Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T19:30:27.072Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Common Categories of Pharmacologic Medications to Treat Chronic Pain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2023

Edited by
Omar Viswanath  and
Ivan Urits
Omar Viswanath
Affiliation:
Creighton University, Omaha
Ivan Urits
Affiliation:
Southcoast Brain & Spine Center, Wareham
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Cambridge Handbook of Pain Medicine , pp. 39 - 68
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Ghlichloo, I, Gerriets, V. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Treatment of Chronic Pain Conditions: A Comprehensive Handbook. 2021;1:77–79.Google Scholar
Worthington, I, Pringsheim, T, Gawel, MJ et al. Canadian headache society guideline: Acute drug therapy for migraine headache. Can J Neurol Sci. 2016;40(S3):S1–S3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyer, S. Pharmacokinetics of naproxen sodium. Cephalalgia. 1986;6(Suppl. 4):77–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altabakhi, IW, Zito, PM. Acetaminophen/Aspirin/Caffeine. Treasure Island, FL; 2019.Google Scholar
Schramm, SH, Moebus, S, Ozyurt Kugumcu, M et al. Use of aspirin combinations with caffeine and increasing headache frequency: A prospective population-based study. Pain. 2015;156(9):1747–1754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Järvinen, TA, Järvinen, TL, Kääriäinen, M et al. Muscle injuries: Optimising recovery. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21(2):317–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casazza BA. Diagnosis and treatment of acute low back pain. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(4):343–350.Google Scholar
Dawood, MY. Primary dysmenorrhea: Advances in pathogenesis and management. Obstet. Gynecol. 2006;108(2):428–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shekelle, Paul G, Newberry, Sydne J, FitzGerald, John D et al. Management of gout: A systematic review in support of an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline. Ann. Intern. Med. 2017;166(1):37–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartfai, T, Conti, B. Fever. Sci. World J. 2010;10:490–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krasselt, M, Baerwald, C. Celecoxib for the treatment of musculoskeletal arthritis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019;20(14):1689–1702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gupta, A, Bah, M. NSAIDs in the treatment of postoperative pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2016;20(11):62. doi: 10.1007/s11916-016-0591-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bushra, R, Aslam, N. An overview of clinical pharmacology of ibuprofen. Oman Med. J. 2010;25(3):155–1661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vane, JR, Botting, RM. Mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am. J. Med. 1998;104(3):2S–8S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romsing, J, Moiniche, S. A systematic review of COX-2 inhibitors compared with traditional NSAIDs, or different COX-2 inhibitors for post-operative pain. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2004;48(5):525–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altabakhi, IW, Zito, PM. Acetaminophen/Aspirin/Caffeine. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.Google Scholar
Perneby, C, Wallen, NH, Rooney, C, Fitzgerald, D, Hjemdahl, P. Dose- and time-dependent antiplatelet effects of aspirin. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2006;95(4):652–658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bushra, R, Aslam, N. An overview of clinical pharmacology of ibuprofen. Oman Med J. 2010;25(3):155–1661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McPherson, ML, Cimino, NM. Topical NSAID formulations. Pain Medicine. 2013; 14(1);S35–S39. doi: 10.1111/pme.12288. PMID: 24373109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irvine, J, Afrose, A, Islam, N. Drug development and industrial pharmacy formulation and delivery strategies of ibuprofen: Challenges and opportunities. Drug development and industrial pharmacy. 2017; 44(2):173–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mills, RFN, Adams, SS, Cliffe, EE, Dickinson, W, Nicholson, JS. The metabolism of ibuprofen. Xenobiotica: The Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2008; 3(9):589–598. doi: 10.3109/00498257309151547. PMID: 4202799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, LB. Naproxen sodium: Pharmacists should counsel patients to determine whether self-medication with OTC NSAIDs is contraindicated. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 1996;36(11):663–667.Google Scholar
