Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T18:48:31.176Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 23 - Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2016

By
Raquel C. Gardner  and
David C. Perry
Edited by
Bruce L. Miller  and
Bradley F. Boeve
Bruce L. Miller
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Bradley F. Boeve
Affiliation:
Mayo Clinic, Minnesota
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Behavioral Neurology of Dementia , pp. 400 - 414
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Plassman, BL, Havlik, RJ, Steffens, DC, Helms, MJ, Newman, TN, Drosdick, D, et al. Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Neurology. 2000 Oct 24;55(8):1158–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, YK, Hou, SW, Lee, CC, Hsu, CY, Huang, YS, Su, YC. Increased risk of dementia in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a nationwide cohort study. PloS One. 2013;8(5):e62422.Google ScholarPubMed
Mortimer, JA, French, LR, Hutton, JT, Schuman, LM. Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1985 Feb;35(2):264–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guo, Z, Cupples, LA, Kurz, A, Auerbach, SH, Volicer, L, Chui, H, et al. Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study. Neurology. 2000 Mar 28;54(6):1316–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleminger, S, Oliver, DL, Lovestone, S, Rabe-Hesketh, S, Giora, A. Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease: the evidence 10 years on; a partial replication. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;74(7):857–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosso, SM, Landweer, EJ, Houterman, M, Donker Kaat, L, van Duijn, CM, van Swieten, JC. Medical and environmental risk factors for sporadic frontotemporal dementia: a retrospective case-control study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2003 Nov;74(11):1574–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman, SM, Tanner, CM, Oakes, D, Bhudhikanok, GS, Gupta, A, Langston, JW. Head injury and Parkinson’s disease risk in twins. Annals of Neurology. 2006 Jul;60(1):65–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman, SM, Kamel, F, Ross, GW, Jewell, SA, Bhudhikanok, GS, Umbach, D, et al. Head injury, alpha-synuclein Rep1, and Parkinson’s disease. Annals of Neurology. 2012 Jan;71(1):40–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bower, JH, Maraganore, DM, Peterson, BJ, McDonnell, SK, Ahlskog, JE, Rocca, WA. Head trauma preceding PD: a case-control study. Neurology. 2003 May 27;60(10):1610–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, H, Richard, M, Sandler, DP, Umbach, DM, Kamel, F. Head injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2007 Oct 1;166(7):810–16.Google ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, S, Kwee, LC, Allen, KD, Oddone, EZ. Association of ALS with head injury, cigarette smoking and APOE genotypes. Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2010 Apr 15;291(1–2):22–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKee, AC, Stern, RA, Nowinski, CJ, Stein, TD, Alvarez, VE, Daneshvar, DH, et al. The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 2013 Jan;136(Pt 1):43–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omalu, BI, DeKosky, ST, Minster, RL, Kamboh, MI, Hamilton, RL, Wecht, CH. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a national football league player. Neurosurgery. 2005 Jul;57(1):128–34; discussion 34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omalu, BI, DeKosky, ST, Hamilton, RL, Minster, RL, Kamboh, MI, Shakir, AM, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a national football league player: part II. Neurosurgery. 2006 Nov;59(5):1086–92; discussion 92–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omalu, BI, Bailes, J, Hammers, JL, Fitzsimmons, RP. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, suicides and parasuicides in professional American athletes: the role of the forensic pathologist. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 2010 Jun;31(2):130–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omalu, BI, Hamilton, RL, Kamboh, MI, DeKosky, ST, Bailes, J. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a national football league player: Case report and emerging medicolegal practice questions. Journal of Forensic Nursing. 2010 Spring;6(1):40–6.Google Scholar
National Center for Injury Prevention. Report to Congress. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the USA: Steps to Prevent a Serious Public Health Problem. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martland, HS. Punch drunk. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1928;91(15):1103–7.Google Scholar
