References
Aime, Hilary, Broesch, Tanya, Aknin, Lara B., and Warneken, Felix (2017). Evidence for proactive and reactive helping in two- to five-year-olds from a small-scale society. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0187787, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone Akhtar, Nameera (2005). The robustness of learning through overhearing. Developmental Science 8(2): 199–209.
Alcalá, Lucía, Rogoff, Barbara, Mejía-Arauz, Rebeca, Coppens, Andrew D., and Dexter, Amy L. (2014). Children’s initiative in contributions to family work in indigenous-heritage and cosmopolitan communities in Mexico. Human Development 57: 96–115.
Bakeman, Roger, Adamson, Lauren B., Konner, Melvin, and Barr, Ronald G. (1990). !Kung infancy: The social context of object exploration. Child Development 61(4): 794–809.
Bandura, Albert (1976). Social Learning Theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Barlow, Kathleen (1985). Learning Cultural Meanings through Social Relationships: An Ethnography of Childhood in Murik Society, Papua New Guinea. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego.
Barnett, Homer G. (1938). The nature of the Potlatch. American Anthropologist 40: 349–58.
Battiste, Marie. (2002). Indigenous Knowledge and Pedagogy in First Nations Education: A Literature Review with Recommendations. Ottawa, ON: National Working Group on Education and the Minister of Indian Affairs Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC).
Bergin, Christi A. C., Bergin, David A., and French, Evelyn (1995). Preschoolers’ prosocial repertoires: Parents’ perspectives. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 10: 81–103.
Berman, Elise (2019). Talking Like Children: Language and the Production of Age in the Marshall Islands. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bird, Douglas W., and Bird, Rebecca B. (2002). Children on the reef: Slow learning or strategic foraging? Human Nature 13(2): 269–97.
Bird-David, Nurit (2015). Modern biases, hunter-gathers’ children: On the visibility of children in other cultures. In Coskunsu, Güner, ed., The Archaeology of Childhood: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on an Archaeological Enigma, pp. 91–103. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Bloch, Maurice E. F. (1988). How We Think They Think: Anthropological Approach to Cognition, Memory, and Literacy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Blurton-Jones, Nicholas G., Hawkes, Kristen, and O’Connell, James F. (2005). Older Hadza men and women as helpers. In Hewlett, Barry S. and Lamb, Michael E., eds., Hunter Gatherer Childhoods: Evolutionary, Developmental, and Cultural Perspectives, pp. 214–36. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine-Transaction.
Blurton-Jones, Nicholas G., and Konner, Melvin J. (1976). !Kung knowledge of animal behavior. In Lee, Richard B. and DeVore, Irven, eds., Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and Their Neighbors, pp. 325–48. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Blurton-Jones, Nicholas G., and Marlowe, Frank W. (2002). Selection for delayed maturity: Does it take 20 years to learn to hunt and gather? Human Nature 13(2): 199–238.
Bock, John, and Johnson, Sara E. (2004). Subsistence ecology and play among the Okavango Delta peoples of Botswana. Human Nature 15(1): 63–82.
Boesch, Christophe (2013). Wild Cultures: A Comparison Between Chimpanzee and Human Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bogin, Barry (2006). Modern human life history: The evolution of human childhood and fertility. In Hawkes, Kristen and Paine, Richard R., eds., The Evolution of Human Life History, pp. 197–230. Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press.
Borofsky, Robert (1987). Making History: Pukapukan and Anthropological Constructions of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bowes, Jennifer M., and Goodnow, Jacqueline J. (1996). Work for home, school, or labor force: The nature and sources of changes in understanding. Psychology Bulletin 119: 300–321.
Boyette, Adam H. (2013). Social learning during middle childhood among Aka foragers and Ngandu farmers of the Central African Republic. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Washington State University.
Boyette, Adam H.(2016). Children’s play and the integration of social and individual learning: A cultural niche construction perspective. In Terashima, Hideaki and Hewlett, Barry S., eds., Social Learning and Innovation in Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers: Evolutionary and Ethnographic Perspectives, pp. 159–70. Tokyo: Springer.
Boyette, Adam H.(2019). Autonomy, cognitive development and the socialization of cooperation in foragers: Aka children’s views of sharing and caring. Hunter Gatherer Research 3: 475–500.
