In Argentina, militant newspapers and small circles of affinity groups, as well as craft-based societies of workers and artisans, and immigrant and artist groups, formed a vast and variegated constellation of anarchist tendencies before and after the turn of the twentieth century, some individualist, some insurrectionalist, and some favourable to organization and unification. Followers of Peter Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta advocated a loose federation of horizontally co-ordinated associations that would create new forms of anti-authoritarian participation and representation based on localities and regions, rather than unions or national governments.