Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Black Networks Matter
    • You have access
    • Open access
  • Cited by 6
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
January 2024
Print publication year:
2024
Online ISBN:
9781009415842
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009415842
Creative Commons:
Creative Common License - CC Creative Common License - BY Creative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/creativelicenses
Series:
Elements in Contentious Politics
Subjects:
Political Sociology, Politics and International Relations, Comparative Politics, Sociology
Information

Book description

Scholars have long recognized that interpersonal networks play a role in mobilizing social movements. Yet, many questions remain. This Element addresses these questions by theorizing about three dimensions of ties: emotionally strong or weak, movement insider or outsider, and ingroup or cross-cleavage. The survey data on the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests show that weak and cross-cleavage ties among outsiders enabled the movement to evolve from a small provocation into a massive national mobilization. In particular, the authors find that Black people mobilized one another through social media and spurred their non-Black friends to protest by sharing their personal encounters with racism. These results depart from the established literature regarding the civil rights movement that emphasizes strong, movement-internal, and racially homogenous ties. The networks that mobilize appear to have changed in the social media era. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

References

References

Adler, Paul S., and Kwon, Seok-Woo. 2002. “Social Capital.” The Academy of Management Review 27(1):17–40.
Alesina, Alberto, Glaeser, Edward, and Sacerdote, Bruce. 2001. “Why Doesn’t the US Have a European-Style Welfare System?” Working Paper. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w8524.
Allport, Gordon W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities. Verso Books.
Andrasfay, Theresa, and Goldman, Noreen. 2021. “Reductions in 2020 US Life Expectancy Due to COVID-19 and the Disproportionate Impact on the Black and Latino Populations.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(5):e2014746118.
AP-NORC Center. 2020. “The June 2020 AP-NORC Center Poll.” The Association-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. https://apnorc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Topline_final_release5.pdf.
Arora, Maneesh. 2020. “Analysis: How the Coronavirus Pandemic Helped the Floyd Protests Become the Biggest in U.S. History.” Washington Post, August 4. www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/05/how-coronavirus-pandemic-helped-floyd-protests-become-biggest-us-history/.
Maneesh, Arora, and Stout, Christopher T.. 2019. “Letters for Black Lives.” Political Research Quarterly 72(2):389–402.
Barroso, Amanda, and Minkin, Rachel. 2020. “Recent protest attendees are more racially and ethnically diverse, younger than Americans overall. United States of America.” Available at https://policycommons.net/artifacts/813321/recent-protest-attendees-are-more-racially-and-ethnically-diverse-younger-than-americans-overall/1686864/.
Bayes, Robin, Druckman, James N., Goods, Avery, and Molden, Daniel C.. 2020. “When and How Different Motives Can Drive Motivated Political Reasoning.” Political Psychology 41(5):1031–52.
Robin, Bayes, Druckman, James N., and Safarpour, Alauna C.. 2022. “Studying Science Inequities.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 700(1):220–33.
Bell, Jr. , Derrick, A. 1980. “Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma.” Harvard Law Review 93:518–33.
Bennett, W. Lance., and Segerberg, Alexandra. 2012. “The Logic of Connective Action.” Information, Communication & Society 15(5):739–68.
Black, Marc. 2007. “Fanon and DuBoisian Double Consciousness.” Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge 5(3):393–404.
Blau, Peter M. 1993. “Multilevel Structural Analysis.” Social Networks 15(2): 201–15.
Marcus, Board, Spry, Amber, Nunnally, Shayla C., and Sinclair-Chapman, Valeria. 2020. “Black Generational Politics and the Black Lives Matter Movement.” National Review of Black Politics 1(4):452–73.
Toby, Bolsen, Druckman, James N., and L. Cook, Fay. 2014. “The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning on Public Opinion.” Political Behavior 36(2):235–62.
Bond, Robert M., Fariss, Christopher J., Jones, Jason J., et al. 2012. “A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization.” Nature 489(7415):295–98.
Tabitha, , and Tillery, Alvin B.. 2020. “Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement?” American Political Science Review 114(4):947–62.
