed mechanisms. Anesth Analg 2016; 122: 1546–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Husarova, V, Macdarby, L, Dicker, P, Malone, FD, McCaul, CL. The use of pain relief during labor among migrant obstetric populations. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016; 135: 200–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Surveillance of maternal deaths in the UK 2012–14 and lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–14. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2016.Google Scholar
Lindquist, A, Knight, M, Kurinczuk, JJ. Variation in severe maternal morbidity according to socioeconomic position: a UK national case–control study. BMJ Open 2013; 3: e002742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nair, M, Kurinczuk, JJ, Knight, M. Ethnic variations in severe maternal morbidity in the UK: a case–control study. PLoS One 2014; 9: e95086.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Female Genital Mutilation and its Management. Green-top Guideline 53. London: RCOG, 2015. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg53 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Cantwell, R, Knight, M, Oates, M, Shakespeare, J, on behalf of the MBRRACE-UK mental health chapter writing group. Lessons on maternal mental health. In Knight, M, Tuffnell, D, Kenyon, S, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Surveillance of maternal deaths in the UK 2011–13 and lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–13. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2015, pp. 22–41.Google Scholar
Gadot, Y, Koren, G. The use of antidepressants in pregnancy: focus on maternal risks. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2015; 37: 56–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and Postnatal Mental Health: Clinical Management and Service Guidance. Clinical Guideline 192. London: NICE, 2014 (updated April 2018). www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of women with mental health issues during pregnancy and the postnatal period. Good Practice 14. London: RCOG, 2011. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/good-practice-14 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Jones, HE, Deppen, K, Hudak, ML, et al. Clinical care for opioid-using pregnant and postpartum women: the role of obstetric providers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 210: 302–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Louw, KA. Substance use in pregnancy: the medical challenge. Obstet Med 2018; 11: 54–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, K, Lust, K. Illicit substance use in pregnancy. Obstet Med 2010; 3: 94–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, S, Ordean, A, Kahan, M; Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. SOGC clinical practice guidelines: Substance use in pregnancy, no. 256. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 114: 190–202.Google ScholarPubMed
Young, JL, Lockhart, EM, Baysinger, CL. Anesthetic and obstetric management of the opioid-dependent parturient. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2014; 52: 67–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of Women with Obesity in Pregnancy. London: CMACE/RCOG, 2010. www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/clinical-guidance/management-women-obesity-pregnancy (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Ellinas, EH. Labor analgesia for the obese parturient. Anesth Analg 2012; 115: 899–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, CC, Mahmood, T. Obesity in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29: 309–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mace, HS, Paech, MJ, McDonnell, NJ. Obesity and obstetric anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011; 39: 559–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uzoma, A, Keriakos, R. Pregnancy management following bariatric surgery. J Obstet Gynaecol 2013; 33: 109–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Acharya, A. Management of acute kidney injury in pregnancy for the obstetrician. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2016; 43: 747–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chinnappa, V, Ankichetty, S, Angle, P, Halpern, SH. Chronic kidney disease in pregnancy. Int J Obstet Anesth 2013; 22: 223–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galvagno, SM, Camann, W. Sepsis and acute renal failure in pregnancy. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 572–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Y, Ma, X, Zheng, J, Liu, X, Yan, T. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with acute kidney injury during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17: 235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, P, Lightstone, L, McKay, DB, Josephson, MA. Pregnancy in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 2017; 91: 1047–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Kemp, MW, Newnham, JP, Challis, JG, Jobe, AH, Stock, SJ. The clinical use of corticosteroids in pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 22: 240–59.Google ScholarPubMed
