Aboul-Nasr, A. E. (1967) On the behaviour and sensory physiology of the bed bug (Cimex lectularius). I. Temperature reactions. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte, 51, 43–54Google Scholar

Adams, T. S. (1999) Hematophagy and hormone release. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., 92, 1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adlington, D., Randolph, S. E. and Rogers, D. J. (1996) Flying to feed or flying to mate: gender differences in the flight activity of tsetse (Glossina palpalis). Phys. Ent., 21, 85–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ahmadi, A. and McClelland, G. A. H. (1985) Mosquito-mediated attraction of female mosquitoes to a host. Phys. Ent., 10, 251–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ahmed, A. M., Baggott, S. L., Maingon, R. and Hurd, H. (2002) The costs of mounting an immune response are reflected in the reproductive fitness of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Oikos, 97, 371–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ahmed, A. M., Maingon, R., Romans, P. and Hurd, H. (2001) Effects of malaria infection on vitellogenesis in Anopheles gambiae during two gonotrophic cycles. Insect Mol. Biol., 10, 347–56CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ahmed, A. M., Maingon, R. D., Taylor, P. J. and Hurd, H. (1999) The effects of infection with Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis on the reproductive fitness of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 36, 217–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aikawa, M., Suzuki, M. and Gutierez, Y. (1980) Pathology of malaria. In Kreier, J. P. (ed.), Malaria. New York:Academic PressGoogle Scholar

Akai, H. and Sato, S. (1973) Ultrastructure of the larval hemocytes of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 2, 207–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Akman, L., Yamashita, A., Watanabe, H.et al. (2002) Genome sequence of the endocellular obligate symbiont of tsetse flies, Wigglesworthia glossinidia. Nature Genetics, 32, 402–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aksoy, S. (2000) Tsetse – a haven for microorganisms. Parasitology Today, 16, 114–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aksoy, S., Gibson, W. C. and Lehane, M. J. (2003) Perspectives on the interactions between tsetse and trypanosomes with implications for the control of trypanosomiasis. Advances in Parasitology, 53, 1–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Albritton, A. (1952) Standard Values in Blood. Phiadelphia: Saunders

Alekseev, A., Rasnityn, S. and Vitlin, L. (1977) On group behaviour of females of blood-sucking mosquitoes. Communication I. Discovery of the ‘effect’ of invitation. [In Russian]Parazitologiyai Parazitarnye Bolezni, 46, 23–4Google Scholar

Alekseyev, A. N., Abdullayev, I. T., Rasnitsyn, S. P. and Martsinovskiy, M. (1984) Comparison of flight capability of Aedes aegypti that are infected and not infected with plasmodia. Med. Parazitol., 1, 11–13Google Scholar

Allan, S. A., Day, J. F. and Edman, J. D. (1987) Visual ecology of biting flies. Ann. Rev. Ent., 32, 297–316CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allan, S. A. and Stoffolano, J. G. (1986a) Effects of background contrast on visual attraction and orientation of Tabanus nigrovittatus (Diptera: Tabanidae). Environ. Entomol., 15, 689–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allan, S. A. and Stoffolano, J. G. (1986b) The effects of hue and intensity on visual attraction of adult Tabanus nigrovittatus (Diptera: Tabanidae). J. Med. Ent., 23, 83–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Altman, P. L. and Dittmer, D. S.(1971) Blood and other body fluids. In Respiration and Circulation. Bethesda, MDI: Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology, p. 540

Altner, H. and Loftus, R. (1985) Ultrastructure and function of insect thermo and hygroreceptors. Ann. Rev. Ent., 30, 273–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amin, O. M. and Wagner, M. E. (1983) Further notes on the function of pronotal combs in fleas (Siphonaptera). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., 76, 232–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, J. R. and Ayala, S. C. (1968) Trypanosome transmitted by a Phlebotomus: first report from the Americas. Science, 161, 1023–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anderson, J. R. and Hoy, J. B. (1972) Relationship between host attack rates and CO2 baited insect flight trap catches of certain Symphoromyia spp. J. Med. Ent., 9, 373–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, R. A. and Brust, R. A. (1996) Blood feeding success of Aedes aegypti and Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to defensive behavior of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) in the laboratory. Journal of Vector Ecology, 21, 94–104Google Scholar

Anderson, R. A., Koella, J. C. and Hurd, H. (1999) The effect of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infection on the feeding persistence of Anopheles stephensi Liston throughout the sporogonic cycle. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 266, 1729–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anderson, R. C. (1957) The life cycles of Dipetalonematid nematodes (Filarioidea, Dipetalonematidae): the problem of their evolution. J. Helminth., 31, 203–24CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anderson, R. M. (1986) Genetic variability in resistance to parasitic invasion: population implications for invertebrate host species. In Lackie, A. M. (ed.), Immune Mechanisms in Invertebrate Vectors, Vol. 56, Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Anderson, R. M. and May, R. M. (1978) Regulation and stability of host–parasite population interactions. Journal of Animal Ecology, 47, 219–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ansell, J., Hamilton, K. A., Pinder, M., Walraven, G. E. L. and Lindsay, S. W. (2002) Short-range attractiveness of pregnant women to Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Trans. R. Soc. of Trop. Med. and Hyg., 96, 113–16CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arlian, L. (2002) Arthropod allergens and human health. In Annual Review of Entomology. Annual Reviews Ic., Palo Alto, Vol. 47, 395–434

Arrese, E. L., Canavoso, L. E., Jouni, Z. E.et al. (2001) Lipid storage and mobilization in insects: current status and future directions. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 31, 7–17CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aschner, M. (1932) Experimentelle unter Suchungen über die Symbiose der Kleiderlaus. Naturwiss., 20, 501–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aschner, M. (1934) Studies on the symbiosis of the body louse. I. Elimination of the symbionts by centrifugation of the eggs. Parasitol., 26, 309–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aschner, M. (1946) The symbiosis of Eucampsipoda aegyptica Mcq. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte, 30, 1–6Google Scholar

Ashford, R. W. (2001) The Leishmania ses. In M. W. Service (ed.), Encyclopedia of Arthropod-transmitted Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI, 269–79

Ashida, M., Ochiai, M. and Niki, T. (1988) Immunolocalization of prophenoloxidase among hemocytes of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Tissue and Cell, 20, 599–610Google ScholarPubMed

Audy, J. R., Radovsky, F. J. and Vercammen-Grandjean, P. H. (1972) Neosomy: radical intrastadial metamorphosis associated with arthropod symbioses. J. Med. Ent., 9, 487–94CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Avila, A., Silverman, N., Diaz-Meco, M. T. and Moscat, J. (2002) The Drosophila atypical protein kinase C-ref(2)p complex constitutes a conserved module for signaling in the toll pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 8787–95CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ayala, S. C. and Lee, D. (1970) Saurian malaria: development of sporozoites in two species of phelebotomine sandflies. Science, 167, 891–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bacot, A. M. and Martin, C. J. (1914) Observations on the mechanism of the transmission of the plague by fleas. J. Hyg., 13, 423–39Google ScholarPubMed

Bailey, L. (1952) The action of the proventriculus of the worker honeybee. J. Exp. Biol., 29, 310–27Google Scholar

Baker, J. R. (1965) The evolution of parasitic protozoa. In Taylor, A. E. R. (ed.), of the British Society for Parasitology. Oxford: Blackwell, Vol. 3Google Scholar

Baker, R. C. (1986) Pheromane-modulated movement of flying moths. In Payne, T. L., Birch, M. C. and Kennedy, C. E. J. (eds.), Mechanisms in Insect Olfaction. Oxford: Clarendon PressGoogle Scholar

Baker, T. C. (1990) Upwind flight and casting flight: complementary phasic and tonic systems used for location of sex pheromone sources by male moths. In K. B. Doving (ed.), Symposium on Olfaction and Taste, Oslo, Vol. X

Balashov, Y. (1984) Interaction between blood-sucking arthropods and their hosts, and its influence on vector potential. Ann. Rev. Ent., 29, 137–56CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ball, G. H. (1943) Parasitism and evolution. Am. Nat., 77, 345–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banziger, H. (1971) Blood-sucking moths of Malaya. Fauna, 1, 5–16Google Scholar

Baranov, N. (1935) New information on the Golubatz fly, S. columbaczense. Rev. Appl. Ent. B, 23, 275–6Google Scholar

Barrera, A. (1966) Hallazgo de Amblyopinus tiptoni Barrera, 1966 en Costa Rica, A. C. (Col.: Staph.). Acta zool. Mex., 8, 1–3Google Scholar

Barrera, A. and Machado-Allison, C. E. (1965) Coleopteros ectoparasiticos de Mamiferos. Ciencia Mexico, 23, 201–8Google Scholar

