Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Overview: Biology Is the Foundation of Therapy
- PART I BASIC RESEARCH
- PART II CLINICAL RESEARCH
- 23 Introduction to Clinical Research
- 24 Sarcoma
- 25 Neuroblastoma
- 26 Retinoblastoma
- 27 Primary Brain Tumors and Cerebral Metastases
- 28 Head and Neck Cancer Metastasis
- 29 Cutaneous Melanoma: Therapeutic Approaches for Metastatic Disease
- 30 Gastric Cancer Metastasis
- 31 Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer
- 32 Metastasis of Primary Liver Cancer
- 33 Advances in Management of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
- 34 Lung Cancer Metastasis
- 35 Metastatic Thyroid Cancer: Evaluation and Treatment
- 36 Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
- 37 Bladder Cancer
- 38 Bone Complications of Myeloma and Lymphoma
- 39 Breast Metastasis
- 40 Gynecologic Malignancies
- 41 Prostate Cancer Metastasis: Thoughts on Biology and Therapeutics
- 42 The Biology and Treatment of Metastatic Testicular Cancer
- 43 Applications of Proteomics to Metastasis Diagnosis and Individualized Therapy
- 44 Critical Issues of Research on Circulating and Disseminated Tumor Cells in Cancer Patients
- 45 Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
- 46 Molecular Imaging and Metastasis
- 47 Preserving Bone Health in Malignancy and Complications of Bone Metastases
- 48 Role of Platelets and Thrombin in Metastasis
- THERAPIES
- 49 Cancer Nanotechnology Offers Great Promise for Cancer Research and Therapy
- 50 Metronomic Chemotherapy for Treatment of Metastatic Disease: From Preclinical Research to Clinical Trials
- 51 Immunotherapy
- 52 Discovery and Development of Drugs Targeting Tumor Invasion and Metastasis
- 53 The Role of Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Metastatic Disease
- 54 Prospects for Clinical Trials of Metastasis Inhibitors
- Index
- References
51 - Immunotherapy
from THERAPIES
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Overview: Biology Is the Foundation of Therapy
- PART I BASIC RESEARCH
- PART II CLINICAL RESEARCH
- 23 Introduction to Clinical Research
- 24 Sarcoma
- 25 Neuroblastoma
- 26 Retinoblastoma
- 27 Primary Brain Tumors and Cerebral Metastases
- 28 Head and Neck Cancer Metastasis
- 29 Cutaneous Melanoma: Therapeutic Approaches for Metastatic Disease
- 30 Gastric Cancer Metastasis
- 31 Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer
- 32 Metastasis of Primary Liver Cancer
- 33 Advances in Management of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
- 34 Lung Cancer Metastasis
- 35 Metastatic Thyroid Cancer: Evaluation and Treatment
- 36 Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
- 37 Bladder Cancer
- 38 Bone Complications of Myeloma and Lymphoma
- 39 Breast Metastasis
- 40 Gynecologic Malignancies
- 41 Prostate Cancer Metastasis: Thoughts on Biology and Therapeutics
- 42 The Biology and Treatment of Metastatic Testicular Cancer
- 43 Applications of Proteomics to Metastasis Diagnosis and Individualized Therapy
- 44 Critical Issues of Research on Circulating and Disseminated Tumor Cells in Cancer Patients
- 45 Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
- 46 Molecular Imaging and Metastasis
- 47 Preserving Bone Health in Malignancy and Complications of Bone Metastases
- 48 Role of Platelets and Thrombin in Metastasis
- THERAPIES
- 49 Cancer Nanotechnology Offers Great Promise for Cancer Research and Therapy
- 50 Metronomic Chemotherapy for Treatment of Metastatic Disease: From Preclinical Research to Clinical Trials
- 51 Immunotherapy
- 52 Discovery and Development of Drugs Targeting Tumor Invasion and Metastasis
- 53 The Role of Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Metastatic Disease
- 54 Prospects for Clinical Trials of Metastasis Inhibitors
- Index
- References
Summary
CANCER IMMUNOBIOLOGY
Tumors Are Recognized by the Immune System
The idea of fighting tumors with immunological weapons has been pursued empirically in modern medicine since the end of the nineteenth century. The birth of modern tumor immunology is usually credited to experiments in the 1940s and 1950s showing that inbred mice are protected by exposure to harmless tumor components (vaccination) from the growth of a subsequent inoculum of live tumor cells (challenge) (Gross 1943; Foley 1953; Prehn and Main 1957; Klein et al. 1960). Countless vaccination-challenge experiments were performed over the subsequent decades to dissect immune mechanisms that protect the vaccinated host, using either immunocompetent or immunodepressed hosts. The overall results are quite clear; however, they form the basis of a contradiction between preclinical and clinical tumor immunology that must be taken into account to understand current and future therapeutic developments.
Innate immunity is fundamental, both because its cells and molecules (e.g., phagocytes and interferons) directly attack tumors and because antigen presentation (dendritic and other cells) is required for the generation of adaptive immunity (Restifo and Wunderlich 2005). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a negative role and inhibit antitumor immunity (Nagaraj and Gabrilovich 2008; Marigo et al. 2008). Natural killer (NK) cells are highly active against circulating tumor cells; hence they play a significant antimetastatic role: without NK cells, the experimental metastatic ability of tumor cells can increase a hundredfold (Ljunggren and Malmberg 2007).
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Cancer MetastasisBiologic Basis and Therapeutics, pp. 587 - 599Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2011