Briggs, Jean L. (1991). Expecting the unexpected: Canadian Inuit training for an experimental lifestyle. Ethos, 19: 259–87.
Britto, Pia R., Engle, Patrice L., and Super, M. Charles (2013). Handbook of Early Childhood Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Broch, Harald B. (1990). Growing Up Agreeably: Bonerate Childhood Observed. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Callaghan, Tarra, Holl, Henrike, Rakoczy, Hannes, Warneken, Felix, Liszkowski, Ulf, Behne, Tanya, and Tomasello, Michael (2011). Early social cognition in three cultural contexts. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 76(2): 1–142.
Caparos, Serge, Linnell, Karina J., Bremner, Andrew J., de Fockert, Jan W., and Davidoff, Jules (2013). Do local and global perceptual biases tell us anything about local and global selective attention? Psychological Science 24(2): 206–12.
Cekaite, Asta (2010). Shepherding the child: Embodied directive sequences in parent-child interactions. Text & Talk 30(1): 1–25.
Clegg, Jennifer, and Legare, Cristine H. (2016). A cross-cultural comparison of children’s flexible use of imitation. Developmental Psychology 52: 1435–44.
Condon, Richard G. (1987). Inuit Youth: Growth and Change in the Canadian Arctic. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Coppens, Andrew D., and Alcalá, Lucía (2015). Supporting children’s initiative: Appreciating family contributions or paying children for chores. In Correa-Chávez, Maricela, Mejía-Arauz, Rebeca, and Rogoff, Barbara, eds., Children Learn by Observing and Contributing to Family and Community Endeavors: A Cultural Paradigm, pp. 91–112. Vol. 49 of Advances in Child Development and Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Coppens, Andrew D., Alcalá, Lucía, Rogoff, Barbara, and Mejía-Arauz, Rebeca (2018). Children’s contributions in family work: Two cultural paradigms. In Skelton, Tracey, Punch, Samatha, and Vanderbeck, Robert M., eds., Families, Intergenerationality, and Peer Group Relations, pp. 2–22. Singapore: Springer.
Correa-Chávez, Maricela (2016). Cultural patterns of collaboration and communication while working together among U.S. Mexican heritage children. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction 11: 130–41.
Correa-Chávez, Maricela, Mejía-Arauz, Rebeca, and Rogoff, Barbara, eds. (2015). Children Learn by Observing and Contributing to Family and Community Endeavors: A Cultural Paradigm. Vol. 49 of Advances in Child Development and Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Cristia, Alejandrina, Dupoux, Emmanuel, Gurven, Michael, and Stieglitz, Jonathan (2017). Child-directed speech is infrequent in a forager-farmer population. Child Development, pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12974 Crittenden, Alyssa N. (2016a). To share or not to share? Social processes of learning to share food among Hadza hunter-gatherer children. In Terashima, Hideaki and Hewlett, Barry S., eds., Social Learning and Innovation in Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers: Evolutionary and Ethnographic Perspectives, pp. 61–70. Tokyo: Springer.
Crittenden, Alyssa N.(2016b). Children’s foraging and play among the Hadza: The evolutionary significance of “Work Play.” In Meehan, Courtney L. and Crittenden, Alyssa N., eds., Childhood: Origins, Evolution, and Implications, pp. 155–72 Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
Crittenden, Alyssa N., Conklin-Brittain, Nancy L., Zes, David A., Schoeninger, Margaret J., and Marlowe, Frank W. (2013). Juvenile foraging among the Hadza: Implications for human life history. Evolution and Human Behavior 34: 299–304.
Crittenden Alyssa, N., and Zes, David A. (2015). Food sharing among Hadza hunter-gatherer children. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0131996. doi:10.1371/
Dahl, Audun (2015). The developing social context of infant helping in two U.S. samples. Child Development 86: 1080–93, doi:10.1111/cdev.1236.
Dahl, Audun, Satlof-Bedrick, Emma, Hammond, Stuart I., Drummond, Jesse K., Waugh, Whitney E., and Brownell, Celia (2017). Explicit scaffolding increases simple helping in younger infants. Developmental Psychology 53: 407–16.