Bar-Zeev, M., Maibach, H. I. and Khan, A. A. (1977) Studies on the attraction of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to man. J. Med. Ent., 14, 113–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baudisch, K. (1958) Beitraäge zur Zytologie und Embryologie einiger Insektensymbiosen. Zeit. Morph. Okol. Tiere, 47, 436–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baylis, M. and Mbwabi, A. L. (1995) Feeding-behavior of tsetse-flies (Glossina pallidipes Austen) on Trypanosoma-infected oxen in Kenya. Parasitology, 110, 297–305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beach, R., Kiilu, G. and Leeuwenburg, J. (1985) Modification of sandfly biting behaviour by Leishmania leads to increased parasite transmission. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 34, 279–83CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beard, C. B., Mason, P. W., Aksoy, S., Tesh, R. B. and Richards, F. F. (1992) Transformation of an insect symbiont and expression of a foreign gene in the Chagas-disease vector Rhodnius prolixus. Am. J. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 46, 195–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beckenbach, A. T. and Borkent, A. (2003) Molecular analysis of the biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 2. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 27, 21–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beckett, E. B. and Macdonald, W. W. (1971) The development and survival of subperiodic Brugia malayi and B. pahangi larvae in a selected strain of Aedes aegypti. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 65, 339–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beenakkers, A. M. T., Horst, D. J. and Marrewijk, W. J. A. (1984) Insect flight muscle metabolism. Insect Biochemistry, 14, 243–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beerntsen, B. T., James, A. A. and Christensen, B. M. (2000) Genetics of mosquito vector competence. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 64, 115–37CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beerntsen, B. T., Severson, D. W., Klinkhammer, J. A., Kassner, V. A. and Christensen, B. M. (1995) Aedes aegypti: A quantitative trait locus (QTL) influencing filarial worm intensity is linked to QTL for susceptibility to other mosquito-borne pathogens. Experimental Parasitology, 81, 355–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beklemishev, V. N. (1957) Some general questions on the biology of bloodsucking lower flies. Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarnye bolezni, 5, 562–6Google Scholar

Belkaid, Y., Valenzuela, J. G., Kamhawi, S.et al. (2000) Delayed-type hypersensitivity to Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly bite: An adaptive response induced by the fly?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 6704–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bell, J. F., Stewart, S. J. and Nelson, W. A. (1982) Transplant of acquired resistance to Polyplax serrata (Phthiraptera: Hoplopleuridae) in skin allografts to athymic mice. J. Med. Ent., 19, 164–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Belzer, W. R. (1978a) Factors conducive to increased protein feeding by the blowfly Phormia regina. Phys. Ent. 3, 251–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belzer, W. R. (1978b) Patterns of selective protein ingestion by the blowfly Phormia regina. Phys. Ent., 3, 169–257CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belzer, W. R.(1978c) Recurrent nerve inhibition of protein feeding in the blowfly Phormia regina. Phys. Ent., 3, 259–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belzer, W. R. (1979) Abdominal stretch receptors in the regulation of protein ingestion by the black blowfly, Phormia regina. Phys. Ent., 4, 7–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bennet-Clark, H. C. (1963a) The control of meal size in the blood sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus. J. Exp. Biol., 40, 741–50Google Scholar

Bennet-Clark, H. C. (1963b) Negative pressures produced in the pharyngeal pump of the blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus. J. Exp. Biol., 40, 223–9Google Scholar

Bennett, G. F., Fallis, A. M. and Campbell, A. G. (1972) The response of Simulium (EuSimulium) euryadminiculum Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae) to some olfactory and visual stimuli. Can J. Zool., 50, 793–800CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bequaert, J. C. (1953) The Hippoboscidae or house-flies (Diptera) of mammals and birds. Part 1. Structure, physiology and natural history. Entomologia Americana, 32, 1–209Google Scholar

Bergman, D. K. (1996) Mouthparts and feeding mechanisms of haematophagous arthropods. In Wikel, S. K. (ed.), Immunology of Host-Ectoparasitic Arthropod Relationships. Wallingford: CABInternational, 30–61Google Scholar

Besansky, N. J. (1999) Complexities in the analysis of cryptic taxa within the genus Anopheles. Parasitologia, 41, 97–100Google ScholarPubMed

Bidlingmayer, W. L. (1994) How mosquitos see traps – role of visual responses. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 10, 272–9Google ScholarPubMed

Bidlingmayer, W. L., Day, J. F. and Evans, D. G. (1995) Effect of wind velocity on suction trap catches of some Florida mosquitoes. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 11, 295–301Google ScholarPubMed

Bidlingmayer, W. L. and Hem, D. G. (1979) Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) flight behaviour near conspicuous objects. Bull. Ent. Res., 69, 691–700CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bidlingmayer, W. L. and Hem, D. G. (1980) The range of visual attraction and the effect of competitive visual attractants upon mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) flight. Bull. Ent. Res., 70, 321–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Biessmann, H., Walter, M. F., Dimitratos, S. and Woods, D. (2002) Isolation of cDNA clones encoding putative odourant binding proteins from the antennae of the malaria-transmitting mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Insect Mol. Biol., 11, 123–32CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Billingsley, P. B. (1990) The midgut ultrastructure of haematophagous arthropods. Ann. Rev. Ent., 35, 219–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Billingsley, P. F. and Downe, A. E. R. (1983) Ultrastructural changes in posterior midgut cells associated with blood-feeding in adult female Rhodnius prolixus Stal (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Can J. Zool., 61, 1175–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Billingsley, P. F. and Downe, A. E. R. (1985) Cellular localisation of aminopeptidase in the midgut of Rhodnius prolixus Stal (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) during blood digestion. Cell and Tissue Research, 241, 421–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Billingsley, P. F. and Downe, A. E. R. (1986) The surface morphology of the midgut cells of Rhodnius prolixus Stal (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) during blood digestion. Acta Trop., 43, 355–66Google ScholarPubMed

Billingsley, P. F. and Downe, A. E. R. (1988) Ultrastructural localisation of cathepsin B in the midgut of Rhodnius prolixusStal (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) during blood digestion. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 17, 295–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Billingsley, P. F. and Downe, A. E. R. (1989) Changes in the anterior midgut cells of adult female Rhodnius prolixus Stal. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) after feeding. J. Med. Ent., 26, 104–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Billingsley, P. F. and Rudin, W. (1992) The role of the mosquito peritrophic membrane in bloodmeal digestion and infectivity of Plasmodium species. J. Parasit., 78, 430–40CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bissonnette, E. Y., Rossignol, P. A. and Befus, A. D. (1993) Extracts of mosquito salivary gland inhibit tumour necrosis factor alpha. Parasite Immunology, 15, 27–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bitkowska, E., Dzbenski, T. H., Szadziewska, M. and Wegner, Z. (1982) Inhibition of xenograft rejection reaction in the bug Triatoma infestans during infection with a protozoan, Tryapnosoma cruzi. J. Invert. Path., 40, 186–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bize, P., Roulin, A. and Richner, H. (2003) Adoption as an offspring strategy to reduce ectoparasite exposure. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci., 270 Suppl 1, 114–16CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blackwell, A. (2000) Scottish biting midges: tourist attraction or deterrent?Antenna, 24, 144–50Google Scholar

Blackwell, A. and Page, S. (2003) Managing tourist health and Safety in the new millennium: global perspectives. In Managing Tourist Health and Safety in the New Millennium. Pergamon. 177–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blandin, S., Moita, L. F., Kocher, T.et al. (2002) Reverse genetics in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae: targeted disruption of the Defensin gene. EMBO Report, 3, 852–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Boatin, B. A. (2003) The current state of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa. Trop. Doct., 33, 209–14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Boete, C., Paul, R. E. L. and Koella, J. C. (2002) Reduced efficacy of the immune melanization response in mosquitoes infected by malaria parasites. Parasitology, 125, 93–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bos, H. J. and Laarman, J. J. (1975) Guinea pig lysine, cadaverine, and estradiol as attractants for the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Ent. Exp. Appl., 18, 161–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bosch, O. J., Geier, M. and Boeckh, J. (2000) Contribution of fatty acids to olfactory host finding of female Aedes aegypti. Chemical Senses, 25, 323–30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bosio, C. F., Beaty, B. J. and Black, W. C. (1998) Quantitative genetics of vector competence for Dengue-2 virus in Aedes aegypti. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 59, 965–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bosio, C. F., Fulton, R. E., Salasek, M. L., Beaty, B. J. and Black, W. C. T. (2000) Quantitative trait loci that control vector competence for dengue-2 virus in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Genetics, 156, 687–98Google ScholarPubMed

Bossard, R. L. (2002) Speed and Reynolds number of jumping cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 75, 52–4Google Scholar