Boulianne, Shelley, and Lee, Sangwon. 2022. “Conspiracy Beliefs, Misinformation, Social Media Platforms, and Protest Participation.” Media and Communication 10(4):30–41.
Brashears, Matthew E., and Quintane, Eric. 2018. “The Weakness of Tie Strength.” Social Networks 55:104–15.
Broockman, David, and Kalla, Joshua. 2016. “Durably Reducing Transphobia.” Science 352(6282):220–24.
Brown, Jacob R., Enos, Ryan D., Feigenbaum, James, and Mazumder, Soumyajit. 2021. “Childhood Cross-Ethnic Exposure Predicts Political Behavior Seven Decades Later: Evidence from Linked Administrative Data.” Science Advances 7(24):eabe8432.
Brown, Nadia E., Block, Ray Jr., and Stout, Christopher. 2020. The Politics of Protest. Routledge.
Browning, Rufus P., R. Marshall, Dale, and Tabb, David H.. 1984. Protest Is Not Enough. University of California Press.
Larry, Buchanan, Bui, Quoctrung, and Patel, Jugal K.. 2020. “Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History.” The New York Times, July 3. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html.
Bucher, Taina. 2012. “Want to Be on the Top?” New Media & Society 14(7): 1164–80.
Bunyasi, Tehama L., and W. Smith, Candis. 2019. “Do All Black Lives Matter Equally to Black People?” Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 4(1):180–215.
Moira, Burke, and Kraut, Robert E.. 2014. “Growing Closer on Facebook.” Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April:4187–96.
Burt, Ronald S. 2004. “Structural Holes and Good Ideas.” American Journal of Sociology 110(2):349–99.
Campbell, David E., and Wolbrecht, Christina. 2020. “The Resistance as Role Model.” Political Behavior 42(4):1143–68.
Carbado, Devon W., and Roithmayr, Daria. 2014. “Critical Race Theory Meets Social Science.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 10(1):149–67.
Carney, Nikita. 2016. “All Lives Matter, but So Does Race.” Humanity & Society 40(2):180–99.
Castells, Manuel. 2015. Networks of Outrage and Hope. John Wiley.
Centola, Damon. 2010. “The Spread of Behavior in an Online Social Network Experiment.” Science 329:1194–97.
Centola, Damon. 2018. How Behavior Spreads. Princeton University Press.
Checco, Monia D. 2018. “‘Not Your Grandmamma’s Civil Rights Movement’.” RSA Journal 29:39–60.
Chenoweth, Erica, Hamilton, Barton H., Lee, Hedwig, et al. 2022. “Who Protests, What Do They Protest, and Why?” Working Paper. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Chotiner, Isaac . 2020. “A Black Lives Matter Co-founder Explains Why This Time Is Different.” The New Yorker, June 3. www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/a-black-lives-matter-co-founder-explains-why-this-time-is-different.
Cobb, Jelani. 2016. “The Matter of Black Lives.” The New Yorker, March 6. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/where-is-black-lives-matter-headed.
Cohen, Cathy J., and Jackson, Sarah J.. 2016. “Ask a Feminist.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 41(4):775–92.
Coleman, Eric, and Elinor, Ostrom. 2011. “Experimental Contributions to Collective Action Theory.” In Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science, edited by Druckman, James N., Green, Donald P., Kuklinski, James H., and Lupia, Arthur, 339–52 . Cambridge University Press.
Coleman, James S. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94:95–120.
Costa, Mia. 2017. “How Responsive Are Political Elites?” Journal of Experimental Political Science 4(3):241–54.
Cox, Jonathan M. 2017. “The Source of a Movement.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 40(11):1847–54.
Craig, Maureen A., and Richeson, Jennifer A.. 2014. “More Diverse Yet Less Tolerant?” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40(6):750–61.
Crisp, Richard J., and Turner, Rhiannon N.. 2009. “Can Imagined Interactions Produce Positive Perceptions?” American Psychologist 64(4):231–40.
Crossley, Nick. 2002. Making Sense of Social Movements. McGraw-Hill Education.