Damas, David (2011). The Copper Eskimo. In Bicchieri, Marco G., ed., Hunters and Gatherers Today: A Socioeconomic Study of Eleven Such Cultures in the Twentieth Century, pp. 3–50. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Davis, Helen E. and Cashdan, Elizabeth (2020). You don’t have to know where your kids are, just where they aren’t: exploring free-range parenting in the Bolivian Amazon. In Ashdown, Brien K. and Faherty, Amanda, eds., Parents and Caregivers Across Cultures: Positive Development from Infancy Through Adulthood. New York: Springer
de Haan, Mariëtte (2001). Intersubjectivity in models of learning and teaching: Reflection from a study of teaching and learning in a Mexican Mazahua community. In Chaiklin, Seth, ed., The Theory and Practice of Cultural–Historical Psychology, pp. 174–99. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press.
de Haan, Mariëtte(1999). Learning as a Cultural Practice: How Children Learn in a Mexican Mazahua Community. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Thela Thesis
de Haan, Mariëtte (2018). Can we de-pedagogicize society? Between “native” learning and pedagogy in complex societies. In Sefton-Green, Julian & Erstad, Ola, eds., Learning Beyond the School. International Perspectives on the Schooled Society (pp. 28–44). Abington, Oxon: Routledge.
de León, Lourdes (2011). Language socialization and multiparty participation frameworks. In Duranti, Alessandro, Ochs, Elinor, and Schieffelin, Bambi B., eds., The Handbook of Language Socialization, pp. 81–111. Oxford: Blackwell.
DeSilver, Drew (2019). In the U.S., teen summer jobs aren’t what they used to be. Pew Research Center, June 27.
de Waal, Frans (2001). The Ape and the Sushi Master. New York: Basic Books.
Doepke, Matthias and Zilibotti, Fabrizio (2019). Love, Money and Parenting. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Draper, Patricia (1975). !Kung women: Contrasts in sexual egalitarianism in foraging and sedentary contexts. In Reiter, Rayna R., ed., Toward an Anthropology of Women, pp. 77–109. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Draper, Patricia(1976). Social and economic constraints on child life among the !Kung. In Lee, Richard B. and DeVore, Irven, eds., Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and Their Neighbors, pp. 199–217. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Du Bois, Cora A. (1941). Attitudes toward food and hunger in Alor. In Spier, Leslie, Hallowell, A. Irving, and Newman, Stanley S., eds., Language, Culture, and Personality, pp. 272–81. Menasha, WI: Sapir Memorial Publication Fund.
Dyson, Jane (2014). Working Childhoods: Youth, Agency and the Environment in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edel, May M. (1996). The Chiga of Uganda, 2nd ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Einarsdóttir, Jónína (2004). Tired of Weeping: Mother Love, Child Death, and Poverty in Guinea–Bissau. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Endicott, Kirk M., and Endicott, Karen L. (2008). The Headman Was a Woman: The Gender Egalitarian Batek of Malaysia. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.
Engelmann, Jan M., Haux, Lou M., and Herrmann, Esther (2019). Helping in young children and chimpanzees shows partiality towards friends. Evolution and Human Behavior 40: 292–300.
Erasmus, Charles J. (1955). Work patterns in a Mayo village. American Anthropologist, n.s., 57: 322–33.
Evans-Pritchard, Edward E. (1956). Nuer Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Fass, Paula S. (2016). The End of American Childhood: A History of Parenting from Life on the Frontier to the Managed Child. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Fasulo, Alessandra, Loyd, Heather, and Padiglione, Vincenzo (2007). Children’s socialization into cleaning practices: A cross-cultural perspective. Discourse and Society 18: 11–33.
Fehr, Ernst, Bernhard, Helen, and Rockenbach, Bettina (2008). Egalitarianism in young children. Nature 454: 1079–84.
Fernández, David L. (2015).Children’s everyday learning by assuming responsibility for others: Indigenous practices as a cultural heritage across generations. In Correa-Chávez, Maricela, Mejía-Arauz, Rebeca, and Rogoff, Barbara, eds., Children Learn by Observing and Contributing to Family and Community Endeavors: A Cultural Paradigm. Vol. 49 of Advances in Child Development and Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, pp. 53–89.
Field, Margaret J. (1970). Search for Security: An Ethno–Psychiatric Study of Rural Ghana. New York: W. W. Norton.