Boulanger, N., Munks, R. J., Hamilton, J. V.et al. (2002) Epithelial innate immunity. A novel antimicrobial peptide with antiparasitic activity in the blood-sucking insect Stomoxys calcitrans. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 49921–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Boutros, M., Agaisse, H. and Perrimon, N. (2002) Sequential activation of signaling pathways during innate immune responses in Drosophila. Dev. Cell, 3, 711–22CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bozza, M., Soares, M. B., Bozza, P. T.et al. (1998) The PACAP-type I receptor agonist maxadilan from sand fly saliva protects mice against lethal endotoxemia by a mechanism partially dependent on IL-10. Eur. J. Immunol., 28, 3120–73.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bracken, G. K., Hanec, W. and Thorsteinson, A. J. (1962) The orientation of horseflies and deerflies (Tabanidae: Diptera). II. The role of some visual factors in the attractiveness of decoy silhouettes. Can. J. Zool., 40, 685–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bracken, G. K. and Thorsteinson, A. J. (1965) The orientation behaviour of horse flies and deer flies (Tabanidae: Diptera). IV. The influence of some physical modifications of visual decoys on orientation of horse flies. Ent. Exp. Appl., 8, 314–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradbury, W. C. and Bennett, G. F. (1974) Behaviour of adult Simuliidae (Diptera). I. Response to colour and shape. Can. J. Zool., 52, 251–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradley, G. H. (1935) Notes on the southern buffalo gnat Eusimulium pecuarum (Riley) (Diptera: Simuliidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 37, 60–4Google Scholar

Bradshaw, W. E. (1980) Blood-feeding and capacity for increase in the pitcher plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Environ. Entomol, 9, 86–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradshaw, W. E. and Holtzapfel, C. M. (1983) Life cycle strategies in Wyeomyia smithii: seasonal and geographic adaptations. In Brown, V. K. and Hodek, I. (eds.), Diapause and Life Cycle Strategies in Insects. The Hague: JunkGoogle Scholar

Brady, J. (1972) The visual responsiveness of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Westw. (Glossinidae) to moving objects: the effects of hunger, sex, host odour and stimulus characteristics. Bull. Ent. Res., 62, 257–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brady, J. (1973) Changes in the probing responsiveness of starving tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans Westw.) (Diptera, Glossinidae). Bull. Ent. Res., 63, 247–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brady, J. (1975) 'Hunger' in the tsetse fly: the nutritional correlates of behaviour. J. Insect Physiol., 21, 807–29CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brady, J., Costantini, C., Sagnon, N., Gibson, G. and Coluzzi, M. (1997) The role of body odours in the relative attractiveness of different men to malarial vectors in Burkina Faso. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 91, S121–S122CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brady, J., Gibson, G. and Packer, M. J. (1989) Odour movement, wind direction and the problem of host finding by tsetse flies. Phys. Ent., 14, 369–380CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brady, J., Griffiths, N. and Paynter, Q. (1995) Wind speed effects on odour source location by tsetse flies (Glossina). Phys. Ent., 20, 293–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brady, J. and Shereni, A. (1988) Landing responses of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans Weidemann and the stablefly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). (Diptera: Glossinidae & Muscidae) to black and white patterns: a laboratory study. Bull. Ent. Res., 78, 301–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Braks, M. A. H., Scholte, E. J., Takken, W. and Dekker, T. (2000) Microbial growth enhances the attractiveness of human sweat for the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae). Chemoecology, 10, 129–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Braun, A., Hoffmann, J. A. and Meister, M. (1998) Analysis of the Drosophila host defense in domino mutant larvae, which are devoid of hemocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 14337–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bray, R. S. (1963) The exo-erythrocytic phase of malaria parasites. Int. Rev. Trop. Med., 2, 41Google Scholar

Bray, R. S., McCrae, A. W. R. and Smalley, M. E. (1976) Lack of a circadian rhythm in the ability of the gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum to infect Anopheles gambiae. Int. J. Parasit., 6, 399–401CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brecher, G. and Wigglesworth, V. B. (1944) The transmission of Actinomyces rhodnii Erkison in Rhodnius prolixus Stal. (Hemiptera) as its influence on the growth of the host. Parasitol., 35, 220–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breev, K. V. (1950) The behaviour of blood-sucking Diptera and warble flies when attacking reindeer and the responsive reactions of reindeer. [In Russian] Parasitologicheskii Sbornik, 12, 167–89

Brehelin, M. (1982) Comparative study of structure and function of blood cells from two Drosophila species. Cell and Tissue Research, 221, 607–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brehelin, M. (1986) Insect haemocytes: a new classification to rule out the controversy. In Brehelin, M. (ed.), in Invertebrates. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo: Springer Verlag Press, 36–49Google Scholar

Brehelin, M., Zachary, D. and Hoffmann, J. A. (1978) A comparative ultrastructural study of blood cells from nine insect orders. Cell and Tissue Research, 195, 45–57CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Briegel, H., Hefti, A. and DiMarco, E. (2002) Lipid metabolism during sequential gonotrophic cycles in large and small female Aedes aegypti. J. Insect Physiol., 48, 547–54CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Briegel, H., Knusel, I. and Timmermann, S. E. (2001) Aedes aegypti: size, reserves, survival, and flight potential. Journal of Vector Ecology, 26, 21–31Google ScholarPubMed

Brook, M. L. (1985) The effect of allopreening on tick burdens of moulting eudyptid penguins. Auk, 102, 893Google Scholar

Browne, S. M. and Bennett, G. F. (1980) Colour and shape as mediators of host-seeking responses of simuliids and tabanids (Diptera) in the Tantramar marshes, New Brunswick, Canada. Can. J. Med. Entomol., 17, 58–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Browne, S. M. and Bennett, G. F. (1981) Response of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to visual stimuli. J. Med. Ent., 6, 505–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bruce, D. (1895) Preliminary Report on the Tsetse Fly Disease or Nagana, in Zululand. Durban: Bennett and Davis

Bruce, D. and Nabarro, D. (1903) Progress report on sleeping sickness in Uganda

Buchner, P. (1965) Endosymbiosis of Animals with Plant Microorganisms. New York: Wiley

Budd, L. T. (1999) DFID-Funded Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Research and Development since 1980 (V. 2. Economic Analysis). London: Department for International Development

Bulet, P., Hetru, C., Dimarcq, J. L. and Hoffmann, D. (1999) Antimicrobial peptides in insects; structure and function. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 23, 329–44CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bungener, W. and Muller, G. (1976) Adharenz-Phänomene bei Trypanosoma congolense. Tropenmed. Parasitol., 27, 307–71Google Scholar

Burg, J. G., Knapp, F. W. and Silapanuntakul, S. (1993) Feeding Haematobia irritans (Diptera, Muscidae) adults through a nylon-reinforced silicone membrane. J. Med. Ent., 30, 462–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burgess, I., Maunder, J. W. and Myint, T. T. (1983) Maintenance of the crab louse, Pthirus pubis, in the laboratory and behavioural studies using volunteers. Community Med., 5, 238–41Google Scholar

Burkett, D. A., Butler, J. F. and Kline, D. L. (1998) Field evaluation of colored light-emitting diodes as attractants for woodland mosquitoes and other diptera in north central Florida. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 14, 186–95Google ScholarPubMed

Burkhart, C. N., Stankiewicz, B. A., Pchalek, I., Kruge, M. A. and Burkhart, C. G. (1999) Molecular composition of the louse sheath. J. Parasit., 85, 559–61CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burkot, T. R. (1988) Non-random host selection by anopheline mosquitoes. Parasitology Today, 4, 156–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burkot, T. R., Narara, A., Paru, R., Graves, P. M. and Garner, P. (1989) Human host selection by anophelines: no evidence for preferential selection of malaria or microfilariae-infected individuals in a hyperendemic area. Parasitology, 98, 337–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bursell, E. (1961) The behaviour of tsetse flies (Glossina swynnertoni Austen) in relation to problems of sampling. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 36, 9–20Google Scholar

Bursell, E. (1975) Substrates of oxidative metabolism in dipteran flight muscle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 52, 235–8Google ScholarPubMed

Bursell, E. (1977) Synthesis of proline by fat body of the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans). Metabolic pathways. Insect Biochem., 7, 427–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bursell, E. (1981) Energetics of haematophagous arthropods: influence of parasites. Parasitology, 82, 107–10Google Scholar

Bursell, E. (1984) Effects of host odour on the behaviour of tsetse. Insect Sci. Applic., 5, 345–9Google Scholar

Bursell, E. (1987) The effect of wind-borne odours on the direction of flight in tsetse flies, Glossina spp. Phys. Ent., 12, 149–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bursell, E. and Taylor, P. (1980) An energy budget for Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bull. Ent. Res., 70, 187–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burton, R. (1860) The Lake Regions of Central Africa. London: Longman

Butt, T. M. and Shields, K. S. (1996) The structure and behavior of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) hemocytes. J. Invert. Path., 68, 1–14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Buxton, P. A. (1930) The biology of a blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 78, 227–36Google Scholar