Lebbe, M, Arlt, W. What is the best diagnostic and therapeutic management strategy for an Addison patient during pregnancy? Clin Endocrinol 2013; 78: 497–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, SD. Antenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm delivery. BMJ 2017; 356: j1467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Battaloglu, E, Porter, K. Management of pregnancy and obstetric complications in prehospital trauma care: faculty of prehospital care consensus guidelines. Emerg Med J 2017; 34: 318–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Huls, CK, Detlefs, C. Trauma in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2018; 42: 13–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendez-Figueroa, H, Dahlke, JD, Vrees, RA, Rouse, DJ. Trauma in pregnancy: an updated systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209: 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Lawson, T, Ralph, C. Perioperative Jehovah’s Witnesses: a review. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115: 676–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mason, CL, Tran, CK. Caring for the Jehovah’s Witness parturient. Anesth Analg 2015; 121: 1564–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Basta, P, Bak, A, Roszkowski, K. Cancer treatment in pregnant women. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2015; 19: 354–60.Google ScholarPubMed
Morice, P, Uzan, C, Gouy, S. Gynaecological cancers in pregnancy. Lancet 2012; 379: 558–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salani, R, Billingsley, C, Crafton, SM. Cancer and pregnancy: an overview for obstetricians and gynecologists. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211: 7–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Bramham, K, Nelson-Piercy, C, Gao, H, et al. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients: a UK national cohort study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8: 290–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chittka, D, Hutchinson, J. Pregnancy after renal transplantation. Transplantation 2017; 101: 675–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moaveni, DM, Cohn, JH, Hoctor, KG, Longman, RE, Ranasinghe, JS. Anesthetic considerations for the parturient after solid organ transplantation. Anesth Analg 2016; 123: 402–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohamed-Ahmed, O, Nelson-Piercy, C, Bramham, K, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in liver and cardiothoracic transplant recipients: a UK national cohort study. PLoS One 2014; 9 (2): e89151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vos, R, Ruttens, D, Verleden, SE, et al. Pregnancy after heart and lung transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 1146–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin No. 158: Critical care in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 127: e21–8.Google Scholar
Gaffney, A. Critical care in pregnancy: is it different? Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 329–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guntupalli, KK, Hall, N, Karnad, DR, et al. Critical illness in pregnancy: part I: an approach to a pregnant patient in the ICU and common obstetric disorders. Chest 2015; 148: 1093–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guntupalli, KK, Karnad, DR, Bandi, V, et al. Critical illness in pregnancy: part II: common medical conditions complicating pregnancy and puerperium. Chest 2015; 148: 1333–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre. Female admissions (aged 16–50 years) to adult, general critical care units in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, reported as ‘currently pregnant’ or ‘recently pregnant’, 1 January 2009 – 31 December 2012. London: ICNARC, 2013. www.icnarc.org/Our-Audit/Audits/Cmp/Our-National-Analyses/Obstetrics (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Plaat, F, Wray, S. Role of the anaesthetist in obstetric critical care. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 22: 917–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Anaesthetists, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Royal College of Midwives, et al. Care of the Critically Ill Woman in Childbirth: Enhanced Maternal Care. London: RCoA, 2018. www.rcoa.ac.uk/document-store/enhanced-maternal-care-2018 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Further reading
Carle, C, Alexander, P, Columb, M, Johal, J. Design and internal validation of an obstetric early warning score: secondary analysis of the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre Case Mix Programme database. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 354–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacs, RA, Wee, MY, Bick, DE, et al.; Modified Obstetric Early Warning Systems Research Group. A national survey of obstetric early warning systems in the United Kingdom: five years on. Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 687–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGlennan, AP, Sherratt, K. Charting change on the labour ward. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 338–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quinn, AC, Meek, T, Waldmann, C. Obstetric early warning systems to prevent bad outcome. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2016; 29: 268–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, S, McGlennan, A, England, A, Simons, R. A validation study of the CEMACH recommended modified early obstetric warning system (MEOWS). Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 12–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Further reading
Armstrong, S, Fernando, R, Columb, M. Minimally- and non-invasive assessment of maternal cardiac output: go with the flow! Int J Obstet Anesth 2011; 20: 330–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, AT, Dyer, RA. Cardiac output monitoring in obstetric anaesthesia. Int J Obstet Anesth 2014; 23: 1–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujitani, S, Baldisseri, MR. Hemodynamic assessment in a pregnant and peripartum patient. Crit Care Med 2005; 33 (10 Suppl): S354–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paech, M, James, M. Maternal hemodynamic monitoring in obstetric anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 765–7.Google Scholar