In this final chapter, I round off the extended comparison by returning to the borderlands as spaces where claims to place and expressions of identity played off one another. In particular, I consider how far the dynamics of international boundaries affected the ways in which ‘community’ was imagined and acted upon: in a nutshell, the question is whether borders were internalized in such a manner that they became part of the building blocks of community, or conversely community was defined in opposition to the existence of the borders. As indicated in Chapter 1, I deploy ‘community’ in a deliberately broad sense, connoting a shared feeling of belonging, but manifested in an organized form and arranged spatially – whether that be membership of a village or a religious grouping. I will also address ethnicity as a mode of ‘we-group’ identification that builds on conceptions of community but operates at a broader and more discursive level.