Buxton, P. A. (1947) The Louse. London: Edward Arnold

Buxton, P. A. (1948) Experiments with lice and fleas. I. The baby mouse. Parasitol., 39, 119–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Canyon, D. V., Hii, J. L. K. and Muller, R. (1998) Multiple host-feeding and biting persistence of Aedes aegypti. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 92, 311–16CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cappello, M., Li, S., Chen, X. O.et al. (1998) Tsetse thrombin inhibitor: bloodmeal-induced expression of an anticoagulant in salivary glands and gut tissue of Glossina morsitans morsitans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 14290–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carde, R. T. (1996) Odour plumes and odour-mediated flight in insects. In Bock, G. R. and G. Cardew (eds.), Olfaction in Mosquito-Host Interactions. Chichester: Wiley Ciba Foundation Symposium 200, 54–70Google Scholar

Carwardine, S. L. and Hurd, H. (1997) Effects of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infection on Anopheles stephensi egg development and resorption. Med. Vet. Entomol, 11, 265–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Castanera, M. B., Aparicio, J. P. and Gurtler, R. E. (2003) A stage-structured stochastic model of the population dynamics of Triatoma infestans, the main vector of Chagas disease. Ecological Modelling, 162, 33–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caterino, M. S., Cho, S. and Sperling, F. A. H. (2000) The current state of insect molecular systematics: a thriving Tower of Babel. Ann. Rev. Ent., 45, 1–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cavanaugh, D. C. (1971) Specific effect of temperature upon transmission of the plague bacillus by the oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 20, 264–73CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chadee, D. D. and Beier, J. C. (1997) Factors influencing the duration of blood-feeding by laboratory-reared and wild Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Trinidad, West Indies. Ann. of Trop. Med. Parasit., 91, 199–207CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chadee, D. D., Beier, J. C. and Martinez, R. (1996) The effect of the cibarial armature on blood meal haemolysis of four anopheline mosquitoes. Bull. Ent. Res., 86, 351–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chagas, C. (1909) Ueber eine neue Trypanosomiasis des Menschen. Memorias Institut Oswaldo Cruz, 1, 159–218CrossRef

Challier, A., Eyraud, M., Lafaye, A. and Laveissiere, C. (1977) Amelioration due rendement du piege biconique pour glossines (Diptera, Glossinidae) par l'emploi d'un cone inférieur bleu. Cah. ORSTOM, Ser. Entomol. Med. Parasitol., 15, 283–6Google Scholar

Champagne, D. E., Nussenzveig, R. H. and Ribeiro, J. M. C. (1995a) purification, partial characterization, and cloning of nitric oxide-carrying heme-proteins (nitrophorins) from salivary-glands of the bloodsucking insect Rhodnius prolixus. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 8691–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Champagne, D. E. and Ribeiro, J. M. C. (1994) Sialokinin-I and Sialokinin-Ii – Vasodilatory Tachykinins from the Yellow-Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 138–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Champagne, D. E., Smartt, C. T., Ribeiro, J. M. C. and James, A. A. (1995b) The salivary gland-specific apyrase of the mosquito Aedes aegypti is a member of the 5ʹ-nucleotidase family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 694–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chang, Y. H. and Judson, C. L. (1977) The role of isoleucine in differential egg production by the mosquito Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) following feeding on human or guinea pig blood. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A., 57, 23–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chapman, R. F. (1961) Some experiments to determine the methods used in host finding by tsetse flies, Glossina medicorum. Bull. Ent. Res., 52, 83–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chapman, R. F. (1982) Chemoreception: the significance of receptor numbers. Adv. Insect Physiol., 16, 247–356CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Charlab, R., Rowton, E. D. and Ribeiro, J. M. C. (2000) The salivary adenosine deaminase from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Experimental Parasitology, 95, 45–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Charlwood, J. D., Billingsley, P. F. and Hoc, T. Q. (1995a) Mosquito-mediated attraction of female European but not African mosquitos to hosts. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 89, 327–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Charlwood, J. D., Smith, T., Kihonda, J. (1995b) Density-independent feeding success of malaria vectors (Diptera, Culicidae) in Tanzania. Bull. Ent. Res., 85, 29–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, C. C. and Chen, C. S. (1995) Brugia pahangi: effects of melanization on the uptake of nutrients by microfilariae in vitro. Experimental Parasitology, 81, 72–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chen, C. C. and Laurence, B. R. (1985) An ultrastructural study on the encapsulation of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi in the haemocoel of Anopheles quadrimaculatus. Int. J. Parasitol, 15, 421–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chikilian, M. L., Bradley, T. J., Nayar, J. K., Cashclark, C. E. and Knight, J. W. (1995) Ultrastructure of the intracellular melanization of Brugia malayi (Buckley) (Nematoda, Filarioidea) in the thoracic muscles of Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Say) (Diptera, Culicidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 24, 83–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chikilian, M. L., Bradley, T. J., Nayar, J. K. and Knight, J. W. (1994) Ultrastructural comparison of extracellular and intracellular encapsulation of Brugia malayi in Anopheles quadrimaculatus. Journal of Parasitology, 80, 133–40CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Choe, K. M., Werner, T., Stoven, S., Hultmark, D. and Anderson, K. V. (2002) Requirement for a peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) in relish activation and antibacterial immune responses in Drosophila. Science, 296, 359–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Christensen, B. M. (1978) Dirofilaria immitis: effects on the longevity of Aedes trivittatus. Experimental Parasitology, 44, 116–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Christensen, B. M., Forton, K. F., Lafond, M. M. and Grieve, R. B. (1987) Surface changes on Brugia pahangi microfilariae and their association with immune evasion in Aedes aegypti. J. Invert. Pathol., 49, 14–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Christensen, B. M. and LaFond, M. M. (1986) Parasite induced suppression of the immune response in Aedes aegypti by Brugia pahangi. J. Parasit., 72, 216–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Christophides, G. K., Zdobnov, E., Barillas-Mury, C.et al. (2002) Immunity-related genes and gene families in Anopheles gambiae. Science, 298, 159–65CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ciurea, I. and Dinulescu, G. (1924) Ravages causes par la mouchede Goloubatz en Roumanie; ses attaques contre les animaux et contre l'homme. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 18, 323–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clay, T. (1963) A new species of Haematomyzus Piaget (Phthiraptera, Insecta). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 141, 153–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clifford, C. M., Bell, J. F., Moore, G. J. and Raymond, C. (1967) Effects of limb disability of lousiness in mice. IV. Evidence of genetic factors in susceptibility to Polyplax serrata. Experimental Parasitology, 20, 56–67CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Coatney, G. R., Collins, W. E., McWilson, W. and Contacos, P. G. (1971) The Primate Malarias. Bethesda, MD: NIAID

Cockerell, T. D. A. (1918) New species of North American fossil beetles, cockroaches and tsetse flies. Proc. U. S. Natn. Mus., 54, 301–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coetzee, M., Craig, M. and Sueur, D. (2000) Distribution of African malaria mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex. Parasitology Today, 16, 74–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Colless, D. H. and Chellapah, W. T. (1960) Effects of body weight and size of blood meal upon egg production in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera, Culicidae). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 54, 475–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collins, F. H., Sakai, R. K., Vernick, K. D.et al. (1986) Genetic selection of a refractory strain of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Science, 234, 607–10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Colman, R. W. (2001) Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. London: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins

Coluzzi, M., Concetti, A. and Ascoli, F. (1982) Effect of cibarial armature of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on blood-meal haemolysis. J. Insect Physiol., 28, 885–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coluzzi, M., Sabatini, A., Torre, A., Di Deco, M. A. and Petrarca, V. (2002) A polygene chromosome analysis of the Anopheles gambiae species complex. Science, 298, 1415–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Colvin, J., Brady, J. and Gibson, G. (1989) Visually-guided, upwind turning behaviour of free-flying tsetse flies in odour-laden wind: a wind-tunnel study. Phys. Ent., 14, 31–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Colyer, C. N. and Hammond, C. O. (1968) Flies of the British Isles. London: Frederick Warne

Compton-Knox, P. and Hayes, K. L. (1972) Attraction of Tabanus spp. (Diptera: Tabanidae) to traps baited with carbon dioxide and other chemicals. Environ. Entomal., 1, 323–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cook, S. P. and McCleskey, E. W. (2002) Cell damage excites nociceptors through release of cytosolic ATP. Pain, 95, 41–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cornford, E. M., Freeman, B. J. and MacInnis, A. J. (1976) Physiological relationships and circadian periodicities in rodent trypanosomes. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 70, 238–43CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Croft, S. L., East, J. S. and Molyneux, D. H. (1982) Antitrypanosomal factor in the haemolymph of Glossina. Acta Trop., 39, 293–302Google Scholar

Cross, M. L., Cupp, E. W. and Enriquez, F. J. (1994) Modulation of murine cellular immune-responses and cytokines by salivary-gland extract of the black fly Simulium vittatum. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 45, 119–124Google ScholarPubMed

Cupp, E. W., Cupp, M. S., Ribeiro, J. M. C. and Kunz, S. E. (1998a) Blood-feeding strategy of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Med. Ent., 35, 591–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cupp, E. W. and Stokes, G. M. (1976) Feeding patterns of Culex salinarius Coquillett in Jefferson parish, Louisiana. Mosq. News, 36, 332–5Google Scholar