Diani, Mario, and McAdam, Doug. 2003. Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action. Oxford University Press.
Diekmann, Andreas. 1985. “Volunteer’s Dilemma.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 29(4):605–10.
Du Bois, W. E. B. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk. A. C. McClurg.
Dunivin, Zackary O., Y. Yan, Harry, Ince, Jelani, and Rojas, Fabio. 2022. “Black Lives Matter Protests Shift Public Discourse.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119(10):e2117320119.
Earl, Jennifer, and Kimport, Katrina. 2011. Digitally Enabled Social Change. MIT Press.
Ebbinghaus, Mathis, Bailey, Nathan, and Rubel, Jacob. 2021. “Defended or Defunded?” SocArXiv.
Edgar, Amanda N., and Johnson, Andre E.. 2018. The Struggle over Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter. Rowman & Littlefield.
Einav, Gali. 2022. “Media Reimagined.” In Transitioning Media in a Post COVID World: Digital Transformation, Immersive Technologies, and Consumer Behavior, edited by Einav, Gali, 19–28. Springer International.
Elmasry, Mohamad H., and el-Nawawy, Mohammed. 2017. “Do Black Lives Matter?” Journalism Practice 11(7):857–75.
Engist, Oliver, and Schafmeister, Felix. 2022. “Do Political Protests Mobilize Voters?” Public Choice 193(3):293–313.
English, Micah, and Kalla, Joshua. 2021. “Racial Equality Frames and Public Policy Support.” Working Paper. Yale University.
Enos, Ryan D. 2017. The Space between Us. Cambridge University Press.
Fishbein, Martin, and Ajzen, Icek. 2009. Predicting and Changing Behavior. Psychology Press.
Fisher, Dana R. 2019. American Resistance. Columbia University Press.
Fisher, Dana R. 2020. “The Diversity of the Recent Black Lives Matter Protests Is a Good Sign for Racial Equity.” Brookings, July 8. www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2020/07/08/the-diversity-of-the-recent-black-lives-matter-protests-is-a-good-sign-for-racial-equity/.
Fisher, Dana R., and Rouse, Stella M.. 2022. “Intersectionality within the Racial Justice Movement in the Summer of 2020.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119(30):e2118525119.
Fryer, Roland. 2007. “Guess Who’s Been Coming to Dinner?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 21(2):71–90.
Fulmer, Sara M., Frijters, Jan C.. 2009. “A Review of Self-Report and Alternative Approaches in the Measurement of Student Motivation.” Educational Psychology Review 21:219–46.
Gamson, William A. 1992. Talking Politics. Cambridge University Press.
Garza, Alicia. 2021. The Purpose of Power. One World.
Gause, LaGina. 2022a. “Revealing Issue Salience via Costly Protest.” British Journal of Political Science 52(1):259–79.
Gause, LaGina. 2022b. The Advantage of Disadvantage. Cambridge University Press.
Gause, LaGina. 2022c. “Costly Protest and Minority Representation in the United States.” PS: Political Science & Politics 55(2):279–81.
Gee, Laura K., Jones, Jason, and Burke, Moira. 2017. “Social Networks and Labor Markets.” Journal of Labor Economics 35(2):485–518.
Gelman, Andrew. 2008. “Scaling Regression Inputs by Dividing by Two Standard Deviations.” Statistics in Medicine 27(15):2865–73.
Gelman, Andrew, and Margalit, Yotam. 2021. “Social Penumbras Predict Political Attitudes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(6):e2019375118.
Gerber, Alan S., and Green, Donald P.. 2000. “The Effects of Canvassing, Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout.” American Political Science Review 94(3):653–63.
Gerber, Alan S., Green, Donald P., and Larimer, Christopher W.. 2008. “Social Pressure and Voter Turnout.” American Political Science Review 102(1):33–48.
Gould, Roger V. 2003. “Why Do Networks Matter?” In Social Movements and Networks, edited by McAdam, Doug and Diani, Mario, 233–57. Oxford University Press.
