Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-n9wrp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-20T20:15:03.795Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - Late-Life Anxiety and Comorbid Depression

The Role of Attentional Bias

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2021

Gerard J. Byrne
Affiliation:
University of Queensland
Nancy A. Pachana
Affiliation:
University of Queensland
Get access

Summary

Attention bias is a core feature of cognitive models of anxiety and depression (Mathews & MacLeod, 2005), yet relatively little research has been devoted to this construct in older adults. In younger adults, it is well established that anxiety and depression are associated with attentional biases to negative information (Bar-Haim et al., 2007; Peckham et al., 2010). Furthermore, empirical evidence in younger adults suggests a causal role of cognitive bias in the development of emotional disorders (Mathews & MacLeod, 2005), and support for attention bias modification (ABM) as a treatment for anxiety is growing (Kuckertz & Amir, 2015).

Type
Chapter
Information
Anxiety in Older People
Clinical and Research Perspectives
, pp. 97 - 116
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amir, N., Beard, C., Taylor, C. T., et al. (2009). Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 961973.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreescu, C., Gross, J. J., Lenze, E., et al. (2011a). Altered cerebral blood flow patterns associated with pathologic worry in the elderly. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 202209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreescu, C., Lenze, E. J., Dew, M. A., et al. (2007). Effect of comorbid anxiety on treatment response and relapse risk in late-life depression: controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 344349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreescu, C., Wu, M., Butters, M. A., Figurski, J., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd and Aizenstein, H. J. (2011b). The default mode network in late-life anxious depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 980983.Google Scholar
Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. and van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 124.Google Scholar
Beaudreau, S. A. and O’Hara, R. (2009). The association of anxiety and depressive symptoms with cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults. Psychology and Aging, 24, 507512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaudreau, S. A., MacKay-Brandt, A. and Reynolds, J. (2013). Application of a cognitive neuroscience perspective of cognitive control to late-life anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 559566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T. and Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 4958.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. and Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bishop, S. J. (2007). Neurocognitive mechanisms of anxiety: an integrative account. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 307316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broomfield, N. M., Davies, R., MacMahon, K., Ali, F. and Cross, S. M. (2007). Further evidence of attention bias for negative information in late life depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 175180.Google Scholar
Brown, L. A., White, P., Doan, J. B. and de Bruin, N. (2011). Selective attentional processing to fall-relevant stimuli among older adults who fear falling. Experimental Aging Research, 37, 330345.Google Scholar
Burgess, M. M., Cabeleira, C. M., Cabrera, I., Bucks, R. S. and MacLeod, C. (2014). Examining attentional biases underlying trait anxiety in younger and older adults. Cognition & Emotion, 28, 8497.Google Scholar
Byers, A. L., Arean, P. A. and Yaffe, K. (2012). Low use of mental health services among older Americans with mood and anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Services, 63, 6672.Google Scholar
Cabeza, R. (2002). Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: the HAROLD model. Psychology and Aging, 17, 85100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cairney, J., Corna, L. M., Veldhuizen, S., Herrmann, N. and Streiner, D. L. (2008). Comorbid depression and anxiety in later life: patterns of association, subjective well-being, and impairment. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 201208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M. and Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously. A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165181.Google Scholar
Charles, S. T. and Carstensen, L. L. (2010). Social and emotional aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 383409.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A. and Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316336.Google Scholar
Clewett, D., Bachman, S. and Mather, M. (2014). Age-related reduced prefrontal–amygdala structural connectivity is associated with lower trait anxiety. Neuropsychology, 28, 631642.Google Scholar
Cook, J. M., Orvaschel, H., Simco, E., Hersen, M. and Joiner, T. (2004). A test of the tripartite model of depression and anxiety in older adult psychiatric outpatients. Psychology and Aging, 19, 444451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corbetta, M. and Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 201215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, S. W., Dennis, N. A., Daselaar, S. M., Fleck, M. S. and Cabeza, R. (2008). Qué PASA? The posterior–anterior shift in aging. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 12011209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demeyer, I. and De Raedt, R. (2013). Attentional bias for emotional information in older adults: the role of emotion and future time perspective. PLoS ONE, 8, e65429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudley, R., O’Brien, J., Barnett, N., McGuckin, L. and Britton, P. (2002). Distinguishing depression from dementia in later life: a pilot study employing the emotional Stroop task. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 4853.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R. and Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional Control Theory. Emotion, 7, 336353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferreira, L. K. and Busatto, G. F. (2013). Resting-state functional connectivity in normal brain aging. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 384400.Google Scholar
Fox, L. S. and Knight, B. G. (2005). The effects of anxiety on attentional processes in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 9, 585593.Google Scholar
Friedman, S. M., Munoz, B., West, S. K., Rubin, G. S. and Fried, L. P. (2002). Falls and fear of falling: which comes first? A longitudinal prediction model suggests strategies for primary and secondary prevention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 13291335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fung, H. H., Isaacowitz, D. M., Lu, A. Y., and Li, T. (2010). Interdependent self-construal moderates the age-related negativity reduction effect in memory and visual attention. Psychology and Aging, 25, 321329.Google Scholar