Cupp, M. S., Ribeiro, J. M. C., Champagne, D. E. and Cupp, E. W. (1998b) Analyses of cDNA and recombinant protein for a potent vasoactive protein in saliva of a blood-feeding black fly, Simulium vittatum. J. Exp. Biol., 201, 1553–61Google Scholar

Dale, C., Young, S. A., Haydon, D. T. and Welburn, S. C. (2001) The insect endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius utilizes a type III secretion system for cell invasion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 1883–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dan, A., Pereira, M. H., Pesquero, J. L., Diotaiuti, L. and Beirao, P. S. L. (1999) Action of the saliva of Triatoma infestans (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) on sodium channels. J. Med. Entomol., 36, 875–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Daniel, T. L. and Kingsolver, J. G. (1983) Feeding strategy and the mechanics of blood sucking in insects. J. Theor. Biol., 105, 661–72CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

David, C. T., Kennedy, J. S., Ludlow, A. R., Perry, J. N. and Wall, C. (1982) A reappraisal of insect flight towards a distant point source of wind-borne odor. J. Chem. Ecol., 8, 1207–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Davidson, G. and Draper, C. C. (1953) Field studies of some of the basic factors concerned in the transmission of malaria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 47, 522–35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Davis, E. E. (1984) Regulation of sensitivity in the peripheral chemoreceptor systems for host-seeking behaviour by a haemolymph-borne factor in Aedes aegypti. J. Insect Physiol., 30, 179–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, E. E. and Sokolove, P. G. (1975) Temperature response of the antennal receptors in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. J. Comp. Physiol., 96, 223–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Day, J. F. and Edman, J. D. (1983) Malaria renders mice susceptible to mosquito feeding when gametocytes are most infective. J. Parasitol., 69, 163–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Day, J. F. and Edman, J. D. (1984a) The importance of disease induced changes in mammalian body temperature to mosquito blood feeding. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 77, 447–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Day, J. F. and Edman, J. D. (1984b) Mosquito engorgement on normally defensive hosts depends on host activity patterns. J. Med. Ent., 21, 732–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Azambuja, P., Guimares, J. A. and Garcia, E. S. (1983) Haemolytic factor from the crop of Rhodnius prolixus: evidence and partial characterisation. J. Insect Physiol., 29, 833–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gregorio, E., Spellman, P. T., Tzou, P., Rubin, G. M. and Lemaitre, B. (2002) The Toll and Imd pathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila. EMBOJ., 21, 2568–79CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jong, R. and Knols, B. G. J. (1995) Selection of biting sites on man by 2 malaria mosquito species. Experientia, 51, 80–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeFoliart, G. R., Grimstad, P. R. and Watts, D. M. (1987) Advances in mosquito-borne arbovirus/vector research. Ann. Rev. Ent., 32, 479–505CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dei Cas, E., Maurois, P., Landau, I.et al. (1980) Morphologie et infectivite des gametocytes de Plasmodium inui. Annales Parasit., 55, 621–33Google Scholar

Dekker, T. and Takken, W. (1998) Differential responses of mosquito sibling species Anopheles arabiensis and An. quadriannulatus to carbon dioxide, a man or a calf. Med. Vet. Entomol., 12, 136–40CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dekker, T., Takken, W. and Braks, M. A. H. (2001) Innate preference for host-odor blends modulates degree of anthropophagy of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Ent., 38, 868–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dekker, T., Takken, W., Knols, B. G. J.et al. (1998) Selection of biting sites on a human host by Anopheles gambiae s. s., An. arabiensis and An. quadriannulatus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 87, 295–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Denotter, C. J., Tchicaya, T. and Schutte, A. M. (1991) Effects of age, sex and hunger on the antennal olfactory sensitivity of tsetse-flies. Phys. Ent., 16, 173–82Google Scholar

Desquesnes, M. and Dia, M. L. (2003) Trypanosoma vivax: mechanical transmission in cattle by one of the most common African tabanids, Atylotus agrestis. Experimental Parasitology, 103, 35–43CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dethier, V. G. (1954) Notes on the biting response of tsetse flies. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 3, 160–71CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Detinova, T. S. (1962) Age Grouping Methods in Diptera of Medical Importance. Geneva: World Health Organization

Dias, J. C., Silveira, A. C. and Schofield, C. J. (2002) The impact of Chagas disease control in Latin America: a review. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 97, 603–12CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Diatta, M., Spiegel, A., Lochouarn, L. and Fontenille, D. (1998) Similar feeding preferences of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis in Senegal. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 92, 270–2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dickerson, G. and Lavoipierre, M. M. J. (1959) Studies on the methods of feeding blood-sucking arthropods. II. The method of feeding adopted by the bed-bug (Cimex lectularius) when obtaining a blood meal from the mammalian host. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 53, 347–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dimopoulos, G. (2003) Insect immunity and its implication in mosquito-malaria interactions. Cell Microbiol., 5, 3–14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dimopoulos, G., Christophides, G. K., Meister, S.et al. (2002) Genome expression analysis of Anopheles gambiae: responses to injury, bacterial challenge, and malaria infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 8814–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dimopoulos, G., Seeley, D., Wolf, A. and Kafatos, F. C. (1998) Malaria infection of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae activates immune-responsive genes during critical transition stages of the parasite life cycle. EMBO J., 17, 6115–23CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dobson, A. P. (1988) Parasite-induced changes in host behaviour, Q. Rev. Biol., 63(4), 140–65

Downes, J. A. (1970) The ecology of blood-sucking diptera: an evolutionary perspective. In Fallis, A. M. (ed.), and Physiology of Parasites. Toronto: University of Toronto PressGoogle Scholar

Downs, C. M., Theberge, J. B. and Smith, S. M. (1986) The influence of insects on the distribution, microhabitat choice, and behaviour of the Burwash caribou herd. Can. J. Zool., 64, 622–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dryden, M. W. (1989) Host association, on-host longevity and egg production of Ctenocephalides felis felis. Vet Parasitol., 34, 117–22CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dujardin, J. C., Banuls, A. L., Llanos-Cuentas, A.et al. (1995) Putative Leishmania hybrids in the Eastern Andean valley of Huanuco, Peru. Acta Trop., 59, 293–307CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Duncan, P. and Vigne, N. (1979) The effect of group size in horses on the rate of attacks by blood-sucking flies. Animal Behaviour, 27, 623–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dunnet, G. M. (1970) Siphonaptera (Fleas). In CSIRO (ed.) The Insects of Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press

Durvasula, R. V., Gumbs, A., Panackal, A.et al. (1997) Prevention of insect-borne disease: an approach using transgenic symbiotic bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 3274–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Duval, J., Rajaonarivelo, E. and Rabenirainy, L. (1974) Ecologie de Styloconops spinosifrons (Carter, 1921) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) sur les plages de la côte Est de Madagascar. Cahiers ORSTOM, 12, 245–58Google Scholar

Dye, C. (1992) The analysis of parasite transmission by bloodsucking insects. Ann. Rev. Ent., 37, 1–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

East, J., Molyneux, D. H., Maudlin, I. and Dukes, P. (1983) Effect of Glossina haemolymph on salivarian trypanosomes in vitro. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 77, 97–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Edman, J. D. (1974) Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes III Culex (Culex) and Culex (NeoCulex). J. Med. Ent., 11, 95–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edman, J. D., Day, J. F. and Walker, E. (1985) Vector-host interplay: factors affecting disease transmission. In Lounibos, L. P., Rey, R. and Frank, J. H. (eds.), of Mosquitoes: Proceedings of a Workshop. New Beach, Florida: Florida Medical Entomology LaboratoryGoogle Scholar

Edman, J. D. and Kale, H. W. (1971) Host behaviour: its influence on the feeding success of mosquitoes. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., 64, 513–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edman, J. D. and Spielman, A. (1988) Blood feeding by vectors: physiology, ecology, behaviour and vertebrate defence. In Monath, T. P. (ed.), The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Baton Rouge: C.R.C. Press, Vol. 1Google Scholar

Edman, J. D. and Taylor, D. J. (1968) Culex nigripalpus: seasonal shift in the bird-mammal feeding ratio in a mosquito vector of human encephalitis. Science, 161, 67–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edman, J. D., Webber, L. A. and Kale, H. W. (1972) Effect of mosquito density on the interrelationship of host behavior and mosquito feeding success. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 21, 487–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Eichler, D. A. (1973) Studies on Onchocerca gutterosa (Neumann, 1910) and its development in Simulium ornatum (Meigen, 1818). 3. Factors affecting the development of the parasite in its vector. J. Helm., 47, 73–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eiras, A. E. and Jepson, P. C. (1994) Responses of female Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) to host odors and convection currents using an olfactometer bioassay. Bull. Ent. Res., 84, 207–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elkinton, J. S., Schal, C., Ono, T. and Carde, R. T. (1987) Pheromone puff trajectory and upwind flight of male gypsy moths in a forest. Phys. Ent., 12, 399–406CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellis, D. S. and Evans, D. A. (1977) Passage of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense through the peritrophic membrane of Glossina morsitans morsitans. Nature, 267, 834–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Elrod-Erickson, M., Mishra, S. and Schneider, D. (2000) Interactions between the cellular and humoral immune responses in Drosophila. Current Biology, 10, 781–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Elsen, P., Amoudi, M. A. and Leclercq, M. (1990) 1st record of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead, 1910 and Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead, 1910 in Southwestern Saudi-Arabia. Annales De La Societe Belge De Medecine Tropicale, 70, 281–7Google Scholar

