Antecedents

Peter Hoffmann

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511977060.004

3 - Antecedents

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 June 2011

Peter Hoffmann

Show author details

Peter Hoffmann: Affiliation:
McGill University, Montréal

Book contents

Get access

Summary

In the regions that after 1918 formed the new state of Poland following the removal of the Russian, Austrian, and German authorities, and also in the other Eastern European countries, pogroms occurred, and there were atrocities and mass killings of Jews during the years 1918 to 1921. While Goerdeler was in Eastern Europe, about one hundred Polish towns experienced bloody anti-Jewish pogroms. At least 150,000 Jews were murdered in Eastern Europe between 1918 and 1921. The murders in Lemberg (Lwów) on 22–24 November 1918, and in Pińsk, Vilna, Lida, and Minsk in April 1919, were notorious.

On 15 March 1919, representatives of Jewish communities in Eastern Europe formed the ‘Comité des Délégations Juives auprès de la Conférence de la Paix’. The Comité submitted to the Peace Conference at Paris A Report on the Pogroms in Poland, by Israel Cohen, and a memorandum entitled ‘Les Droits Nationaux des Juifs en Europe Orientale’ by Léo Motzkin, the Comité's secretary general. The memorandum stated that there were approximately 6,500,000 Jews in Congress Poland, 2,250,000 in Austria-Hungary, 240,000 in Romania, and 9,000,000 in the Turkish Empire, in Greece, Bulgaria, ‘etc.’. When Léo Motzkin wrote his memorandum, reliable demographic statistics did not exist; his numbers were estimates.

The best currently available estimates for the numbers of Jews in those countries are 2,845,300 Jews in Poland in 1921, 667,062 in Austria-Hungary in 1910, 128,859 in Austria in 1925, 756,900 in post-Trianon Romania in 1930, 473,400 in post-Trianon Hungary, around 10,000 in Greece before 1914, 43,232 in Bulgaria in 1920, and a minimum of 187,073 (in reality an estimated 220,000, allowing for the usual undercount) in the Ottoman Empire in 1914.

Type: Chapter
Information: Carl Goerdeler and the Jewish Question, 1933–1942 , pp. 34 - 90

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977060.004 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Golczewski, Frank, Polnisch-jüdische Beziehungen 1881–1922, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1981, pp. 158–71, 174, 219–33, 246–64, 290–97, 341–47Google Scholar

Abramsky, , ‘The Biro-Bidzhan Project’, pp. 64–66, accepts an estimate of 200,000 killed in pogroms 1917–1921; cf. Carole Fink, ‘The Paris Peace Conference and the Question of Minority Rights’, Peace and Change 21 (1996): 277–79Google Scholar

Karpat, Kemal H., Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays, Leiden, Boston, and Cologne: Brill, 2002, p. 157, 161Google Scholar

Kieffer, Fritz, Judenverfolgung in Deutschland – eine innere Angelegenheit? Internationale Reaktionen auf die Flüchtlingsproblematik 1933–1939, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002Google Scholar

Mohr, Philipp Caspar, Kein Recht zur Einmischung? Die politische und völkerrechtliche Reaktion Großbritanniens auf Hitlers ‘Machtergreifung’ und die einsetzende Judenverfolgung, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2002, pp. 122–25Google Scholar

Bennett, Edward W., German Rearmament and the West, 1932–1933, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979, pp. 471–90Google Scholar

Roos, Hans, Geschichte der Polnischen Nation 1916–1960, 2nd ed., Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 1964, p. 139Google Scholar

Roos, Hans, A History of Modern Polandb, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1966, p. 137Google Scholar

Hassell, Ulrich, Die Hassell-Tagebücher 1938–1944: Aufzeichnungen vom Andern Deutschland, ed. Friedrich Freiherr Hiller von Gaertringen and Klaus Peter Reiss, Berlin: Siedler, 1988 (cited Hassell 1988), pp. 94–96Google Scholar

Weinberg, Gerhard L., The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Starting World War II 1937–1939, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1980, p. 565Google Scholar

Sherman, A.J., Island Refuge: Britain and Refugees from the Third Reich 1933–1939, London: Paul Elek, 1973, pp. 92–93Google Scholar

Meyer-Krahmer, Marianne, Carl Goerdeler und sein Weg in den Widerstand: Eine Reise in die Welt meines Vaters, Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder Taschenbuch Verlag, 1989, p. 73Google Scholar

Gruner, Wolf, Öffentliche Wohlfahrt und Judenverfolgung, Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2002, pp. 69, 77, 140–43 (no reference to Goerdeler)CrossRef Google Scholar

Gruner, Wolf, ‘Die NS-Judenverfolgung und die Kommunen. Zur wechselseitigen Dynamisierung von zentraler und lokaler Politik’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 48 (2000): 85–86, 92, 94–98Google Scholar

Fleiter, Rüdiger, Stadtverwaltung im Dritten Reich: Verfolgungspolitik auf kommunaler Ebene, Hannover: Hahnsche, 2006, pp. 142, 148, 186 (no references to Goerdeler)Google Scholar