Finn, Lauren, and Vandermaas-Peeler, Maureen (2013). Young children’s engagement and learning opportunities in a cooking activity with parents and older siblings. Early Childhood Research and Practice 15(1), http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v15n1/finn.html Flores, Rubén, Urrieta, Luis Jr., Chamoux, Marie-Noëlle, Fernández, David L., and López, Angélica (2015). Using history to analyze the Learning by Observing and Pitching In practices of contemporary Mesoamerican societies. In Correa-Chávez, Maricela, Mejía-Arauz, Rebeca, and Rogoff, Barbara, eds., Children Learn by Observing and Contributing to Family and Community Endeavors: A Cultural Paradigm. Vol. 49 of Advances in Child Development and Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, pp. 315–40.
Forman-Brunell, Miriam (2009). Babysitter: An American History. New York: New York University Press.
Fortes, Meyer (1970/1938). Social and psychological aspects of education in Taleland. In Middleton, John, ed., From Child to Adult: Studies in the Anthropology of Education, pp. 14–74. Garden City, NY: The Natural History Press.
Fouts, Hillary N. (2005). Families in Central Africa: A comparison of Bofi farmer and forager families. In Roopnarine, Jaipaul L., ed., Families in Global Perspective, pp. 347–63. Boston, MA: Pearson.
Fouts, Hillary N., Neitzel, Carin L., and Bader, Lauren R. (2016). Work-themed play among young children in foraging and farming communities in Central Africa. Behaviour 153: 663–91.
Friedl, Erika (1997). Children of Deh Koh: Young Life in an Iranian Village. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Gallimore, Ronald, Boggs, Joan W., and Jordan, Cathie (1974). Culture, Behavior, and Education: A Study of Hawaiian-Americans, Vol. 2. Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Gallois, Sandrine, Duda, Romaine, Hewlett, Barry, and Reyes-García, Victoria (2015). Children’s daily activities and knowledge acquisition: A case study among the Baka from southeastern Cameroon. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 11(1): 1–13.
Gardner, Howard (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Gaskins, Suzanne (1999). Children’s daily lives in a Mayan village. In Göncü, Artin, ed., Children’s Engagement in the World, pp. 25–61. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gaskins, Suzanne(2013). Pretend play as culturally constructed activity. In Taylor, Marjorie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of the Development of Imagination, pp. 224–47. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gaskins, Suzanne, Haight, Wendy, and Lancy, David F. (2007). The cultural construction of play. In Göncü, Artin and Gaskins, Suzanne, eds., Play and Development: Evolutionary, Sociocultural, and Functional Perspectives, pp. 179–202. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
Gaskins, Suzanne, and Paradise, Ruth (2010). Learning through observation in daily life. In Lancy, David F., Gaskins, Suzanne, and Bock, John, eds., The Anthropology of Learning in Childhood, pp. 85–117. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.
Gauvain, Mary (2001). The Social Context of Cognitive Development. New York: Gilford Press.
Giner Torréns, Marta, Coppens, Andrew D., and Kärtner, Joscha (2019). The socialization of children’s contributions at home: A comparison between indigenous-Ecuadorian and German children. Paper presented at Biennial Meeting, SRCD. Baltimore, MD, March 22.
Giner Torréns, Marta, and Kärtner, Joscha (2017). The influence of socialization on early helping from a cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology 48: 353–68.
Gladwin, Thomas, and Sarason, Seymour B. (1953). Truk: Man in Paradise. New York: Wenner–Gren Foundation.
Goldschmidt, Walter (1976). Culture and Behavior of the Sebei. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Goldschmidt, Walter(2006). The Bridge to Humanity: How Affect Hunger Trumps the Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goldstein, Sam, and Naglieri, Jack A., eds. (2011). Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development. Boston: Springer.
Golovnev, Ivan (2004). Malenkaya Katerina (Tiny Katerina), documentary film. Ekaterinburg: Ethnographic Bureau Studio. https://vimeo.com/143388752. Password: TINY Golovnev, Ivan, and Golovneva, Elena (2016). The representation of childhood in ethnographic films of Siberian indigenous peoples. Sibirica 15(3): 83–86.
Goodnow, Jacqueline J. (1988). Children’s household work: Its nature and function. Psychological Bulletin, 103: 5–26.