Emmerson, K. C., Kim, K. C. and Price, R. D. (1973) Lice. In Flynn, R. J (ed.), Parasites of Laboratory Animals. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University PressGoogle Scholar

Escalante, A. A. and Ayala, F. J. (1995) Evolutionary origin of Plasmodium and other apicomplexa based on ribosomal-RNAgenes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 5793–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Esseghir, S., Ready, P. D., KillickKendrick, R. and BenIsmail, R. (1997) Mitochondrial haplotypes and phylogeography of Phlebotomus vectors of Leishmania major. Insect Mol. Biol., 6, 211–25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Evans, G. O. (1950) Studies on the bionomics of the sheep ked, Melophagus ovinus L., in West Wales. Bull. Ent. Res., 40, 459–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ewert, A. (1965) Comparative migration of microfilariae and development of Brugia pahangi in various mosquitoes. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 14, 254–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Falleroni, D. (1927) Per la soluzione del problema malarico italiano. Riv. Malariol., 6, 344–409Google Scholar

Fallis, A. M., Bennett, G. F., Griggs, G. and Allen, T. (1967) Collecting Simulium venustum female in fan traps and on silhouettes with the aid of carbon dioxide. Can. J. Zool., 45, 1011–17CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fallis, A. M. and Raybould, J. N. (1975) Response of two African simuliids to silhouettes and carbon dioxide. J. Med. Entomol., 12, 349–51CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fallis, A. M. and Smith, S. M. (1964) Ether extract from birds and CO2 as attractants for some ornithophilic simuliids. Can. J. Zool., 42, 723–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farkas, S. R. and Shorey, H. H. (1972) Chemical trail-following by flying insects: a mechanism for orientation to a distant odor source. Science (Washington, D.C), 178, 67–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Farmer, J., Maddrell, S. H. P. and Spring, J. H. (1981) Absorption of fluid by the midgut of Rhodnius. J. Exp. Biol., 94, 301–16Google Scholar

Faust, E. C., Russel, P. F. and Jung, R. C. (1977) Craig and Fausts Clinical Parasitology. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger

Favia, G., Torre, A., Bagayoko, M.et al. (1997) Molecular identification of sympatric chromosomal forms of Anopheles gambiae and further evidence of their reproductive isolation. Insect Mol. Biol., 6, 377–83CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Feingold, B. F. and Benjamini, E. (1961) Allergy to flea bites: clinical and experimental observations. Ann. Allerg., 19, 1274–89Google ScholarPubMed

Ferdig, M. T., Beerntsen, B. T., Spray, F. J., Li, J. and Christensen, B. M. (1993) Reproductive costs associated with resistance in a mosquito-filarial worm system. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 49, 756–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferguson, H. M. and Read, A. F. (2002a) Genetic and environmental determinants of malaria parasite virulence in mosquitoes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sciences, 269, 1217–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferguson, H. M. and Read, A. F. (2002b) Why is the effect of malaria parasites on mosquito survival still unresolved?Trends in Parasitology, 18, 256–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferrari, J., Muller, C. B., Kraaijeveld, A. R. and Godfray, H. C. (2001) Clonal variation and covariation in aphid resistance to parasitoids and a pathogen. Evolution, 55, 1805–1814CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferris, G. R. (1931) The louse of elephants Haematomyzus elephantis Piaget (Mallophaga: Haematomyzidae). Parasitol., 23, 112–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flores, G. B. and Lazzari, C. R. (1996) The role of the antennae in Triatoma infestans: Orientation towards thermal sources. J. Insect Physiol., 42, 433–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foley, E. and Farrell, P. H. (2003) Nitric oxide contributes to induction of innate immune responses to gram-negative bacteria in Drosophila. Genes Dev., 17, 115–25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Foster, W. A. (1976) Male sexual maturation of the tsetse flies Glossina morsitans Westwood and G. austeni Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae) in relation to feeding. Bull. Ent. Res., 66, 389–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fox, A. N., Pitts, R. J., Robertson, H. M., Carlson, J. R. and Zwiebel, L. J. (2001) Candidate odorant receptors from the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae and evidence of down-regulation in response to blood feeding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 14693–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Francischetti, I. M. B., Ribeiro, J. M. C., Champagne, D. and Andersen, J. (2000) Purification, cloning, expression, and mechanism of action of a novel platelet aggregation inhibitor from the salivary gland of the blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 12639–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Francischetti, I. M. B., Valenzuela, J. G. and Ribeiro, J. M. C. (1999) Anophelin: kinetics and mechanism of thrombin inhibition. Biochemistry, 38, 16678–85CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fredeen, F. J. H. (1961) A trap for studying the attacking behaviour of black flies Simulium articum Mall. Can. Entomol., 93, 73–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Freier, J. E. and Friedman, S. (1976) Effect of host infection with Plasmodium gallinaceum on the reproductive capacity of Aedes aegypti. J. Invert. Pathol., 28, 161–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Friend, W. G. (1978) Physical factors affecting the feeding responses of Culiseta inornata to ATP, sucrose and blood. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., 71, 935–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friend, W. G. and Smith, J. J. B. (1971) Feeding in Rhodnius prolixus: mouthpart activity and salivation and their correlation with changes of electrical resistance. J. Insect Physiol., 17, 233–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friend, W. G. and Smith, J. J. B. (1975) Feeding in Rhodnius prolixus: increasing sensitivity to ATP during prolonged food deprivation. J. Insect Physiol., 21, 1081–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Friend, W. G. and Smith, J. J. B. (1977) Factors affecting feeding by blood-sucking insects. Ann. Rev. Ent., 22, 309–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friend, W. G. and Stoffolano, J. G. (1984) Feeding responses of the horsefly, Tabanus nigrovittatus, to physical factors, ATP analogues and blood fractions. Phys. Ent., 9, 395–402CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fu, H., Leake, C. J., Mertens, P. P. and Mellor, P. S. (1999) The barriers to bluetongue virus infection, dissemination and transmission in the vector, Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arch. Virol., 144, 747–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gad, A. M., Maier, W. A. and Piekorski, G. (1979) Pathology of Anopheles stephensi after infection with Plasmodium berghei berghei. I. Mortality rate. Z. Parasit., 60, 249–61CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gade, G. and Auerswald, L. (2002) Beetles' choice: proline for energy output: control by AKHs. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B., 132, 117–29CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Galun, R. (1966) Feeding stimulants of the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis Roth. Life Sci., 5, 1335–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Galun, R. (1986) Diversity of phagostimulants used for recognition of blood meal by haematophagous arthropods. In Borovsky, D. and Spielman, A. (eds.), Host-Regulated Development Mechanisms in Vector Arthropods. Florida: IFAS, University of FloridaGoogle Scholar

Galun, R. (1987) The evolution of purinergic receptors involved in recognition of a blood meal by haematophagous insects. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 82, 5–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Galun, R., Avidor, Y. and Bar-Zeev, M. (1963) Feeding response in Aedes aegypti: stimulation by adnosine triphosphate. Science, 124, 1674–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Galun, R., Friend, W. G. and Nudelman, S. (1988) Purinergic reception by culicine mosquitoes. J. Comp. Physiol. A., 163, 665–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Galun, R. and Kabayo, J. P. (1988) Gorging response of Glossina palpalis palpalis to ATP analogues. Phys. Ent., 13, 419–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Galun, R., Koontz, L. C. and Gwadz, R. W. (1985) Engorgement response of anopheline mosquitoes to blood fractions and artificial solutions. Phys. Ent., 10, 145–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Galun, R., Vardimonfriedman, H. and Frankenburg, S. (1993) Gorging response of culicine mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae) to blood fractions. J. Med. Ent., 30, 513–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garcia, R. and Radovsky, F. J. (1962) Haematophagy by two non-biting myscid flies and its relationship to tabanid feeding. Can. Entomol., 94, 1110–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gardiner, E. M. and Strand, M. R. (1999) Monoclonal antibodies bind distinct classes of hemocytes in the moth Pseudoplusia includens. J Insect Physiol., 45, 113–26CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Garms, R., Walsh, J. F. and Davies, J. B. (1979) Studies on the reinvasion of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin by Simulium damnosum s.l. with emphasis on the south-western areas. Tropenmed. Parasitol., 30, 345–62Google Scholar