Graham, Matthew H., and Svolik, Milan W.. 2020. “Democracy in America? Partisanship, Polarization, and the Robustness of Support for Democracy in the United States.” American Political Science Review 114(2):392–409.
Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78(6):1360–80.
Green, Donald P., and Wong, Janelle S.. 2009. “Tolerance and the Contact Hypothesis.” In The Political Psychology of Democratic Citizenship, edited by Borgida, Eugene, Federico, Christopher M., and Sullivan, John L., 228–46. Oxford University Press.
Green, Jon, Druckman, James N., Baum, Matthew A., et al. 2023. “Media Use and Vaccine Resistance.” PNAS Nexus 2(5):146.
Green, Melanie C., and Brock, Timothy C.. 2000. “The Role of Transportation in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79:701–21.
Percy, Green, Kelley, Robin D. G., Poe, Tef, et al. 2016. “Generations of Struggle.” Transition 119:9–16.
Groves, Robert M., Floyd, J. Fowler, Mick P. Couper Jr., et al. 2009. Survey Methodology. 2nd ed. Wiley.
Grumbach, Jacob. 2022. Laboratories against Democracy. Princeton University Press.
Han, Hahrie, McKenna, Elizabeth, and Oyakawa, Michelle. 2021. Prisms of the People. The University of Chicago Press.
Hanink, Peter A., and Dunbar, Adam. 2022. “Protesting the Police.” Social Movement Studies:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2022.2067842.
Hardin, Russell. 1982. Collective Action. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hassanpour, Navid. 2014. “Media Disruption and Revolutionary Unrest.” Political Communication 31(1):1–24.
Hässler, Tabea, Ullrich, Johannes, Bernardino, Michelle, et al. 2020. “A Large-Scale Test of the Link between Intergroup Contact and Support for Social Change.” Nature Human Behaviour 4(4):380–86.
Heaney, Michael T. 2022. “Who Are Black Lives Matter Activists? Niche Realization in a Multimovement Environment.” Perspectives on Politics 20(4): 1362–85.
Hillygus, D.Sunshine., and Todd, G. Shields. 2009. The Persuadable Voter. Princeton University Press.
Hoban, Brennan. 2018. “The Rise of Illiberalism and How to Fight It.” Brookings, September 21. www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2018/09/21/the-rise-of-illiberalism-and-how-to-fight-it/.
Imperial, Mark T. 2021. “Implementation Structures.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1750.
Jackson, Sarah J. 2016. “(Re)Imagining Intersectional Democracy from Black Feminism to Hashtag Activism.” Women’s Studies in Communication 39(4):375–79.
Jackson, Sarah J., Bailey, Moya, and F. Welles, Brooke. 2020. #HashtagActivism. MIT Press.
Janfaza, Rachel. 2020. “TikTok Serves as Hub for #blacklivesmatter Activism: CNN Politics.” CNN, June 4. www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/politics/tik-tok-black-lives-matter/index.html.
Jasper, James M., and Poulsen, Jane D.. 1995. “Recruiting Strangers and Friends.” Social Problems 42(4):493–512.
Jefferson, Hakeem. 2018. “Policing Norms.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3290862.
Jefferson, Hakeem. 2020. “The Curious Case of Black Conservatives: Construct Validity and the 7-point Liberal-Conservative Scale.” Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3602209 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3602209.
Kalla, Joshua L., and Broockman, David E.. 2020. “Reducing Exclusionary Attitudes through Interpersonal Conversation.” American Political Science Review 114(2):410–25.
Kalla, Joshua L., and Broockman, David E.. 2023. “Which Narrative Strategies Durably Reduce Prejudice?” American Journal of Political Science 67(1):185–204.
Gary, King, Pan, Jennifer, and Roberts, Margaret E.. 2013. “How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression.” American Political Science Review 107(2):326–43.
King, Martin L. 1967. Where Do We Go from Here? Harper & Row.
Klandermans, Bert. 1984. “Mobilization and Participation.” American Sociological Review 49(5):583–600.
Klandermans, Bert. 2004. “The Demand and Supply of Participation.” In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A., and Kriesi, Hanspeter, 360–79. 1st ed. John Wiley.