Millspaugh, J. Dementia Pugilistica. US Nav Med Bull. 1937;35:297–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corsellis, JA, Bruton, CJ, Freeman-Browne, D. The aftermath of boxing. Psychological Medicine. 1973 Aug;3(3):270–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKee, AC, Cantu, RC, Nowinski, CJ, Hedley-Whyte, ET, Gavett, BE, Budson, AE, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2009 Jul;68(7):709–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, GW, Whitwell, HL, Acland, PR, Bruton, CJ. Dementia in a punch-drunk wife. Lancet. 1990 Apr 14;335(8694):918–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hof, PR, Knabe, R, Bovier, P, Bouras, C. Neuropathological observations in a case of autism presenting with self-injury behavior. Acta Neuropathologica. 1991;82(4):321–6.Google Scholar
Goldstein, LE, Fisher, AM, Tagge, CA, Zhang, XL, Velisek, L, Sullivan, JA, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model. Science Transl Med. 2012 May 16;4(134):134ra60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrea, M, Guskiewicz, KM, Marshall, SW, Barr, W, Randolph, C, Cantu, RC, et al. Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 Nov 19;290(19):2556–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleiberg, J, Cernich, AN, Cameron, K, Sun, W, Peck, K, Ecklund, PJ, et al. Duration of cognitive impairment after sports concussion. Neurosurgery. 2004 May;54(5):1073–78; discussion 8–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCauley, SR, Boake, C, Pedroza, C, Brown, SA, Levin, HS, Goodman, HS, et al. Postconcussional disorder: Are the DSM-IV criteria an improvement over the ICD-10? The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2005 Aug;193(8):540–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, MP. Mild traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management. Neurology. 1995 Jul;45(7):1253–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, RA, Daneshvar, DH, Baugh, CM, Seichepine, DR, Montenigro, PH, Riley, DO, et al. Clinical presentation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Neurology. 2013 Sep 24;81(13):1122–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guskiewicz, KM, Marshall, SW, Bailes, J, McCrea, M, Cantu, RC, Randolph, C, et al. Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive impairment in retired professional football players. Neurosurgery. 2005 Oct;57(4):719–26; discussion 26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guskiewicz, KM, Marshall, SW, Bailes, J, McCrea, M, Harding, HP Jr., Matthews, A, et al. Recurrent concussion and risk of depression in retired professional football players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2007 Jun;39(6):903–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omalu, B, Bailes, J, Hamilton, RL, Kamboh, MI, Hammers, J, Case, M, et al. Emerging histomorphologic phenotypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in American athletes. Neurosurgery. 2011 Jul;69(1):173–83; discussion 83.Google Scholar
Gardner, A, Iverson, GL, McCrory, P. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in sport: a systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2013 Jun 26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKee, AC, Gavett, BE, Stern, RA, Nowinski, CJ, Cantu, RC, Kowall, NW, et al. TDP-43 proteinopathy and motor neuron disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2010 Sep;69(9):918–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, BD. The clinical spectrum of sport-related traumatic brain injury. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2013 Apr;9(4):222–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehman, EJ, Hein, MJ, Baron, SL, Gersic, CM. Neurodegenerative causes of death among retired National Football League players. Neurology. 2012 Nov 6;79(19):1970–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savica, R, Parisi, JE, Wold, LE, Josephs, KA, Ahlskog, JE. High school football and risk of neurodegeneration: a community-based study. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2012 Apr;87(4):335–40.Google Scholar
Roberts, AH. Brain Damage in Boxers: A Study of the Prevalence of Traumatic Encephalopathy among Ex-Professional Boxers. London: Pitman Medical & Scientific Publishing Co., Ltd; 1969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernick, C, Banks, S, Phillips, M, Lowe, M, Shin, W, Obuchowski, N, et al. Professional fighters brain health study: rationale and methods. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2013 Jul 15;178(2):280–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lolekha, P, Phanthumchinda, K, Bhidayasiri, R. Prevalence and risk factors of Parkinson’s disease in retired Thai traditional boxers. Movement Disorders. 2010 Sep 15;25(12):1895–901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortimer, JA, van Duijn, CM, Chandra, V, Fratiglioni, L, Graves, AB, Heyman, A, et al. Head trauma as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. EURODEM Risk Factors Research Group. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1991;20 (Suppl 2):S28–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jafari, S, Etminan, M, Aminzadeh, F, Samii, A. Head injury and risk of Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders. 2013 Aug;28(9):1222–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalkonde, YV, Jawaid, A, Qureshi, SU, Shirani, P, Wheaton, M, Pinto-Patarroyo, GP, et al. Medical and environmental risk factors associated with frontotemporal dementia: a case-control study in a veteran population. Alzheimers & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association. 2012 May;8(3):204–10.Google ScholarPubMed