Garrett-Jones, C. and Shidrawi, G. R. (1969) Malaria vectorial capacity of a population of Anopheles gambiae. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 40, 531–45Google ScholarPubMed

Gaston, K. A. and Randolph, S. E. (1993) Reproductive under-performance of tsetse-flies in the laboratory, related to feeding frequency. Phys. Ent., 18, 130–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gatehouse, A. G. (1970) The probing response of Stomoxys calcitrans to certain physical and olfactory stimuli. J. Insect Physiol., 16, 61–74CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gatehouse, A. G. (1972) Some responses of tsetse flies to visual and olfactory stimuli. Nature New Biol., 236, 63–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gaunt, M. W. and Miles, M. A. (2002) An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19, 748–61CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gaunt, M. W., Yeo, M., Frame, I. A. (2003) Mechanism of genetic exchange in American trypanosomes. Nature, 421, 936–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gautret, P. (2001) Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte periodicity. Acta Trop., 78, 1–2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gautret, P. and Motard, A. (1999) Periodic infectivity of Plasmodium gametocytes to the vector: a review. Parasite-Journal De La Societe Francaise De Parasitologie, 6, 103–11Google ScholarPubMed

Geden, C. J. and Hogsette, J. A. (1994) Research and extension needs for integrated pest management for arthropods of veterinary importance. Proceedings of a Workshop in Lincoln, Nebraska, 12–14 April, Lincoln, NebraskaGoogle Scholar

Gee, J. C. (1975) Diuresis in the tsetse fly Glossina austeni. J. Exp. Biol., 63, 381–90Google ScholarPubMed

Geier, M., Bosch, O. J. and Boeckh, J. (1999) Ammonia as an attractive component of host odour for the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Chemical Senses, 24, 647–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gentile, G., Della Torre, A., Maegga, B., Powell, J. R. and Caccone, A. (2002) Genetic differentiation in the African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s., and the problem of taxonomic status. Genetics, 161, 1561–78Google ScholarPubMed

Ghosh, K. N. and Mukhopadhyay, J. (1998) The effect of anti-sandfly saliva antibodies on Phlebotomus argentipes and Leishmania donovani. Int. J. Parasit., 28, 275–81CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gibson, G. (1992) Do tsetse-flies see zebras: a field-study of the visual response of tsetse to striped targets. Phys. Ent., 17, 141–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, G. and Brady, J. (1985) Anemotactic flight paths of tsetse flies in relation to host odour: preliminary video study in nature. Phys. Ent., 10, 395–406CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, G. and Brady, J. (1988) Flight behaviour of tsetse flies in host odour plumes: the initial response to leaving or entering odour. Phys. Ent., 13, 29–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, G. and Torr, S. J. (1999) Visual and olfactory responses of haematophagous Diptera to host stimuli. Med. Vet. Entomol., 13, 2–23CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gibson, G. and Young, S. (1991) The optics of tsetse-fly eyes in relation to their behavior and ecology. Phys. Ent., 16, 273–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gikonyo, N. K., Hassanali, A., Njagi, P. G. N. and Saini, R. K. (2000) Behaviour of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) on waterbuck Kobus defassa Ruppel and feeding membranes smeared with waterbuck sebum indicates the presence of allomones. Acta Trop., 77, 295–303CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gillespie, R. D., Mbow, M. L. and Titus, R. G. (2000) The immunomodulatory factors of bloodfeeding arthropod saliva. Parasite Immunology, 22, 319–31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gillett, J. D. (1967) Natural selection and feeding speed in a blood sucking insect. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B., 167, 316–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gillett, J. D. and Connor, J. (1976) Host temperature and the transmission of arboviruses by mosquitoes. Mosq. News, 36, 472–7Google Scholar

Gillies, M. T. (1980) The role of carbon dioxide in host-finding by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): a review. Bull. Ent. Res., 70, 525–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gillies, M. T. and Wilkes, T. J. (1969) A comparison of the range of attraction of animal baits and carbon dioxide for some West African mosquitoes. Bull. Ent. Res., 59, 441–56CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gillies, M. T. and Wilkes, T. J. (1970) The range of attraction of single baits for some West African mosquitoes. Bull. Ent. Res., 60, 225–35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gillies, M. T. and Wilkes, T. J. (1972) The range of attraction of animal baits and carbon dioxide for mosquitoes. Studies in a freshwater area of West Africa. Bull. Ent. Res., 61, 389–404CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glasgow, J. P. (1961) The feeding habits of Glossina swynnertoni. J. An. Ecol., 30, 77–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodchild, A. J. P. (1955) Some observations on growth and egg production of the blood-sucking Reduviids, Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans. Proc. R. Ent. Soc., 30, 137–44Google Scholar

Gooding, R. H. (1968) A note on the relationship between feeding and insemination in Pediculus humanus. J. Med. Ent., 5, 265–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gooding, R. H. (1972) Digestive processes of haematophagous insects. I. A literature review. Quaest. Ent., 8, 5–60Google Scholar

Gooding, R. H.(1974) Digestive processes in haematophagous insects. Control of trypsin secretion in Glossina morsitans morsitans. J. Insect Physiol., 20, 957–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gooding, R. H. (1975) Inhibition of diuresis in the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans) by ouabain or acetazolamide. Experientia, 31, 938–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gooding, R. H. (1977) Digestive processes of haematophagous insects. XIV Haemolytic activity in the midgut of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae). Can. J. Zool., 55, 1899–1905CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gordon, R. M., Crewe, W. and Willett, K. C. (1956) Studies on the deposition, migration and development to the blood forms of tryapnosomes belonging to the Trypanosoma brucei group. I. An account of the process of feeding adopted by the tsetse fly when obtaining a blood meal from the mammalian host, with special reference to the ejection of saliva and the relationship of the feeding process to the deposition of the metacyclic trypanosomes. Ann. Trop. Med., 50, 426–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gore, T. C. and Pittman-Noblet, G. (1978) The effect of photoperiod on the deep body temperature of domestic turkeys and its relationship to the diurnal periodicity of Leucocytozoon smithi gametocytes in the peripheral blood of turkeys. Poultry Science, 57, 603–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gorman, M. J., Cornel, A. J., Collins, F. H. and Paskewitz, S. M. (1996) A shared genetic mechanism for melanotic encapsulation of CM- Sephadex beads and a malaria parasite, Plasmodium cynomolgi B, in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Experimental Parasitology, 84, 380–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gottar, M., Gobert, V., Michel, T.et al. (2002) The Drosophila immune response against Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by a peptidoglycan recognition protein. Nature, 416, 640–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gotz, P. (1986) Encapsulation in arthropods. In Brehelin, M. (ed.), Immunity in Invertebrates. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo, 153–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Graf, R., Raikhel, A. S., Brown, M. R., Lea, A. O. and Briegel, H. (1986) Mosquito trypsin: immunocytochemical localisation in the midgut of blood-fed Aedes aegypti (L.). Cell, 245, 19–27Google Scholar

Graham, H. (1902) Dengue: a study of its mode of propagation and pathology. Medical Record, 61, 204–7

Grant, A. J., Wigton, B. E., Aghajanian, J. G. and O' Connell, R. J. (1995) Electrophysiological responses of receptor neurons in mosquito maxillary palp sensilla to carbon-dioxide. J. Comp. Physiol., 177, 389–96CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grassi, B., Bignami, A. E. and Bastianelli, G. (1899) Ciclo evolutivo delle semilune nell' Anopheles claviger ed altri studi sulla malaria dall' ottobre 1898 all maggio 1899. Atti. Soc. Studi Malaria, 1, 143–27

Green, C. H. (1986) effects of colors and synthetic odors on the attraction of Glossina pallidipes and Glossina morsitans morsitans to traps and screens. Phys. Ent., 11, 411–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Green, C. H. (1989) The use of two-coloured screens for catching Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bull. Ent. Res., 79, 81–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Green, C. H. and Cosens, D. (1983) Spectral responses of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans. J. Insect Physiol., 29, 795–800CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Griffiths, N. and Brady, J. (1995) Wind structure in relation to odour plumes in tsetse fly habitats. Phys. Ent., 20, 286–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Griffiths, N., Paynter, Q. and Brady, J. (1995) Rates of progress up odour trails by tsetse flies: a mark-release video study of the timing of odour source location by Glossina pallidipes. Phys. Ent., 20, 100–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grimstad, P. R., Paulson, S. L. and Craig, G. B. Jr (1985) Vector competence of Aedes hendersoni (Diptera: Culicidae) for La Crosse virus and evidence of a salivary gland escape barrier. J. Med. Ent., 22, 447–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grimstad, P. R., Ross, Q. E. and Craig, G. B. Jr (1980) Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and La Crosse virus. II. Modification of mosquito feeding behaviour by virus infection. J. Med. Ent., 17, 1–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grossman, G. L. and Pappas, L. G. (1991) Human skin temperature and mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) blood feeding rate. J. Med. Ent., 28, 456–60CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grubhoffer, L., Hypsa, V. and Volf, P. (1997) Lectins (hemagglutinins) in the gut of the important disease vectors. Parasite-Journal De La Societe Francaise De Parasitologie, 4, 203–16Google ScholarPubMed