Klandermans, Bert. 2015. “Motivations to Action.” In The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements, edited by della Porta, Donatella and Diani, Mario, 219–30. Oxford University Press.
Kubin, Emily, Puryear, Curtis, Schein, Chelsea, and Gray, Kurt. 2021. “Personal Experiences Bridge Moral and Political Divides Better than Facts.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(6):e2008389118.
Kuran, Timur. 1991. “Now Out of Never.” World Politics 44(1):7–48.
Larson, Jennifer M., Nagler, Jonathan, Ronen, Jonathan, and Tucker, Joshua A.. 2019. “Social Networks and Protest Participation.” American Journal of Political Science 63(3):690–705.
Lazer, David. 2022. “Why Counting Vaccinated Americans Doesn’t Always Add Up.” Washington Post, April 7. www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/04/07/covid-vaccinations-cdc-data/.
Lazer, David, Quintana, Alexi, Uslu, Ata, et al. 2023. “The COVID States Project #100: Estimating Current Vaccination Rates.” OSF Preprints.
David, Lazer, Santillana, Mauricio, Perlis, Roy, et al. 2021. “The COVID States Project #10: The Pandemic and the Protests.” OSF Preprints. https://osf.io/qw43g/download.
Taeku., Lee 2002. Mobilizing Public Opinion. University of Chicago Press.
Joy, Leopold, and Bell, Myrtle P.. 2017. “News Media and the Racialization of Protest.” Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 36(8): 720–35.
Lin, Nan. 1999. “Building a Network Theory of Social Capital.” Connections 22(1):28–51.
Lipset, Seymour M., and Rokkan, Stein. 1967. “Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments.” In Party Systems and Voter Alignments, edited by Lipset, Seymour M. and Rokkan, Stein, 3–64. Free Press.
Literat, Ioana, and Kligler-Vilenchik, Neta. 2019. “Youth Collective Political Expression on Social Media.” New Media & Society 21(9):1988–2009.
Lohmann, Susanne. 1994. “The Dynamics of Informational Cascades.” World Politics 47(1):42–101.
Lubbers, Miranda J., L. Molina, José, and Valenzuela-García, Hugo. 2019. “When Networks Speak Volumes.” Social Networks 56:55–69.
Lubell, Mark, Zahran, Sammy, and Vedlitz, Arnold. 2007. “Collective Action and Citizen Responses to Global Warming.” Political Behavior 29(3):391–413.
Arthur, Lupia, and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma. Cambridge University Press.
Marsden, Peter V. 1988. “Homogeneity in Confiding Relations.” Social Networks 10(1):57–76.
Massey, Douglas S., and Denton, Nancy A.. 2019. “American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass.” In David Grusky, ed., Social Stratification, Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, Second Edition. New York: Routledge, 660–70.
Mazumder, Soumyajit. 2019. “Black Lives Matter for Whites’ Racial Prejudice.” SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/ap46d.
McAdam, Doug. 1986. “Recruitment to High-Risk Activism.” American Journal of Sociology 92(1):64–90.
McAdam, Doug. 1988. Freedom Summer. Oxford University Press.
McAdam, Doug. 2010. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. University of Chicago Press.
McAdam, Doug. 2020. “We’ve Never Seen Protests Like These Before.” Jacobin, June 20. https://jacobinmag.com/2020/06/george-floyd-protests-black-lives-matter-riots-demonstrations.
Doug, McAdam, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N., eds. 1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge University Press.
McAdam, Doug, Tarrow, Sidney, and Tilly, Charles. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N.. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements.” American Journal of Sociology 82(6):1212–41.
McClerking, Harwood K., and Philpot, Tasha S.. 2008. “Struggling to Be Noticed.” PS: Political Science & Politics 41(4):813–17.
McGlone, Peggy. 2016. “‘This Ain’t Yo Mama’s Civil Rights Movement’ T-shirt from Ferguson Donated to Smithsonian Museum.” Washington Post, May 1. www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/03/01/this-aint-yo-mamas-civil-rights-movement-t-shirt-from-ferguson-donated-to-smithsonian/.