Goodwin, Grenville, and Goodwin, Janice T. (1942). The Social Organization of the Western Apache. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Grove, M. Annette, and Lancy, David F. (2015). Cultural views of life phases. In Wright, James D., ed., International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed., pp. 507–15. Oxford: Elsevier.
Grusec, Joan E. (1981). Socialization processes and the development of altruism. In Rushton, J. Phillipe and Sorrentino, Richard M., eds., Altruism and Helping Behavior, pp. 65–90. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Grusec, Joan E.(1991). Socializing concern for others in the home. Developmental Psychology 27: 338–42.
Guemple, Lee (1979). Inuit socialization: A study of children as social actors in an Eskimo community. In Ishwaran, Karigoudar, ed., Childhood and Adolescence in Canada, pp. 39–71. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
Gurven, Michael and Winking, Jeffrey (2008). Collective action in action: Prosocial behavior in and out of the laboratory. American Anthropologist 110(2): 179–90.
Hagino, Izumi, and Yamauchi, Taro (2016). High motivation and low gain: Food procurement from rainforest foraging by Baka hunter-gatherer children. In Terashima, Hideaki and Hewlett, Barry S., eds., Social Learning and Innovation in Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers: Evolutionary and Ethnographic Perspectives, pp. 135–46. Tokyo: Springer.
Haith, Marshall M., and Benson, Janette B. (2008). Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Hamlin, J. Kiley, Wynn, Karen, and Bloom, Paul (2007). Social evaluation by pre-verbal infants. Nature 450: 557–59.
Hammond, Stuart I. (2014). Children’s early helping in action: Early helping and moral development. Frontiers in Psychology 5, 1–7. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00759.
Hammond, Stuart I., and Brownell, Celia A. (2018). Happily unhelpful: Infants’ everyday helping and its connection to early prosocial development. Frontiers in Psychology, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01770 Hansen, Henny H. (1961). The Kurdish Woman’s Life: Field Research in a Muslim Society, Iraq. Kobenhavn, Danmark: Nationalmuseet.
Harkness, Sara, Super, Charles M. et al. (2010). Parental ethnotheories of children’s learning. In Lancy, David F., Gaskins, Suzanne, and Bock, John, eds. The Anthropology of Learning in Childhood, pp. 65–81. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.
Henrich, Joseph, Heine, Stephen J., and Norenzayan, Ara (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioural and Brain Sciences 33: 61–81.
Hilger, Sister M. Inez (1957). Araucanian Child Life and Cultural Background. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 133. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
Hill, Kim R., Walker, Robert S., Bozicevic, Miran, Eder, James, Headland, Thomas, Hewlett, Barry, Hurtado, A. Magdalena, Marlowe, Frank, Wiessner, Polly, and Wood, Brian (2011). Co-residence patterns in hunter-gatherer societies show unique human social structure. Science 331: 1286–89.
Hoffman, Martin L. (2000). Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hogbin, Ian (1969). A Guadalcanal Society: The Kaoka Speakers. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Hollos, Marida C., and Leis, Philip E. (1989). Becoming Nigerian in Ijo Society. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Honigmann, Irman, and Honigmann, John (1953). Child rearing patterns among the Great Whale River Eskimo. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 2(1): 31–50.
Hopkins, Brian, Geangu, Elena, and Linkenauger, Sally, eds. (2017). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Child Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Horn, Pamela (1994). Children’s Work and Welfare, 1780–1890. New York: Cambridge University Press.
House, Bailey R., Silk, Joan B., Henrich, Joseph, Barrett, H. Clark, Scelza, Brooke A., Boyette, Adam H., Hewlett, Barry S., McElreath, Richard, and Laurence, Stephen (2013). Ontogeny of prosocial behavior across diverse societies. PNAS, 110(36): 14586–91, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1221217110 Howell, Nancy (2010). Life Histories of the Dobe !Kung: Food, Fatness, and Well-being Over the Life Span. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hrdy, Sarah B. (2009). Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Hrdy, Sarah B.(2016). Development plus social selection in the emergence of “emotionally modern” humans. In Meehan, Courtney L. and Crittenden, Alyssa N., eds., Childhood: Origins, Evolution, and Implications, pp. 11–44. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
Ingold, Tim (2001). From the transmission of representations to the education of attention. In Whitehouse, Harvey, ed., The Debated Mind: Evolutionary Psychology versus Ethnography, pp. 113–53. Oxford: Berg.