Guarneri, A. A., Diotaiuti, L., Gontijo, N. F., Gontijo, A. F. and Pereira, M. H. (2000) Comparison of feeding behaviour of Triatoma infestans, Triatoma brasiliensis and Triatoma pseudomaculata in different hosts by electronic monitoring of the cibarial pump. J. Insect Physiol., 46, 1121–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Guerenstein, P. G. and Nunez, J. A. (1994) Feeding response of the hematophagous bugs Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans to saline solutions: a comparative-study. J. Insect Physiol., 40, 747–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gwadz, R. W. (1969) Regulation of blood meal size in the mosquito. J. Insect Physiol., 15, 2039–44CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Haarlov, N. (1964) Life cycle and distribution pattern of Lipoptena cervi (Dipt., Hippobosc.) on Danish deer. Oikos, 15, 93–129CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hacker, C. S. and Kilama, W. L. (1974) The relationship between Plasmodium gallinaceum density and the fecundity of Aedes aegypti. J. Invert. Pathol., 23, 101–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hackett, L. W. and Missiroli, A. (1931) The natural disappearence of malaria in certain regions of Europe. Am. J. Hyg., 13, 57–78Google Scholar

Hafner, M. S., Sudman, P. D., Villablanca, F. X.et al. (1994) Disparate rates of molecular evolution in cospeciating hosts and parasites. Science, 265, 1087–90CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hailman, J. P. (1979) Environmental light and conspicuous colours. In Burtt, E. H. (ed.), The Behavioural Significance of Colour. New York: Garland STPM PressGoogle Scholar

Hall, D. R., Beevor, P. S., Cork, A., Nesbitt, B. F. and Vale, G. A. (1984) 1-Octen-3-ol: a potent olfactory stimulant and attractant for tsetse isolated from cattle odours. Insect Sci. Applic., 5, 335–9Google Scholar

Hall, L. R. and Titus, R. G. (1995) Sand fly vector saliva selectively modulates macrophage functions that inhibit killing of Leishmania major and nitric oxide production. Journal of Immunology, 155, 3501–6Google ScholarPubMed

Halstead, S. B. (1990) Dengue. In Warren, K. S. and Mahmoud, A. A. F. (eds.), Tropical and Geographical Medicine.New York: McGraw Hill, 675–85Google Scholar

Handman, E. (2000) Cell biology of Leishmania. In Advances in Parasitology, Vol. 44, 1–39Google Scholar

Hansens, E. J., Bosler, E. M. and Robinson, J. W. (1971) Use of traps for study and control of salt marsh flies. J. Econ. Entomol., 64, 1481–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hao, Z., Kasumba, I., Lehane, M. J.et al. (2001) Tsetse immune responses and trypanosome transmission: implications for the development of tsetse-based strategies to reduce trypanosomiasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 12648–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Haque, A. and Capron, A. (1982) Transplacental transfer of rodent microfilariae induces antigen-specific tolerance in rats. Nature, 299, 361–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hargrove, J. W. (1980a) The effect of ambient-temperature on the flight performance of the mature male tsetse-fly, Glossina morsitans. Phys. Ent., 5, 397–400CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hargrove, J. W. (1980b) The importance of model size and ox odour on the alighting response of Glossina morsitans Westwood and Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bull. Ent. Res., 70, 229–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hargrove, J. W., Holloway, M. T. P., Vale, G. A., Gough, A. J. E. and Hall, D. R. (1995) Catches of tsetse (Glossina spp) (Diptera, Glossinidae) from traps and targets baited with large doses of natural and synthetic host odor. Bull. Ent. Res., 85, 215–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hargrove, J. W. and Williams, B. G. (1995) A cost-benefit-analysis of feeding in female tsetse. Med. Vet. Ent., 9, 109–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harrington, L. C., Edman, J. D. and Scott, T. W. (2001) Why do female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) feed preferentially and frequently on human blood?J. Med. Ent., 38, 411–22CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harris, J. A., Hillerton, J. E. and Morant, S. V. (1987) Effect on milk production of controlling muscid flies, and reducing fly-avoidance behaviour by the use of Fenvalerate ear tags during the dry period. Journal of Dairy Research, 54, 165–71CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harris, P., Riordan, D. F. and Cooke, D. (1969) Mosquitoes feeding on insect larvae. Science, 164, 184–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harrison, G. (1978) Mosquitoes, Malaria and Man: A History of the Hostilities since 1880. London: Murray

Hart, B. L. and Hart, L. A. (1994 ) Fly switching by Asian elephants: tool use to control parasites. Animal Behaviour, 48, 35–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hawking, F. (1962) Microfilaria infestation as an instance of periodic phenomena seen in host-parasite relationships. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 98, 940–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hawking, F. (1976) Circadian rhythms in Trypanosoma congolense. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 70, 170CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hawking, F., Gammage, K. and Worms, M. J. (1972) The asexual and sexual circadian rhythms of Plasmodium vinckei chabaudi, P. berghei and P. gallinaceum. Parasitology, 65, 189–201CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hawking, F., Wilson, M. E. and Gammage, K. (1971) Guidance for cyclic development and short-lived maturity in in the gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology, 65, 549–59Google Scholar

Hawking, F., Worms, M. J. and Gammage, K. (1968) 24- and 48-hour cycles of malaria parasites in the blood: their purpose, production and control. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 62, 731–60CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hawking, F., Worms, M. J., Gammage, K. and Goddard, P. A. (1966) The biological purpose of the blood-cycle of the malaria parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi. Lancet, 2, 422–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hecker, H. and Rudin, W. (1981) Morphometric parameters of the midgut cells of Aedes aegypti L. (Insecta, Diptera) under various conditions. Cell, 219, 619–27Google ScholarPubMed

Helle, T. and Aspi, J. (1983) Does herd formation reduce insect harassment among reindeer? A field experiment with animal traps. Acta Zool. Fernica, 175, 129–31Google Scholar

Hendry, G. and Godwin, G. (1988) Biting midges in Scottish forestry: a costly irritant or a trivial nuisance?Scottish Forestry, 42, 113–19Google Scholar

Henry, V. G. and Conley, R. H. (1970) Some parasites of European wild hogs in the southern Appalachians. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 34, 913–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hill, C. A., Fox, A. N., Pitts, R. J.et al. (2002) G protein coupled receptors in Anopheles gambiae. Science, 298, 176–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hill, P., Saunders, D. S. and Campbell, J. A. (1973) The production of ‘symbiont-free’ Glossina morsitans and an associated loss of female fertility. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 67, 727–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hillyer, J. F. and Christensen, B. M. (2002) Characterization of hemocytes from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 117, 431–40CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hinnebusch, B. J., Fischer, E. R. and Schwan, T. G. (1998) Evaluation of the role of the Yersinia pestis plasminogen activator and other plasmid-encoded factors in temperature-dependent blockage of the flea. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 178, 1406–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hinton, H. E. (1958) The phylogeny of the panorpoid orders. Ann. Rev. Ent., 3, 181–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoc, T. Q. and Schaub, G. A. (1996) Improvement of techniques for age grading hematophagous insects: ovarian oil-injection and ovariolar separation techniques. J. Med. Ent., 33, 286–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hocking, B. (1953) The intrinsic range and speed of flight of insects. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 104, 223–345Google Scholar

Hocking, B. (1957) Louse control through textile fibre size. Bull. Ent. Res., 48, 507–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hocking, B. (1971) Blood-sucking behaviour of terrestrial arthropods. Ann. Rev. Ent., 16, 1–26CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hockmeyer, W. T., Schieffer, B. A., Redington, B. C. and Eldridge, B. V. (1975) Brugia pahangi effects upon the flight capability of Aedes aegypti. Experimental Parasitology, 38, 1–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hoffmann, J. A. (2003) The immune response of Drosophila. Nature, 426, 33–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hoffmann, J. A. and Reichhart, J. M. (2002) Drosophila innate immunity: an evolutionary perspective. Nature Immunology, 3, 121–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hogg, J. C. and Hurd, H. (1995) Plasmodium yoelli nigeriensis – the effect of high and low intensity of infection upon the egg production and bloodmeal size of Anopheles stephensi during three gonotrophic cycles. Parasitol., 111, 555–62CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Holloway, M. T. P. and Phelps, R. J. (1991) The responses of Stomoxys spp. (Diptera, Muscidae) to traps and artificial host odors in the field. Bull. Ent. Res., 81, 51–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hooke, R. (1664) Micrographia.

Hopkins, F. H. E. (1949) The host associations of the lice of mammals. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 119, 387–604CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hopwood, J. A., Ahmed, A. M., Polwart, A., Williams, G. T. and Hurd, H. (2001) Malaria-induced apoptosis in mosquito ovaries: a mechanism to control vector egg production. J. Exp. Biol., 204, 2773–2780Google ScholarPubMed