McGrady, Gene A., Marrow, Clementine, Myers, Gail, et al. 1995. “A Note on Implementation of a Random-Walk Design to Study Adolescent Social Networks.” Social Networks 17(3):251–55.
Miller, , Smith-Lovin, Lynn, and Cook, James M.. 2001. “Birds of a Feather.” Annual Review of Sociology 27(1):415–44.
Merseth, Julie L. 2018. “Race-ing Solidarity.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 6(3):337–56.
Michener, Jamila. 2020. “Power from the Margins.” Urban Affairs Review 56(5):1390–1422.
Eleanor, Miles, and Crisp, Richard J.. 2014. “A Meta-Analytic Test of the Imagined Contact Hypothesis.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 17(1):3–26.
Morris, Aldon. 1981. “Black Southern Student Sit-in Movement.” American Sociological Review 46(6):744–67.
Morris, Aldon. 2000. “Reflections on Social Movement Theory.” Contemporary Sociology 29(3):445–54.
Morris, Aldon. 2021. “From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter.” Scientific American. www.scientificamerican.com/report/the-black-lives-matter-movement/.
Morris, Aldon, and Cedric, Herring. 1987. “Theory and Research in Social Movements.” In Political Behavior Annual Volume 2, edited by Long, Samuel. Westview Press.
Mundt, Marcia, Ross, Karen, and Burnett, Charla M.. 2018. “Scaling Social Movements through Social Media.” Social Media + Society 4(4):2056305118807911. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118807911.
Nickerson, David W. 2008. “Is Voting Contagious?” American Political Science Review 102(1):49–57.
Oberschall, Anthony. 1973. Social Conflict and Social Movements. Pearson Education.
Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Harvard University Press.
Opp, Karl-Dieter, and Gern, Christiane. 1993. “Dissident Groups, Personal Networks, and Spontaneous Cooperation.” American Sociological Review 58(5):659–80.
Paluck, Elizabeth L., Green, Seth A., and Green, Donald P.. 2019. “The Contact Hypothesis Re-evaluated.” Behavioural Public Policy 3(2):129–58.
Parker, Kim, M. Horowitz, Juliana, and Anderson, Monica. 2020. “Majorities across Racial, Ethnic Groups Express Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement.” Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project, June 12. www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/06/12/amid-protests-majorities-across-racial-and-ethnic-groups-express-support-for-the-black-lives-matter-movement/.
Parkinson, Sarah E. 2022. Beyond the Lines. Cornell University Press.
Passy, Florence. 2001. “Socialization, Connection, and the Structure/Agency Gap.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 6(2):173–92.
Peay, Periloux C., and McNair, Clinton R.. 2022. “Concurrent Pressures of Mass Protests.” Politics, Groups, and Identities. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2022.2098148.
Pedulla, David S., and Pager, Devah. 2019. “Race and Networks in the Job Search Process.” American Sociological Review 84(6):983–1012.
Petrie, Michelle. 2004. “A Research Note on the Determinants of Protest Participation.” Sociological Spectrum 24(5):553–74.
Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Tropp, Linda R.. 2006. “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90(5):751–83.
Porta, Donatella della, and Diani, Mario. 2020. Social Movements. John Wiley.
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone. Simon and Schuster.
Lincoln, Quillian, Pager, Devah, Hexel, Ole, and Midtbøen, Arnfinn H.. 2017. “Meta-Analysis of Field Experiments Shows No Change in Racial Discrimination in Hiring over Time.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(41):10870–75.
Rainie, Lee, and Wellman, Barry. 2012. Networked. MIT Press.
Rajkumar, Karthik, Saint-Jacques, Guillaume, Bojinov, Iavor, Brynjolfsson, Erik, and Aral, Sinan. 2022. “A Causal Test of the Strength of Weak Ties.” Science 377(6612):1304–10.
Raleigh, Clionadh, Linke, Andrew, Hegre, Havard, and Karlsen, Joakim. 2010. “Introducing ACLED.” Journal of Peace Research 47(5):651–60.
