Throughout a roughly fifty-year period in the late nineteenth century which saw the emergence of African nationalism, articulated in the black press by the rising Christian elite, there were specific nodes that facilitated early black print culture. What Switzer (‘Introduction’, p. 22) has called ‘the African protest press’ was nurtured in indigenous Christian communities that emerged from rural stations which European and American missionary societies first established in southern Africa during the early nineteenth century. The mission schools of the various societies working among the indigenous peoples created literate (kholwa) communities on mission stations, and their presses gradually produced a literature in the vernacular among the amaXhosa and Batswana in the Cape Colony, the Basotho in Basutoland (Lesotho) and the southern Orange Free State, and the amaZulu in Natal and Zululand.

Whilst the spoken languages of the various indigenous peoples were highly developed and their traditional lore abundant, none had a written alphabet, so the task before the early missionaries from various missionary societies was to provide orthographies for the different vernaculars, to initiate a culture of reading and writing, and to disseminate the Scriptures and other religious material to an increasingly literate readership. ‘The preaching and teaching ministry’, notes Switzer in Power and Resistance (p. 119), ‘were dependent on the mission's control and manipulation of literate culture.’ Most mission stations acquired a printing press in order to publish devotional and evangelical literature and to assist in the industrial training of new male converts.