van Reekum, R, Cohen, T, Wong, J. Can traumatic brain injury cause psychiatric disorders? Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000 Summer;12(3):316–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rugbjerg, K, Ritz, B, Korbo, L, Martinussen, N, Olsen, JH. Risk of Parkinson’s disease after hospital contact for head injury: population based case-control study. British Medical Journal. 2008;337:a2494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, BD. Chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing. Seminars in Neurology. 2000;20(2):179–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crawford, F, Wood, M, Ferguson, S, Mathura, V, Gupta, P, Humphrey, J, et al. Apolipoprotein E-genotype dependent hippocampal and cortical responses to traumatic brain injury. Neuroscience. 2009 Apr 10;159(4):1349–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jawaid, A, Rademakers, R, Kass, JS, Kalkonde, Y, Schulz, PE. Traumatic brain injury may increase the risk for frontotemporal dementia through reduced progranulin. Neurodegenerative Diseases. 2009;6(5–6):219–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, PC, Bordelon, Y, Bronstein, J, Ritz, B. Traumatic brain injury, paraquat exposure, and their relationship to Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2012 Nov 13;79(20):2061–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Field, M, Collins, MW, Lovell, MR, Maroon, J. Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 May;142(5):546–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pullela, R, Raber, J, Pfankuch, T, Ferriero, DM, Claus, CP, Koh, SE, et al. Traumatic injury to the immature brain results in progressive neuronal loss, hyperactivity and delayed cognitive impairments. Developmental Neuroscience. 2006;28(4–5):396–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogdanoff, B, Natter, HM. Incidence of cavum septum pellucidum in adults: a sign of boxer’s encephalopathy. Neurology. 1989 Jul;39(7):991–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moseley, IF. The neuroimaging evidence for chronic brain damage due to boxing. Neuroradiology. 2000 Jan;42(1):1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrory, P. Cavum septi pellucidi – a reason to ban boxers? British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 Jun;36(3):157–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orrison, WW, Hanson, EH, Alamo, T, Watson, D, Sharma, M, Perkins, TG, et al. Traumatic brain injury: a review and high-field MRI findings in 100 unarmed combatants using a literature-based checklist approach. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2009 May;26(5):689–701.Google ScholarPubMed
Bigler, ED, Blatter, DD, Anderson, CV, Johnson, SC, Gale, SD, Hopkins, RO, et al. Hippocampal volume in normal aging and traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1997 Jan;18(1):11–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poca, MA, Sahuquillo, J, Mataro, M, Benejam, B, Arikan, F, Baguena, M. Ventricular enlargement after moderate or severe head injury: a frequent and neglected problem. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2005 Nov;22(11):1303–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, RJ, Casson, IR, Siegel, O, Cole, M. Boxing injuries: neurologic, radiologic, and neuropsychologic evaluation. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1987 Jan;6(1):41–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inglese, M, Grossman, RI, Diller, L, Babb, JS, Gonen, O, Silver, JM, et al. Clinical significance of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury: [BI]. 2006 Jan;20(1):15–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gavett, BE, Stern, RA, McKee, AC. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a potential late effect of sport-related concussive and subconcussive head trauma. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2011 Jan;30(1):179–88, xi.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bodensteiner, JB, Schaefer, GB. Dementia pugilistica and cavum septi pellucidi: born to box? Sports Medicine. 1997 Dec;24(6):361–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pittella, JE, Gusmao, S. Cleft cavum of the septum pellucidum in victims of fatal road traffic accidents: a distinct type of cavum associated with severe diffuse axonal injury. Surgical Neurology. 