Jin, Kyong-sun, and Baillargeon, Renée (2017). Infants possess an abstract expectation of ingroup support. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(31): 8199–204.
Jordan, Peter D. (2014). Technology as Human Social Tradition: Cultural Transmission among Hunter-Gatherers. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kaplan, Hillard S., and Bock, John A. (2001). Fertility theory: The embodied capital theory of life history evolution. In Hoem, Jan M., ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp. 5561–68. New York: Elsevier.
Kärtner, Joscha 2018. Beyond dichotomies-(m)others’ structuring and the development of toddlers’ prosocial behavior across cultures. Current Opinion in Psychology. 20: 6–10.
Kärtner, Joscha, Keller, Heidi, and Chaudhary, Nandita (2010). Cognitive and social influences on early prosocial behavior in two sociocultural contexts. Developmental Psychology 46: 905–14.
Katz, Cindi (1986). Children and the environment: Work, play and learning in rural Sudan. Children’s Environment Quarterly 3(4): 43–51.
Klein, Wendy, Graesch, Anthony, and Izquierdo, Carolina (2009). Children and chores: A mixed-methods study of children’s household work in Los Angeles families. Anthropology of Work Review, 30: 98–109.
Kline, Michelle A., Shamsudheen, Rubeena, and Broesch, Tanya (2018). Variation is the universal: Making cultural evolution work in developmental psychology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 373(1743): 20170059, http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0059 Konner, Melvin J. (1976). Maternal care, infant behavior and development among the !Kung. In Lee, Richard B. and DeVore, Irven, eds., Studies of the !Kung San and Their Neighbors, pp. 218–45. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Koster, Jeremy M., Bruno, Orlando, and Burns, Jessica L. (2016). Wisdom of the elders? Ethnobiological knowledge across the lifespan. Current Anthropology 57: 113–21.
Köster, Moritz, Cavalcante, Lilia, Carvalho, Rafael V.C., Resende, Briseida D., Kärtner, Joscha (2016). Cultural influences on toddlers’ prosocial behavior: How maternal task assignment relates to helping others. Child Development 87(6): 1727–38.
Kramer, Karen L. (2002). Variation in juvenile dependence: Helping behavior among Maya children. Human Nature 13: 299–325.
Kramer, Karen L.(2011). The evolution of parental care and recruitment of juvenile help. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26: 533–40.
Kramer, Karen L.(2019). Cooperative childhood model: Child development in traditional societies. Paper presented at Society for Psychological Anthropology Biennial meeting, Santa Fe, NM, April 4.
Kramer, Karen L., and Greaves, Russell D. (2011). Juvenile subsistence effort, activity levels, and growth patterns. Human Nature 22: 303–26.
Lancy, David F. (1996). Playing on the Mother Ground: Cultural Routines for Children’s Development. New York: Guilford Pub.
Lancy, David F.(2012). The chore curriculum. In Spittler, Gerd and Bourdillion, Michael, eds., African Children at Work: Working and Learning in Growing Up, pp. 23–57. Berlin: Lit Verlag.
Lancy, David F.(2014). “Babies aren’t persons:” A survey of Delayed Personhood. In Keller, Heidi and Otto, Hiltrud, eds., Different Faces of Attachment: Cultural Variations of a Universal Human Need, pp. 66–112. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lancy, David F.(2015a). Children as a reserve labor force. Current Anthropology 56: 545–68.
Lancy, David F.(2015b). The Anthropology of Childhood: Cherubs, Chattel, Changelings, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lancy, David F.(2016a). Playing with knives: The socialization of self-initiated learners. Child Development 87: 654–65.
Lancy, David F.(2016b). Teaching: Natural or cultural? In Berch, Dan and Geary, David, eds., Evolutionary Perspectives on Education and Child Development, pp. 32–65. Heidelberg, DE: Springer.
Lancy, David F.(2017a). Raising Children: Surprising Insights from Other Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lancy, David F.(2017b). Homo Faber Juvenalis: A multidisciplinary survey of children as tool makers/users. Childhood in the Past 10: 1–19.