Wyatt, JE, Pettit, WL, Harirforoosh, S. Pharmacogenetics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pharmacogenomics J. 2012;12(6):462–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Marmura, MJ, Silberstein, SD, Schwedt, TJ. The acute treatment of migraine in adults: The American Headache Society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2015;55(1):3–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shankar, K, Mehendale, HM. Acetaminophen. Encyclopedia of Toxicology. 2005:18–23. www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123864550/encyclopedia-of-toxicologyCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, GG, Scott, KF. Mechanisms of action of paracetamol and related analgesics. InflammoPharmacology. 2003;11(4–6):401–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ovid: Mechanism of Action of Paracetamol. [Internet]. [cited November 4, 2021]. https://ovidsp.dc1.ovid.com/ovid-a/ovidweb.cgi?ID=shib%3Adc1%3A0xe085521d29c94f38a5378afabd394240&PASSWORD=0xe085521d29c94f38a5378afabd394240&CSC=Y&T=JS&D=ovft&SEARCH=1075–2765.is+and+%2212%22.vo+and+%221%22.ip+and+%2246%22.pg+or+%2210.1097%2F00045391-200501000–00008%22.di&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&entityID=https%3A%2F%2Fidp.georgetown.edu%2Fopenathens.Google Scholar
Bannwarth B, Péhourcq FB. [Pharmacologic basis for using paracetamol: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues] – PubMed [Internet]. [cited November 3, 2021]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14758786/.Google Scholar
Gerriets V, Anderson J, Nappe TM. Acetaminophen (Oral Route, Rectal Route) Proper Use – Mayo Clinic [Internet]. [cited November 5, 2021]. www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/acetaminophen-oral-route-rectal-route/proper-use/drg-20068480.Google Scholar
What dose of paracetamol for older people? Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin. 2018;56(6):69–72. https://dtb.bmj.com/content/56/6/69.citation-toolsCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malaise, O, Bruyere, O, Reginster, JY. Intravenous paracetamol: A review of efficacy and safety in therapeutic use. Future Neurol. 2007;2(6):673–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shastri, N. Intravenous acetaminophen use in pediatrics. Pediatr. Emerg. 2015;31(6):444–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Acetaminophen. Dynamed plus. EBSCO Information Services; 2018.Google Scholar
Gerriets, V, Anderson, J, Nappe, TM. Acetaminophen. Liver Pathophysiology: Therapies and Antioxidants. 2021;101–112.Google Scholar
Barrett, BJ. Acetaminophen and adverse chronic renal outcomes: An appraisal of the epidemiologic evidence. Am J Kidney Dis.: Off. J Natl. Kidney Fou. 1996;28(1 Suppl 1):S14–S19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dart RC, Erdman AR, Olson KR et al. Acetaminophen poisoning: An evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa). 2006;44(1):1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, HJ, Maddrey, WC. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: Analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure. Hepatology. 1995;22(3):767–773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bray, GP, Harrison, PM, O’Grady, JG, Tredger, JM, Williams, R. Long-term anticonvulsant therapy worsens outcome in paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1992;11(4):265–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolan, CM, Sandblom, RE, Thummel, KE, Slattery, JT, Nelson, SD. Hepatotoxicity associated with acetaminophen usage in patients receiving multiple drug therapy for tuberculosis. Chest. 1994;105(2):408–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, X, Wu, Q, Liu, A, et al. Paracetamol: Overdose-induced oxidative stress toxicity, metabolism, and protective effects of various compounds in vivo and in vitro. Drug Metab. Rev. 2017;49(4):395–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Stanos, SP, Galluzzi, KE. Topical therapies in the management of chronic pain. Postgrad Med. 2013;125(4 Suppl 1):25–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2013.1110567111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barkin, RL. The pharmacology of topical analgesics. Postgrad Med. 2013;125(4 Suppl 1):7–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2013.1110566911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derry, S, Lloyd, R, Moore, RA, McQuay, HJ. Topical capsaicin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009;(4):CD007393. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007393.PUB2.Google Scholar
Groninger, H, Schisler, RE. Topical capsaicin for neuropathic pain #255. J. Palliat. Med. 2012;15(8):946. https://doi.org/10.1089/JPM.2012.9571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gan, TJ. Diclofenac: an update on its mechanism of action and safety profile. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(7):1715–1731. https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2010.486301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarbacker, GB. Topical Therapies for Chronic Pain Management: A Review of Diclofenac and Lidocaine. Postgrad Med. 2013;125(4 Suppl 1):25–33. Accessed November 5, 2021. www.uspharmacist.com/article/topical-therapies-for-chronic-pain-management-a-review-of-diclofenac-and-lidocaineGoogle Scholar
Fda, Cder. Flector Patch (diclofenac epolamine) label. 2011. Accessed November 5, 2021. www.fda.gov/medwatch.Google Scholar
Fda, Cder. Pennsaid (diclofenac sodium) solution label. 2009. Accessed November 5, 2021. www.fda.gov/medwatch.Google Scholar

References

Dantrium Capsules. (2011, October). www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/017443s043s046s048s049lbl.pdf.Google Scholar
Dhaliwal, JS, Rosani, A, Saadabadi, A. Diazepam. XPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference, 2022;1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008055232-3.61585-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lomanto, M. (2010). Baclofen. In Sinatra, R., Jahr, J., and Watkins-Pitchford, J. (eds.), The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics, pp. 379–382. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511841378.095CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malik, T. (2010). Tizanidine. In Sinatra, R., Jahr, J., and Watkins-Pitchford, J. (eds.), The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics, pp. 375–378. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511841378.094CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallman-Cooper, JL, Cabrero, FR. Cerebral palsy. StatPearls. 2021. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/.Google Scholar
Jacki Peck, B, Urits, I, Crane, J et al. Oral muscle relaxants for the treatment of chronic pain associated with cerebral palsy. PsychoPharmacology Bulletin. 2020;50(4):142–162.Google Scholar
Zegarra, M. (2010). Cyclobenzaprine. In Sinatra, R., Jahr, J., & Watkins-Pitchford, J. (Eds.), The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics, pp. 370–371. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511841378.092CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Termsarasab, P, Thammongkolchai, T, Frucht, SJ. Correction to: Medical treatment of dystonia. J Clin Mov Disord. 2018;5(1):8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tilton, A. Management of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2009;16(2):82–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Cohen, B, Ruth LJ, Preuss, CV. Opioid Analgesics– StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. (n.d.). Retrieved August 6, 2022, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459161/.Google Scholar
Grewal, N, Huecker MR. Opioid Prescribing– StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. (n.d.). Retrieved August 6, 2022, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551720/.Google Scholar
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012. Opioids. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547864/.Google Scholar
Smith, HS. Opioid metabolism. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2009;84(7):613. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60750-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Jensen, TS, Baron, R, Haanpää, M et al. A new definition of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2011;152(10):2204–2205. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAIN.2011.06.017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, MR, Urits, I, Wolf, J et al. Drug-induced peripheral neuropathy: A narrative review. Current Clinical Pharmacology. 2020;15(1):38–48. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574884714666190121154813.Google ScholarPubMed
Gierthmühlen, J, Baron, R. Neuropathic pain. Seminars in Neurology. 2016;36(5):462–468. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0036-1584950.Google ScholarPubMed
Bennett, MI, Rayment, C, Hjermstad, M et al. Prevalence and aetiology of neuropathic pain in cancer patients: A systematic review. Pain. 2012;153(2):359–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAIN.2011.10.028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hébert, HL, Veluchamy, A, Torrance, N, Smith, BH. Risk factors for neuropathic pain in diabetes mellitus. Pain. 2017;158(4):560. https://doi.org/10.1097/J.PAIN.0000000000000785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, MP. Cancer-related neuropathic pain: Review and selective topics. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 2018;32(3):417–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HOC.2018.01.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, RF, Wiener, S, Walker, SM. Neuropathic pain in children. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2014;99(1):84–89. https://doi.org/10.1136/ARCHDISCHILD-2013-304208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tınastepe N, Oral K. Neuropathic pain after dental treatment. Agri: Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi’nin Yayin organidir = The Journal of the Turkish Society of Algology. 2013;25(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.5505/AGRI.2013.55477.Google Scholar
Scholz J, Woolf CJ. The neuropathic pain triad: Neurons, immune cells and glia. Nature Neuroscience. 2007;10(11):1361–1368. https://doi.org/10.1038/NN1992.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fornasari, D. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain: A review. Pain and Therapy. 2017;6(Suppl 1):25. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40122-017-0091-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zilliox, LA. Neuropathic pain. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn). 2017;23(2):512–532. https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000000462.Google ScholarPubMed
Cruccu, G, Truini, A. A review of neuropathic pain: From guidelines to clinical practice. Pain Ther. 2017;6(Suppl 1):35. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40122-017-0087-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pregabalin (Oral Route) Side Effects – Mayo Clinic. 2023. Accessed October 13, 2021. www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/pregabalin-oral-route/side-effects/drg-20067411?p=1.Google Scholar
Side Effects – Antidepressants – NHS. 2021. Accessed October 13, 2021. www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/antidepressants/side-effects/.Google Scholar

References

Kumar, RN, Chambers, WA, Pertwee, RG. Pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of cannabis and cannabinoids. Anaesthesia. 2001;56(11):1059–1068. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1365-2044.2001.02269.X.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malfitano, AM, Proto, MC, Bifulco, M. Cannabinoids in the management of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2008;4(5):847. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S3208.Google ScholarPubMed
EPIDIOLEX® (cannabidiol) | Greenwich Biosciences. 2021. Accessed November 5, 2021. www.greenwichbiosciences.com/epidiolex.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, B, Meissner, H, Gupta, V. Dronabinol. Pharma-Kritik. 2021;24(8):29–31. Accessed November 5, 2021. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557531/.Google Scholar
Ware, MA, Daeninck, P, Maida, V. A review of nabilone in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 2008;4(1):99. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S1132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grotenhermen, F, Müller-Vahl, K. The Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2012;109(29–30):495. https://doi.org/10.3238/ARZTEBL.2012.0495.Google ScholarPubMed
Russo, M, Naro, A, Leo, A et al. Evaluating Sativex® in neuropathic pain management: A clinical and neurophysiological assessment in multiple sclerosis. Pain Med. (Malden, Mass). 2016;17(6):1145–1154. https://doi.org/10.1093/PM/PNV080.Google ScholarPubMed
Serpell, MG, Notcutt, W, Collin, C. Sativex long-term use: An open-label trial in patients with spasticity due to multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 2013;260(1):285–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00415-012-6634-Z.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheikh, NK, Dua, A. Cannabinoids. Published online July 25, 2021. Accessed November 5, 2021. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556062/.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×