Fung, H. H., Lu, A. Y., Goren, D., Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A. and Wilson, H. R. (2008). Age-related positivity enhancement is not universal: older Chinese look away from positive stimuli. Psychology and Aging, 23, 440446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonçalves, D. C. and Byrne, G. J. (2012). Interventions for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasher, L. and Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: a review and a new view. In Bower, G. H., ed., The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. New York: Academic Press, pp. 193225.Google Scholar
Hek, K., Tiemeier, H., Newson, R. S., Luijendijk, H. J., Hofman, A. and Mulder, C. L. (2011). Anxiety disorders and comorbid depression in community dwelling older adults. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 20, 157168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ionescu, D. F., Niciu, M. J., Mathews, D. C., Richards, E. M. and Zarate, C. A., Jr. (2013). Neurobiology of anxious depression: a review. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 374385.Google Scholar
Kuckertz, J. M. and Amir, N. (2015). Attention bias modification for anxiety and phobias: current status and future directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17, 9.Google Scholar
Kwon, Y., Scheibe, S., Samanez-Larkin, G. R., Tsai, J. L. and Carstensen, L. L. (2009). Replicating the positivity effect in picture memory in Koreans: evidence for cross-cultural generalizability. Psychology and Aging, 24, 748754.Google Scholar
Lampit, A., Hallock, H. and Valenzuela, M. (2014). Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effect modifiers. PLoS Medicine, 11, e1001756.Google Scholar
Lee, L. O. and Knight, B. G. (2009). Attentional bias for threat in older adults: moderation of the positivity bias by trait anxiety and stimulus modality. Psychology and Aging, 24, 741747.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lenze, E. J., Hickman, S., Hershey, T., et al. (2014). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for older adults with worry symptoms and co-occurring cognitive dysfunction. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29, 9911000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livermore, N., Sharpe, L. and McKenzie, D. (2007). Selective attention to threatening information in anxious patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 885895.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathews, A. and MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 167195.Google Scholar
Mogg, K. and Bradley, B. (2005). Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus depressive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 2945.Google Scholar
Mogg, K., Millar, N. and Bradley, B. P. (2000). Biases in eye movements to threatening facial expressions in generalized anxiety disorder and depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 695704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohlman, J., Price, R. B. and Vietri, J. (2013). Attentional bias in older adults: effects of generalized anxiety disorder and cognitive behavior therapy. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 585591.Google Scholar
Noiret, N., Carvalho, N., Laurent, É., et al. (2015). Visual scanning behavior during processing of emotional faces in older adults with major depression. Aging & Mental Health, 19, 264273.Google Scholar
O’Brien, J. L., Edwards, J. D., Maxfield, N. D., Peronto, C. L., Williams, V. A. and Lister, J. J. (2013). Cognitive training and selective attention in the aging brain: an electrophysiological study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 124, 21982208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peckham, A. D., McHugh, R. K. and Otto, M. W. (2010). A meta-analysis of the magnitude of biased attention in depression. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 11351142.Google Scholar
Petersen, S. E. and Posner, M. I. (2012). The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35, 7389.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. L., Drevets, W. C., Rauch, S. L. and Lane, R. (2003). Neurobiology of emotion perception I: the neural basis of normal emotion perception. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 504514.Google Scholar
Poon, C. Y. and Knight, B. G. (2009). Influence of sad mood and old age schema on older adults’ attention to physical symptoms. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64, 4144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Price, R. B., Eldreth, D. A. and Mohlman, J. 2011. Deficient prefrontal attentional control in late-life generalized anxiety disorder: an fMRI investigation. Translational Psychiatry, 1, e46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Price, R. B., Siegle, G. and Mohlman, J. 2012. Emotional Stroop performance in older adults: effects of habitual worry. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 798805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radvansky, G. A., Zacks, R. T. and Hasher, L. 2005. Age and inhibition: the retrieval of situation models. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, P276P278.Google Scholar
Reed, A. E., Chan, L. and Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: age differences in preferences for positive over negative information. Psychology and Aging, 29, 115.Google Scholar
Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403428.Google Scholar
Sasse, L. K., Gamer, M., Büchel, C. and Brassen, S. (2014). Selective control of attention supports the positivity effect in aging. PLoS ONE, 9, e104180.Google Scholar
Steiner, A. R., Petkus, A. J., Nguyen, H. and Loebach Wetherell, J. (2013). Information processing bias and pharmacotherapy outcome in older adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 592597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., et al. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 1715217156.Google Scholar
Teachman, B. A., Joormann, J., Steinman, S. A. and Gotlib, I. H. (2012). Automaticity in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 575603.Google Scholar
Teachman, B. A., Siedlecki, K. L. and Magee, J. C. (2007). Aging and symptoms of anxiety and depression: structural invariance of the tripartite model. Psychology and Aging, 22, 160170.Google Scholar
Wang, J., He, L., Jia, L., Tian, J., and Benson, V. (2015). The ‘positive effect’ is present in older Chinese adults: evidence from an eye tracking study. PLoS ONE, 10, e0121372.Google Scholar
Wetherell, J. L., Gatz, M. and Pedersen, N. L. (2001). A longitudinal analysis of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psychology and Aging, 16, 187195.Google Scholar
Wetherell, J. L., Petkus, A. J., Thorp, S. R., et al. (2013). Age differences in treatment response to a collaborative care intervention for anxiety disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 203, 6572.Google Scholar
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C. and Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Young, W. R. and Williams, A. M. (2015). How fear of falling can increase fall-risk in older adults: applying psychological theory to practical observations. Gait & Posture, 41, 712.Google Scholar
Young, W. R., Wing, A. M. and Hollands, M. A. (2012). Influences of state anxiety on gaze behavior and stepping accuracy in older adults during adaptive locomotion. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67B, 4351.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×