Abbreviations

AANZFAT

ASEAN–Australia–New Zealand Free Trade Area

AEO

authorized economic operators

AI

artificial intelligence

ANTAI

National Authority of Transparency and Access to Information (Panama)

APEC

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

B2B

business to business

B2C

business to consumer

BCR

Binding Corporate Rules

BOPCOM

Balance of Payment Committee (IMF)

BverGE

Bundesverfassungsgericht (German Constitutional Court)

CAC

Cyberspace Administration of China

CARIFORUM

Caribbean Forum

CBPR

Cross-Border Privacy Rules

CCPA

California Consumer Privacy Act

CDPA

Copyright, Design and Patents Act (UK)

CEFTA

Central European Free Trade Agreement

CEPA

Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (between New Zealand and Singapore)

CERNET

China Education and Research Network

CETA

Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (between Canada and the EU)

CFREU

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

ChAFTA

China–Australia Free Trade Agreement

CHINAGBNET

China Golden Bridge Network

CHINANET

China Public Computer Network

CJEU

Court of Justice of the European Union

CLOUD Act

Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act (US)

CNIL

Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (French Data Protection Authority)

CPC

UN Central Product Classification

CPTPP

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

CSIS

Centre for Strategic and International Studies

CSTNET

China Science and Technology Network

CTS

Council for Trade in Services

CUSMA

Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement

DEPA

Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (between Chile, New Zealand and Singapore)

DGCE

General Directorate of Electronic Commerce (Panama)

DL

deep learning

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

DPA

data protection authority

DPIA

data privacy impact assessment

DPO

data protection officer

DSCI

Data Security Council of India

DSU

Dispute Settlement Understanding

DTE

Digital Trade Estimates

DTL

distributed ledger technology

DTRI

Digital Trade Restrictiveness Index

DUNS

Data Universal Numbering System

EAEU

Eurasian Economic Union

EC

European Communities/European Community

ECFI

European Court of First Instance

ECLI

European Case Law Identifier

EDI

electronic data interchange

EDPB

European Data Protection Board

EDPS

European Data Protection Supervisor

EDRi

European Digital Rights

EEA

European Economic Area

EFF

Electronic Frontier Foundation

EFTA

European Free Trade Association

EPA

Economic Partnership Agreement

EPC

Electronic Product Code

EPO

European Patent Office

EU

European Union

E-WTP

Electronic World Trade Platform

FCA

Financial Conduct Authority

FINMA

Finanzmarktaufsicht (Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority)

FTA

free trade agreement

FTC

Federal Trade Commission

GATS

General Agreement on Trade in Services

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GB

gigabyte

GCC

Gulf Cooperation Council

GDP

gross domestic product

GDPR

General Data Protection Regulation (EU)

GFIN

Global Financial Innovation Network

GSBN

Global Shipping Business Network

GTAP

Global Trade Analysis Project

GVC

global value chain

IAPP

International Association of Privacy Professionals

ICANN

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

ICC

International Chamber of Commerce

ICO

Initial Coin Offerings

ICRIER

Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations

ICT

information and communication technology

ICTSD

International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development

IDB

Inter-American Development Bank

IDEA

International Digital Economy Agreement

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IEFT

Internet Engineering Task Force

IEL

international economic law

IGF

Internet Governance Forum

ILO

International Labour Organization

IMF

International Monetary Fund

INATBA

International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications

IoT

Internet of Things

IP

intellectual property

IPRs

intellectual property rights

ISIC

International Standard Industry Classification

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

ISP

Internet service provider

IT

information technology

ITA

Information Technology Agreement

ITIF

Information Technology and Innovation Foundation

ITU

International Telecommunication Union

JORF

Journal Officiel de la République Française (government gazette of the French Republic)

JSI

Joint Statement on Electronic Commerce Initiative

LAC

Latin American countries

LDC

least-developed country

MASP

Multi-annual Strategic Plan

MEI

Ministry of Electronic Industry (China)

MFN

most favoured nation

MII

Ministry of Information Industry (China)

MIIT

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (China)

ML

machine learning

MPS

Ministry of Public Security (China)

MPT

Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (China)

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

NASSCOM

National Association of Software and Services Companies (India)

NBER

National Bureau of Economic Research (USA)

NCTS

New Computerised Transit System

NDPA

General Directorate of Transparency, Access to Public Information and Protection of Personal Data (Peru)

NFA

National Food Authority (Philippines)

NIST

National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA)

NPC

National People’s Congress (China)

NRDB

National Register of Data Bases (Colombia)

NT

national treatment

OAS

Organization of American States

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OJ

Official Journal of the European Union

OSS

open-source software

P2P

peer-to-peer

PAAP

Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol

PAFTA

Peru–Australia Free Trade Agreement

PatA

Swiss Federal Act on Patents for Inventions

PDLP

Personal Data Protection Law (Peru)

PETs

Privacy-Enhancing Technologies

PII

Personally Identifiable Information

PIPEDA

Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act

PoET

proof of elapsed time

PoS

proof of stake

PoW

proof of work

PPM

process and production method

PRODHAB

Agency for the Protection of Data of Inhabitants (Costa Rica)

PTA

preferential trade agreement

QR Code

Quick Response Code

RCEP

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

R&D

research and development

ReCAPTCHA

Reverse Completely Automated Public Turing test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart

RFID

Radio Frequency Identification

RGPD

Le Règlement Général sur la Protection des Données (GDPR)

SAD

Single Administrative Document

SAFTA

South Asian Free Trade Area

SIC

Superintendence of Industry and Commerce (Colombia)

SMEs

small- and medium-sized enterprises

SPS

WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

SQL

Structured Query Language

StGB

Schweizerisches Strafgesetzbuch (Swiss Criminal Code)

TAPED

Trade Agreement Provisions on Electronic Commerce and Data

TBT

WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

TDM

text and data mining

TFA

Trade Facilitation Agreement

TFP

total factor productivity

TiSA

Trade in Services Agreement

TPA

Trade Promotion Agreement

TPP

Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement

TRIPS

WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

TTIP

Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

UDHR

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UK

United Kingdom

UN

United Nations

UN/CEFACT

United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business

UNCITRAL

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNIDROIT

International Institute for the Unification of Private Law

UNIS

United Nations Information Service

UNT

Universal Trade Network

US

United States

USITC

United States International Trade Commission

USMCA

United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement

VPN

Virtual Private Network

WCO

World Customs Organization

WEF

World Economic Forum

WIPO

World Intellectual Property Organization

WTO

World Trade Organization

ZKP

Zero-Knowledge Proof