Theodore Laskaris was the leading proponent of Greek identity and self-consciousness in medieval Byzantium. He saw his own subjects as Hellenes, described the land over which he ruled as Hellas, and used the words “Hellene” and “Hellenic” three times more frequently than “Roman.” No one in his time was so daring in reassessing the traditional meaning of “Hellene” in medieval Greek as “pagan.” His Hellenism was intellectually sophisticated, assertive, and passionate. The extent of its vision is on par with that of Julian the Apostate in late antiquity, with whom the thirteenth-century emperor, certainly a devout Christian, has been compared.1 This concluding chapter unravels the different strands of this key aspect of Theodore’s thought and offers an interpretation of its genesis and function.