Feldman, David, ‘Was the Nineteenth Century a Golden Age for Immigrants? The Changing Articulation of National, Local and Voluntary Controls’, in Andreas Fahrmeir, Olivier Faron, and Patrick Weil, eds., Migration Control in the North Atlantic World: The Evolution of State Practices in Europe and the United States from the French Revolution to the Inter-war Period, New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2003, 2005, pp. 167, 170Google Scholar

Stauffenberg, Berthold Schenk Graf, ‘Die Entziehung der Staatsangehörigkeit und das Völkerrecht: Eine Entgegnung’, Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 4 (1934): 270Google Scholar

Weil, Patrick, Qu´est-ce un Français?Paris: Bernard Grasset, 2002, pp. 72–90, 93, 97–134Google Scholar

Wiślicki, Alfred, ‘The Jewish Boycott Campaign against Nazi Germany and Its Culmination in the Halbersztadt Trial’, in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, vol. 8, London and Washington: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1994, pp. 282–83Google Scholar

Tomaszewski, Jerzy, ‘The Civil Rights of Jews in Poland 1918–1939’, in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, vol. 8, London and Washington: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 1994Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Peter, ‘The German Resistance to Hitler and the Jews: The Case of Carl Goerdeler’, in Klein, Dennis B., Libowitz, Richard, Littell, Marcia Sachs, and Steeley, Sharon, eds., The Genocidal Mind: Selected Papers from the 32nd Annual Scholars' Conference on the Holocaust and the Churches, Saint Paul: Paragon House, 2005, pp. 278–79Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Peter, ‘The German Resistance to Hitler and the Jews’, in Bankier, David, ed., Probing the Depths of German Antisemitism: German Society and the Persecution of the Jews, 1933–1941, Jerusalem, New York, and Oxford: Yad Vashem, Leo Baeck Institute, Berghahn Books, 2000, pp. 463–77Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Peter, ‘The Persecution of the Jews as a Motive for Resistance Against National Socialism’, in Andrew Chandler, ed., The Moral Imperative: New Essays on the Ethics of Resistance in National Socialist Germany, 1933–1945, Boulder and Oxford: Westview Press, 1998, pp. 73–104Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Peter, ‘The German Resistance, the Jews, and Daniel Goldhagen’, in Littell, Franklin H., ed., Hyping the Holocaust: Scholars Answer Goldhagen, East Rockaway: Cummings and Hathaway, 1997, pp. 73–88)Google Scholar

Wyman, David S., Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis 1938–1941, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1968, p. 22Google Scholar

Stember, Charles Herbert et al., Jews in the Mind of America, New York and London: Basic Books, 1966, pp. 53–55, 121, 123–24, 127–28, 84–85, 130–33, 208–10, 214–15Google Scholar

Brechtken, Magnus, ‘Madagaskar für die Juden’: Antisemitische Idee und politische Praxis 1885–1945, Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1997, pp. 116–19CrossRef Google Scholar

Nieweyk, Donald and Nicosia, Francis, The Columbia Guide to The Holocaust, New York: Columbia University Press, 2000, p. 8Google Scholar

Gruner, Wolf, ed., Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945. Band 1. Deutsches Reich 1933–1937, Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 2008, passimGoogle Scholar

Heim, Susanne, ed., Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945. Band 2. Deutsches Reich 1938-August 1939, Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2009, pp. 13–63 and passim

Bauer, Yehuda, My Brother's Keeper: A History of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1929–1939, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1974, pp. 244Google Scholar

Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews, New York and London: Holmes and Meier, 1985, vol. I, p. 143Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Peter, ‛Ludwig Beck: Loyalty and Resistance', Central European History 14 (1981): 332–50CrossRef Google Scholar

Heiber, Helmut, ‘Der Fall Grünspan’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 5 (1957): 134–72Google Scholar

Marrus, Michael R., ‘The Strange Story of Herschel Grynszpan’, in Marrus, Michael R., ed., The Nazi Holocaust: Historical Articles on the Destruction of European Jews, vol. 2: The Origins of the Holocaust, Westport and London: Meckler, 1989, pp. 597–607Google Scholar

Goebbels, Joseph, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels. Teil I. Aufzeichnungen 1923–1941. Band 6, Munich: K.G. Saur, 1998, pp. 178–83, 186)Google Scholar

Longerich, Peter, ‘Davon haben wir nichts gewusst!’ Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung 1933–1945, Munich: Pantheon, 2007, pp. 129–44Google Scholar

Bankier, David, The Germans and the Final Solution: Public Opinion under Nazism, Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992, is a biased treatment; see for example p. 86 on GoerdelerGoogle Scholar

Wasserstein, Bernard, Britain and the Jews of Europe 1939–1945, London: Institute of Jewish Affairs, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979, p. 17Google Scholar

Meyer-Krahmer, Marianne, Carl Goerdeler und sein Weg in den Widerstand. Eine Reise in die Welt meines Vaters, Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder Taschenbuch Verlag, 1989, pp. 127–28Google Scholar

Dipper, Christof, ‘Der Deutsche Widerstand und die Juden’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft 9 (1983): 365Google Scholar

Dipper, Christof, ‘The German Resistance and the Jews’, Yad Vashem Studies 16 (1984): 51–93)Google Scholar

Book contents

3 - Antecedents

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive