General works dealing with Haiti in the period from 1930 to the present include Patrick Bellegarde Smith, Haiti: The Breached Citadel (Boulder, Colo., 1990); see also his intellectual biography of the Haitian politician Dantès Bellegarde, In the Shadow of Powers (Atlantic Heights, N.J., 1985). These works, however, present a rather superficial view of the country’s history. The last four chapters of David Nicholls, From Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Colour and National Independence in Haiti (Cambridge, 1979; 2nd ed., London 1989), are concerned with recent social and political thought. Most of Lyonel Paquin, The Haitians: Class and Color in Politics (New York, 1983) concerns the period from 1930 onwards. Popular, somewhat journalistic, accounts of the Haitian past include Robert Rotberg, Haiti: The Politics of Squalor (Boston, 1971). Robert Debs Heinl, who was in charge of the U.S. Marine mission to Haiti in the early years of the Duvalier regime, has produced, with Nancy Heinl, a highly ethnocentric and anecdotal history of Haiti entitled Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People (Boston, 1978). The second volume of Claude Moïse, Constitutions et luttes de pouvoir en Haiti (1804–1987) (Montreal, 1990) deals with developments in this period. For bibliographical works on Haiti, see essay VI: 16.

Ray ford Logan, Haiti and the Dominican Republic (London, 1968) is a useful volume and best on relations of Haiti with the United States. Other works concentrating on Haiti’s foreign relations include L. F. Manigat, Haiti of the Sixties: Object of International Concern (Washington D.C., 1964) and Robert Tomasek, ‘The Haitian-Dominican Republic controversy of 1963 and the Organisation of American States’, Orbis, 12 (1968).