2005;63 (Suppl 1):S30–4; discussion S4–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hart, J Jr., Kraut, MA, Womack, KB, Strain, J, Didehbani, N, Bartz, E, et al. Neuroimaging of cognitive dysfunction and depression in aging retired National Football League players: a cross-sectional study. JAMA Neurology. 2013 Mar 1;70(3):326–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chastain, CA, Oyoyo, UE, Zipperman, M, Joo, E, Ashwal, S, Shutter, LA, et al. Predicting outcomes of traumatic brain injury by imaging modality and injury distribution. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2009 Aug;26(8):1183–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colbert, CA, Holshouser, BA, Aaen, GS, Sheridan, C, Oyoyo, U, Kido, D, et al. Value of cerebral microhemorrhages detected with susceptibility-weighted MR imaging for prediction of long-term outcome in children with nonaccidental trauma. Radiology. 2010 Sep;256(3):898–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talavage, TM, Nauman, EA, Breedlove, EL, Yoruk, U, Dye, AE, Morigaki, KE, et al. Functionally detected cognitive impairment in high school football players without clinically-diagnosed concussion. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2013 Apr 11. (Epub.)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, JH, Giovanello, KS, Guskiewicz, KM. Episodic memory in former professional football players with a history of concussion: an event-related functional neuroimaging study. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2013 Oct 15;30(20):1683–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, BL, Parsons, M, Durgerian, S, Reece, C, Mourany, L, Lowe, MJ, et al. Neural activation during response inhibition differentiates blast from mechanical causes of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2014 Jan 15;31(2):169–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shenton, ME, Hamoda, HM, Schneiderman, JS, Bouix, S, Pasternak, O, Rathi, Y, et al. A review of magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Imaging and Behavior. 2012 Jun;6(2):137–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAllister, TW, Ford, JC, Flashman, LA, Maerlender, A, Greenwald, RM, Beckwith, JG, et al. Effect of head impacts on diffusivity measures in a cohort of collegiate contact sport athletes. Neurology. 2014 Jan 7;82(1):63–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrie, EC, Cross, DJ, Yarnykh, VL, Richards, T, Martin, NM, Pagulayan, K, et al. Neuroimaging, behavioral, and psychological sequelae of repetitive combined blast/impact mild traumatic brain injury in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2014 Mar 1;31(5):425–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strain, J, Didehbani, N, Cullum, CM, Mansinghani, S, Conover, H, Kraut, MA, et al. Depressive symptoms and white matter dysfunction in retired NFL players with concussion history. Neurology. 2013 Jul 2;81(1):25–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gavett, BE, Cantu, RC, Shenton, M, Lin, AP, Nowinski, CJ, McKee, AC, et al. Clinical appraisal of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: current perspectives and future directions. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2011 Dec;24(6):525–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fodero-Tavoletti, MT, Okamura, N, Furumoto, S, Mulligan, RS, Connor, AR, McLean, CA, et al. 18F-THK523: a novel in vivo tau imaging ligand for Alzheimer’s disease. Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 2011 Apr;134(Pt 4):1089–100.Google ScholarPubMed
Zhang, W, Arteaga, J, Cashion, DK, Chen, G, Gangadharmath, U, Gomez, LF, et al. A highly selective and specific PET tracer for imaging of tau pathologies. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2012;31(3):601–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, H. Alzheimer disease: [11C]PBB3 – a new PET ligand that identifies tau pathology in the brains of patients with AD. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2013 Nov;9(11):599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Small, GW, Kepe, V, Siddarth, P, Ercoli, LM, Merrill, DA, Donoghue, N, et al. PET scanning of brain tau in retired national football league players: preliminary findings. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2013 Feb;21(2):138–44.Google Scholar
