“EASTERN APACHES”

A. Lipan

Rio Grande Valley and southern plains between Pecos and Colorado Rivers

Spanish name: Ypande (before 1760), Lipan (after 1760)

1. Túédine Ndé (“No Water People”)

Upper Rio Grande Valley and southern plains between Pecos and Colorado Rivers

Spanish name: Lipanes de arriba (Upper Lipans)

2. Túsís or Kúnetsa Ndé (“Big Water People”)

Lower Rio Grande Valley and Gulf Coast

Spanish name: Lipanes de abajo (Lower Lipans)

B. Mescalero

Sierra Blanca and Siete Rios ranges, southern plains east of Organ Mountains, Santa Rosa Mountains, and Bolsón de Mapimí

Spanish names: Mescalero, Faraon, Llanero, Lipiyan, Natagé

1. Nitahen Ndé (“Earth Crevice People”)

Mountains along western and southwestern periphery of southern plains

Spanish name: Mescalero, Faraon

2. Cúelcahén Ndé (“People of the Tall Grass”)

Southern plains east of Organ Mountains

Spanish name: Llanero, Lipiyan, Natagé

C. Jicarilla

Sangre de Cristo Mountains, Taos Valley, and southern plains

Spanish name: Jicarilla, Ollero, Llanero

1. Sait Ndé (“Sand People”)

Western slope of Sangre de Cristo Mountains and Taos Valley

Spanish name: Ollero (“Potter”) or Hoyero (“Mountain-dwelling People”)

2. Gulgahén (“People of the Plains”)

Eastern slope of Sangre de Cristo Mountains and southern plains