Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Overview: Biology Is the Foundation of Therapy
- PART I BASIC RESEARCH
- PART II CLINICAL RESEARCH
- 23 Introduction to Clinical Research
- 24 Sarcoma
- 25 Neuroblastoma
- 26 Retinoblastoma
- 27 Primary Brain Tumors and Cerebral Metastases
- 28 Head and Neck Cancer Metastasis
- 29 Cutaneous Melanoma: Therapeutic Approaches for Metastatic Disease
- 30 Gastric Cancer Metastasis
- 31 Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer
- 32 Metastasis of Primary Liver Cancer
- 33 Advances in Management of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
- 34 Lung Cancer Metastasis
- 35 Metastatic Thyroid Cancer: Evaluation and Treatment
- 36 Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
- 37 Bladder Cancer
- 38 Bone Complications of Myeloma and Lymphoma
- 39 Breast Metastasis
- 40 Gynecologic Malignancies
- 41 Prostate Cancer Metastasis: Thoughts on Biology and Therapeutics
- 42 The Biology and Treatment of Metastatic Testicular Cancer
- 43 Applications of Proteomics to Metastasis Diagnosis and Individualized Therapy
- 44 Critical Issues of Research on Circulating and Disseminated Tumor Cells in Cancer Patients
- 45 Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
- 46 Molecular Imaging and Metastasis
- 47 Preserving Bone Health in Malignancy and Complications of Bone Metastases
- 48 Role of Platelets and Thrombin in Metastasis
- THERAPIES
- Index
- References
37 - Bladder Cancer
from PART II - CLINICAL RESEARCH
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Overview: Biology Is the Foundation of Therapy
- PART I BASIC RESEARCH
- PART II CLINICAL RESEARCH
- 23 Introduction to Clinical Research
- 24 Sarcoma
- 25 Neuroblastoma
- 26 Retinoblastoma
- 27 Primary Brain Tumors and Cerebral Metastases
- 28 Head and Neck Cancer Metastasis
- 29 Cutaneous Melanoma: Therapeutic Approaches for Metastatic Disease
- 30 Gastric Cancer Metastasis
- 31 Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer
- 32 Metastasis of Primary Liver Cancer
- 33 Advances in Management of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
- 34 Lung Cancer Metastasis
- 35 Metastatic Thyroid Cancer: Evaluation and Treatment
- 36 Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
- 37 Bladder Cancer
- 38 Bone Complications of Myeloma and Lymphoma
- 39 Breast Metastasis
- 40 Gynecologic Malignancies
- 41 Prostate Cancer Metastasis: Thoughts on Biology and Therapeutics
- 42 The Biology and Treatment of Metastatic Testicular Cancer
- 43 Applications of Proteomics to Metastasis Diagnosis and Individualized Therapy
- 44 Critical Issues of Research on Circulating and Disseminated Tumor Cells in Cancer Patients
- 45 Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
- 46 Molecular Imaging and Metastasis
- 47 Preserving Bone Health in Malignancy and Complications of Bone Metastases
- 48 Role of Platelets and Thrombin in Metastasis
- THERAPIES
- Index
- References
Summary
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy affecting the urinary system. In the United States, an estimated 68,810 new cases, with a male-to-female ratio of 4:1 and approximately 13,750 deaths, were expected to occur in 2008 [1]. The incidence of bladder cancer in the United States is higher in whites than in people of African or Asian descent, native Americans, or Latinos. However, survival is longer in white men than in men of other ethnic groups or in women. The disease has a median age at presentation of 70 years [1]. In the United States, the most common type of bladder cancer is urothelial carcinoma (UC), formerly known as “transitional cell” carcinoma (TCC).
UC arises from the mucosal lining of the bladder and is frequently multifocal. Numerous factors, including chromosomal markers, genetic polymorphisms, and genetic and epigenetic alterations, may be involved in tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. Seventy percent to eighty percent of patients with UC present with no muscle invasion (formerly known as “superficial disease”), and 20 percent to 30 percent present with muscle-invasive disease (Figure 37.1A). Despite a good prognosis for patients with non–muscle-invasive UC, recurrence is common and is associated with development of muscle-invasive disease in up to 30 percent of patients. In addition, 50 percent of patients presenting with muscle-invasive UC have occult distant metastases and a poor five-year survival rate.
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
Bladder cancer is commonly initiated by prolonged exposure to carcinogens that cause cumulative DNA damage in the urothelium (Figure 37.2).
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Cancer MetastasisBiologic Basis and Therapeutics, pp. 395 - 416Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2011