Lancy, David F.(2018). Anthropological Perspectives on Children as Helpers, Workers, Artisans and Laborers. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Lancy, David F., and Annette Grove, M. (2011). “Getting noticed”: Middle childhood in cross-cultural perspective. Human Nature 22: 281–302.
Lave, Jean, and Wenger, Etienne (1991). Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, Dorothy (1961). Freedom and Culture. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Lee, Dorothy(1967). A socio-anthropological view of independent learning. In Gleason, Gerald T., ed., The Theory and Nature of Independent Learning, pp. 51–64. Scranton, PA: International Textbook Publishers.
Leibel, Manfred (2004). A Will of Their Own: Cross Cultural Perspectives on Working Children. London: ZED.
Levine, Donald N. (1965). Wax and Gold: Tradition and Innovation in Ethiopian Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
LeVine, Robert A. (2007). Ethnographic studies of childhood: A historical overview. American Anthropologist 109: 247–60.
LeVine, Robert A., and LeVine, Barbara B. (1963). Nyansongo: A Gusii community in Kenya. In Whiting, Beatrice Blyth, ed., Six Cultures: Studies of Child Rearing, pp. 15–202. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Lew-Levy, Sheina, and Boyette, Adam H. (2018). Evidence for the adaptive learning function of work and work-themed play among Aka forager and Ngandu farmer children from the Congo Basin. Human Nature, https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.15690 Lew-Levy, Sheina, Crittenden, Alyssa N., Boyette, Adam H., Mabulla, Ibrahim A., Hewlett, Barry S., and Lamb, Michael E. (2019). Inter- and intra-cultural variation in learning-through-participation among Hadza and BaYaka forager children and adolescents from Tanzania and the Republic of Congo. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 29(4): 309–18.
López, Angélica, Najafi, Behnosh, Rogoff, Barbara, and Mejía-Arauz, Rebeca (2012). Collaboration and helping as cultural practices. In Valsiner, Jaan, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Culture and Psychology, pp. 869–84. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lord, Jack (2011). Child labor in the Gold Coast: The economics of work, education, and the family in late–colonial African households, c. 1940–57. Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 4(1): 86–115.
Lupo, Karen D., and Schmitt, Dave N. (2002). Upper Paleolithic net-hunting, small prey exploitation, and women’s work effort: A view from the ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological record of the Congo Basin. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 9(2): 147–79.
Lye, Tuck P. (1997). Knowledge, forest, and hunter-gatherer movement: The Batek of Pahang, Malaysia. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii.
MacElroy, Mary H. (1917). Work and Play in Colonial Days. New York: The MacMillan Company.
Maretzki, Thomas W., and Maretzki, Hatsumi (1963). Taira: An Okinawan village. In Whiting, Beatrice B., ed., Six Cultures: Studies of Child Rearing, pp. 363–539. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Marlowe, Frank W. (2010). The Hadza: Hunter–Gatherers of Tanzania. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Martínez-Pérez, Margarita (2015). Adults’ orientation of children – and children’s initiative to pitch in – to everyday adult activities in a Tsotsil Maya community. In Correa-Chávez, Maricela, Mejía-Arauz, Rebeca, and Rogoff, Barbara, eds., Children Learn by Observing and Contributing to Family and Community Endeavors: A Cultural Paradigm. Vol. 49 of Advances in Child Development and Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, pp. 113–35.
Martínez-Rodríguez, Maria R. (2009). Ethnobotanical knowledge acquisition among Tsimane’ children in the Bolivian Amazon. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens.
Mauss, Marcel (1967). The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchanges in Archaic Societies. New York: W. W. Norton.
Mayblin, Maya (2010). Learning courage: Child labour as moral practice in Northeast Brazil. Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology 75(1): 23–48.
Maynard, Ashley E. (2006). Fieldwork first, experiments later: The development of a research program in psychology based on ethnographic fieldwork. Cross-Cultural Psychology Bulletin, 40 (1–2): 10–18.
McClelland, David (1961). The Achieving Society. Princeton: Van Nostrand Co.
Mead, Margaret (1928). Samoan children at work and play. Natural History 28: 626–36.
Mead, Margaret(1967). An investigation of the thought of primitive children, with special reference to animism. In Hunt, Robert, ed., Personalities and Cultures: Readings in Psychological Anthropology, pp. 213–37. Garden City, NY: The Natural History Press.