TauMark, Better Brain Diagnostics [December 26, 2013]. Available from: http://taumark.com/.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zetterberg, H, Hietala, MA, Jonsson, M, Andreasen, N, Styrud, E, Karlsson, I, et al. Neurochemical aftermath of amateur boxing. Archives of Neurology. 2006 Sep;63(9):1277–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neselius, S, Brisby, H, Theodorsson, A, Blennow, K, Zetterberg, H, Marcusson, J. CSF-biomarkers in Olympic boxing: diagnosis and effects of repetitive head trauma. PloS One. 2012;7(4):e33606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zetterberg, H, Tanriverdi, F, Unluhizarci, K, Selcuklu, A, Kelestimur, F, Blennow, K. Sustained release of neuron-specific enolase to serum in amateur boxers. Brain Injury. 2009 Aug;23(9):723–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, MR, Myers, T, Evans, P, Davies, B, Cooper, SM, Bhattacharya, K, et al. Direct hits to the head during amateur boxing is associated with a rise in serum biomarkers for brain injury. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 2011 Jan–Mar;24(1):119–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omalu, BI, Fitzsimmons, RP, Hammers, J, Bailes, J. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a professional American wrestler. Journal of Forensic Nursing. 2010 Fall;6(3):130–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omalu, B, Hammers, JL, Bailes, J, Hamilton, RL, Kamboh, MI, Webster, G, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in an Iraqi war veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder who committed suicide. Neurosurgical Focus. 2011 Nov;31(5):E3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dale, GE, Leigh, PN, Luthert, P, Anderton, BH, Roberts, GW. Neurofibrillary tangles in dementia pugilistica are ubiquitinated. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 1991 Feb;54(2):116–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tokuda, T, Ikeda, S, Yanagisawa, N, Ihara, Y, Glenner, GG. Re-examination of ex-boxers’ brains using immunohistochemistry with antibodies to amyloid beta-protein and tau protein. Acta Neuropathologica. 1991;82(4):280–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, ML, Zhukareva, V, Newell, KL, Lee, VM, Trojanowski, JQ. Tau isoform profile and phosphorylation state in dementia pugilistica recapitulate Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathologica. 2001 May;101(5):518–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hof, PR, Bouras, C, Buee, L, Delacourte, A, Perl, DP, Morrison, JH. Differential distribution of neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex of dementia pugilistica and Alzheimer’s disease cases. Acta Neuropathologica. 1992;85(1):23–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geddes, JF, Vowles, GH, Robinson, SF, Sutcliffe, JC. Neurofibrillary tangles, but not Alzheimer-type pathology, in a young boxer. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 1996 Feb;22(1):12–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, GW, Allsop, D, Bruton, C. The occult aftermath of boxing. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 1990 May;53(5):373–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickson, DW. The pathogenesis of senile plaques. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 1997 Apr;56(4):321–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, GW, Gentleman, SM, Lynch, A, Graham, DI. beta A4 amyloid protein deposition in brain after head trauma. Lancet. 1991 Dec 7;338(8780):1422–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gentleman, SM, Nash, MJ, Sweeting, CJ, Graham, DI, Roberts, GW. Beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) as a marker for axonal injury after head injury. Neuroscience Letters. 1993 Oct 1;160(2):139–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, GW, Gentleman, SM, Lynch, A, Murray, L, Landon, M, Graham, DI. Beta amyloid protein deposition in the brain after severe head injury: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 1994 Apr;57(4):419–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherriff, FE, Bridges, LR, Sivaloganathan, S. Early detection of axonal injury after human head trauma using immunocytochemistry for beta-amyloid precursor protein. Acta Neuropathologica. 1994;87(1):55–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kadokura, A, Yamazaki, T, Lemere, CA, Takatama, M, Okamoto, K. Regional distribution of TDP-43 inclusions in Alzheimer disease (AD) brains: their relation to AD common pathology. Neuropathology. 2009 Oct;29(5):566–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, A, Sweeney, F, Bodi, I, Troakes, C, Maekawa, S, Al-Sarraj, S. Abnormal TDP-43 expression is identified in the neocortex in cases of dementia pugilistica, but is mainly confined to the limbic system when identified in high and moderate stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropathology. 2010 Aug;30(4):408–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, RA, Riley, DO, Daneshvar, DH, Nowinski, CJ, Cantu, RC, McKee, AC. Long-term consequences of repetitive brain trauma: chronic traumatic encephalopathy. PM & R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation. 2011 Oct;3(10 Suppl 2):S460–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crisco, JJ, Fiore, R, Beckwith, JG, Chu, JJ, Brolinson, PG, Duma, S, et al. Frequency and location of head impact exposures in individual collegiate football players. Journal of Athletic Training. 2010 Nov-Dec;45(6):549–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geddes, JF, Vowles, GH, Nicoll, JA, Revesz, T. Neuronal cytoskeletal changes are an early consequence of repetitive head injury. Acta Neuropathologica. 1999 Aug;98(2):171–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Giza, CC, Hovda, DA. The neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Journal of Athletic Training. 2001 Sep;36(3):228–35.Google ScholarPubMed
Binder, LI, Guillozet-Bongaarts, AL, Garcia-Sierra, F, Berry, RW. Tau, tangles, and Alzheimer’s disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2005 Jan 3;1739(2–3):216–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serbest, G, Burkhardt, MF, Siman, R, Raghupathi, R, Saatman, KE. Temporal profiles of cytoskeletal protein loss following traumatic axonal injury in mice. Neurochemical Research. 2007 Dec;32(12):2006–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, B, Jacks, RL, Diamond, MI. Propagation of tau misfolding from the outside to the inside of a cell. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2009 May 8;284(19):12845–52.Google Scholar
Le, MN, Kim, W, Lee, S, McKee, AC, Hall, GF. Multiple mechanisms of extracellular tau spreading in a non-transgenic tauopathy model. American Journal of Neurodegenerative Disease. 2012;1(3):316–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seeley, WW, Crawford, RK, Zhou, J, Miller, BL, Greicius, MD. Neurodegenerative diseases target large-scale human brain networks. Neuron. 2009;62(1):42–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uryu, K, Chen, XH, Martinez, D, Browne, KD, Johnson, VE, Graham, DI, et al. Multiple proteins implicated in neurodegenerative diseases accumulate in axons after brain trauma in humans. Experimental Neurology. 2007 Dec;208(2):185–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freundt, EC, Maynard, N, Clancy, EK, Roy, S, Bousset, L, Sourigues, Y, et al. Neuron-to-neuron transmission of alpha-synuclein fibrils through axonal transport. Annals of Neurology. 2012 Oct;72(4):517–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, C, Li, JY. Beyond alpha-synuclein transfer: pathology propagation in Parkinson’s disease. Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2012 May;18(5):248–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Johan, K, Westermark, G, Engstrom, U, Gustavsson, A, Hultman, P, Westermark, P. Acceleration of amyloid protein A amyloidosis by amyloid-like synthetic fibrils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA. 1998 Mar 3;95(5):2558–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morales, R, Estrada, LD, Diaz-Espinoza, R, Morales-Scheihing, D, Jara, MC, Castilla, J, et al. Molecular cross talk between misfolded proteins in animal models of Alzheimer’s and prion diseases. Journal of Neuroscience. 2010 Mar 31;30(13):4528–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hazrati, LN, Tartaglia, MC, Diamandis, P, Davis, KD, Green, RE, Wennberg, R, et al. Absence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in retired football players with multiple concussions and neurological symptomatology. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2013;7:222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coronado, VG, Thomas, KE, Sattin, RW, Johnson, RL. The CDC traumatic brain injury surveillance system: characteristics of persons aged 65 years and older hospitalized with a TBI. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2005 May–Jun;20(3):215–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faul, M, Xu, L, Wald, MM, Coronado, V, Dellinger, AM. Traumatic brain injury in the USA: National estimates of prevalence and incidence, 2002–2006. Injury Prevention. 2010 Sep;16:A268.Google ScholarPubMed
Cantu, RC. Guidelines for return to contact sports after a cerebral concussion. Physician Sports Medicine. 1986;14:75.Google Scholar
Report of the Sports Medicine Committee: Guidelines for the Management of Concussion in Sports. Denver: Colorado Medical Society; 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee. Neurology. 1997 Mar;48(3):581–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, MW, Lovell, MR, McKeag, DB. Current issues in managing sports-related concussion. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 Dec 22–29;282(24):2283–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braak, H, Alafuzoff, I, Arzberger, T, Kretzschmar, H, Del Tredici, K. Staging of Alzheimer disease-associated neurofibrillary pathology using paraffin sections and immunocytochemistry. Acta Neuropathologica. 2006 Oct;112(4):389–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braak, H, Thal, DR, Ghebremedhin, E, Del Tredici, K. Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2011 Nov;70(11):960–9.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×