Ransby, Barbara. 2018. Making All Black Lives Matter. University of California Press.
Ray, Rashawn, Brown, Melissa, Fraistat, Neil, and Summers, Edward. 2017. “Ferguson and the Death of Michael Brown on Twitter.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 40(11):1797–1813.
Roberts, Alaina E. 2021. “When Black Lives Matter Meets Indian Country.” The American Indian Quarterly 45(3):250–71.
Roberts, Margaret E. 2020. “Resilience to Online Censorship.” Annual Review of Political Science 23:401–19.
Roberts, Sam G. B., and Dunbar, Robin I. M.. 2011. “Communication in Social Networks.” Personal Relationships 18(3):439–52.
Rosenstone, Steven J., and M. Hansen, John. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. Maxwell Macmillan International.
Ryn, Michelle V., and Burke, Jane. 2000. “The Effect of Patient Race and Socio-economic Status on Physicians’ Perceptions of Patients.” Social Science & Medicine 50(6):813–28.
Sanders, Meghan S., and Ramasubramanian, Srividya. 2012. “An Examination of African Americans’ Stereotyped Perceptions of Fictional Media Characters.” Howard Journal of Communications 23(1):17–39.
Schelling, Thomas C. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Harvard University Press.
Schultz, Alex, and Parikh, Jay. 2020. “Keeping Our Services Stable and Reliable during the COVID-19 Outbreak.” Corporate. Meta Newsroom, March 24. https://about.fb.com/news/2020/03/keeping-our-apps-stable-during-covid-19/.
Schussman, Alan, and Soule, Sara A.. 2005. “Process and Protest.” Social Forces 84(2):1083–1108.
Schwartz, Joseph E., and Blau, Peter M.. 1997. Crosscutting Social Circles: Testing a Macrostructural Theory of Intergroup Relations. Routledge.
Scott, Daryl M. 1997. Contempt and Pity. University of North Carolina Press.
Shesterinina, Anastasia. 2021. Mobilizing in Uncertainty. Cornell University Press.
Shmargad, Yotam, and Klar, Samara. 2020. “Sorting the News.” Political Communication 37(3):423–46.
Simonson, Matthew D. 2021. “Cross-Cleavage Capital.” Working Paper. Northeastern University.
Sinclair, Betsy. 2012. The Social Citizen. University of Chicago Press.
Small, Mario L. 2009. Unanticipated Gains. Oxford University Press.
Smith, Candis W., and L. Bunyasi, Tehama. 2016. “The Influence of Black Lives Matter on Mainstreaming Intersectional Black Politics.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2845966.
Smith, Jeffrey A., McPherson, Miller, and Smith-Lovin, Lynn. 2014. “Social Distance in the United States.” American Sociological Review 79(3):432–56.
Snow, David A., Burke. Rochford, E., Worden, Steven K., and Benford, Robert D.. 1986. “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation.” American Sociological Review 51(4):464–81.
Staniland, Paul. 2014. Networks of Rebellion. Cornell University Press.
Starck, Jordan G., Sinclair, Stacey, and Shelton., J. Nicole. 2021. “How University Diversity Rationales Inform Student Preferences and Outcomes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(16):e2013833118.
Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary C. 2017. “Spontaneous Collective Action.” American Political Science Review 111(2):379–403.
Stryker, Sheldon, Owens, Timothy J., and White, Robert W., eds. 2000. Self, Identity, and Social Movements. University of Minnesota Press.
Teeny, Jacob D., Siev, Joseph J., Briñol, Pablo, and Petty, Richard E.. 2021. “A Review and Conceptual Framework for Understanding Personalized Matching Effects in Persuasion.” Journal of Consumer Psychology 31(2):382–414.
Teeselink, Bouke K., and Melios, Georgios. 2021. “Weather to Protest.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3809877.
Thompson, Debra. 2020. “The Intersectional Politics of Black Lives Matter.” In Turbulent Times, Transformational Possibilities? edited by MacDonald, Fiona and Dobrowolsky, Alexandra, 368–87. University of Toronto Press.
Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. McGraw-Hill.
Charles, Tilly, and Wood, Lesley J.. 2020. Social Movements, 1768–2008. 2nd ed. Routledge.
Tindall, David B. 2002. “Social Networks, Identification and Participation in an Environmental Movement.” Canadian Review of Sociology 39(4):413–52.
Tindall, David B. 2015. “Networks as Constraints and Opportunities.” In Oxford Handbook of Social Movements, edited by Porta, Donatella della and Diani, Mario, 231–45. Oxford University Press.
Tometi, Opal, and Lenoir, Gerald. 2015. “Black Lives Matter Is Not a Civil Rights Movement.” Time, December 10.
Tropp, Linda R., and Uluğ, Ozden Melis. 2019. “Are White Women Showing Up for Racial Justice? Intergroup Contact, Closeness to People Targeted by Prejudice, and Collective Action.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 43(3): 335–47.
Trounstine, Jessica. 2018. Segregation by Design. Cambridge University Press.
Tucker, Joshua A., Theocharis, Yannis, Roberts, Margaret E., and Barberá, Pablo. 2017. “From Liberation to Turmoil.” Journal of Democracy 28(4):46–59.
Tufekci, Zeynep. 2014. “Social Movements and Governments in the Digital Age.” Journal of International Affairs 68(1):1–18.
Tufekci, Zeynep. 2017. Twitter and Tear Gas. Yale University Press.
Valenzuela, Sebastián, Correa, Teresa, and de Zúñiga., Homero G. 2018. “Ties, Likes, and Tweets.” Political Communication 35(1):117–34.
Vehovar, Vasja, Toepoel, Vera, and Steinmetz, Stephanie. 2016. “Non-probability Sampling.” In The SAGE Handbook of Survey Methodology, 329–45. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Verbeij, Tim, Pouwels, J. L., Beyens, Ine, and Patti, M. Valkenburg. 2022. “Experience Sampling Self-Reports of Social Media Use Have Comparable Predictive Validity to Digital Trace Measures.” Scientific Reports 12(1):7611.
Jessica, Vitak, Ellison, Nicole B., and Steinfield, Charles. 2011. “The Ties That Bond.” 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences February:1–10.
Walgrave, Stefaan, and Ketelaars, Pauline. 2019. “The Recruitment Functions of Social Ties.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 60(5):301–23.
Walgrave, Stefaan, and Ruud, Wouters. 2014. “The Missing Link in the Diffusion of Protest: Asking Others.” American Journal of Sociology 119(60):1670–1709.
Walgrave, Stefaan, Wouters, Ruud, and Ketelaars, Pauline. 2022. “Mobilizing Usual versus Unusual Protesters.” The Sociological Quarterly 63(1):48–73.
Hanes, Walton, Smith, Robert C., and Wallace, Sherri L.. 2017. American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom. 8th ed. Routledge.
Washington, Jesse. 2020. “Why Did Black Lives Matter Protests Attract Unprecedented White Support?” Andscape, June 18. https://andscape.com/features/why-did-black-lives-matter-protests-attract-unprecedented-white-support/.
Wasow, Omar. 2020. “Agenda Seeding.” American Political Science Review 114(3):638–59.
Whitaker, Stephan D. 2021. “Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Cause an Urban Exodus?” Cleveland Fed District Data Brief 20210205. https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-ddb-20210205.
Wiltfang, Gregory L., and McAdam, Doug. 1991. “The Costs and Risks of Social Activism.” Social Forces 69(4):987–1010.
Wong, Leonard. 2003. Why They Fight. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.
Wood, Elisabeth J. 2003. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge University Press.
Woolley, Samuel C., and Howard, Philip N.. 2018. Computational Propaganda. Oxford University Press.
Woo-Yoo, Sung, and Gil-de-Zúñiga, Homero. 2014. “Connecting Blog, Twitter and Facebook Use with Gaps in Knowledge and Participation.” Communication & Society 27(4):33–48.
Zhao, Dingxin. 1998. “Ecologies of Social Movements.” American Journal of Sociology 103(6):1493–1529.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.