Medaets, Chantal V. (2011). “Tu garante ?” Reflections on the Transmission Practices and Learning in the Lower Tapajós, Brazilian Amazon. Paper presented at 34th Annual Meeting of ANPEd (Brazilian Educational Research and Post-Graduate Association) October.
Medaets, Chantal V.(2016). Despite adults: Learning experiences on the Tapajós River banks. Ethos 44: 248–68.
Mejía-Arauz, Rebeca, Rogoff, Barbara, Dexter, Amy, and Jajafi, Behnosh (2007). Cultural variation in children’s social organization. Child Development 78(3): 1001–14.
Melis, Alicia P., and Warneken, Felix (2016). The psychology of cooperation: Insights from chimpanzees and children. Evolutionary Anthropology 25: 297–305.
Melis, Alicia P., Warneken, Felix, Jensen, Keith, Schneider, Anna-Clara, Call, Josep, and Tomasello, Michael (2011). Chimpanzees help conspecifics obtain food and non-food items. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences, 278: 1405–13.
Mesoudi, Alex (2011). Cultural Evolution: How Darwinian Theory Can Explain Human Culture and Synthesize the Social Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mezzenzana, Francesca (in press). Between will and thought: Individualism and social responsiveness in Amazonian child-rearing. American Anthropologist.
Michelet, Aude (2016). What makes children work? The participative trajectory in domestic and pastoral chores of children in Southern Mongolia. Ethos 44: 223–47.
Millard, Ann V., and Graham, Margaret A. (1985). Breastfeeding in two Mexican villages: Social and demographic perspectives. In Hull, Valerie and Simpson, Mayling, eds., Breastfeeding, Child Health and Birth Spacing: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, pp. 55–74. London: Croom Helm.
Miller, Peggy J., and Cho, Grace E. (2018). Self-esteem in Time and Place: How American Families Imagine, Enact, and Personalize a Cultural Ideal. New York: Oxford University Press.
Montandon, Cleopatre (2001). The negotiation of influence: Children’s experience of parental educational practices in Geneva. In Alanen, Leena and Mayall, Berry, eds., Conceptualizing Child–Adult Relations, pp. 54–69. London: Routledge.
Morelli, Gilda, Rogoff, Barbara, and Angelillo, Cathy (2003). Cultural variation in young children’s access to work or involvement in specialized child-focused activities. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27: 264–74.
Newson, John, and Newson, Elizabeth (1976). Seven Years Old in the Home Environment. London: Allen & Unwin.
Nilsen, Ann C. E., and Wærdahl, Randi (2014). Gender differences in Norwegian children’s work at home. Childhood 22: 53–66.
Ochs, Elinor (1988). Culture and Language Development: Language Socialization and Language Acquisition in a Samoan Village. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ochs, Elinor, and Izquierdo, Carolina (2009). Responsibility in childhood: Three developmental trajectories. Ethos 37: 391–413.
Odden, Harold L. (2007). The Acquisition of cultural knowledge of hierarchy by Samoan children. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Emory University.
O’Kane, Caitlin (2018). “Adulting” classes teach millennials basic skills like sewing, cooking and how to deal with relationships. CBS News, December 14.
Orellana, Marjorie F. (2001). The work kids do: Mexican and Central American immigrant children’s contributions to households and schools in California. Harvard Educational Review 71: 366–89.
Paradise, Ruth M. (1987). Learning through social interaction: The experience and development of the Mazahua self in the context of the market. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.
Paradise, Ruth, and de Haan, Mariëtte (2009). Responsibility and reciprocity: Social organization of Mazahua learning practices. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 40(2): 187–204.
Paradise, Ruth, and Rogoff, Barbara (2009). Side by side: Learning by observing and pitching in. Ethos 37: 102–38.
Paulus, Markus (2014). The emergence of prosocial behavior: Why do infants and toddlers help, comfort, and share? Child Development Perspectives 8(2): 77–81.
Peluso, Daniela (2015). Children’s instrumentality and agency in Amazonia. Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America 13(1): 44–62.
Pettygrove, Dana M., Hammond, Stuart I., Karahuta, Erin L., Waugh, Whitney E., and Brownell, Celia A. (2013). From cleaning up to helping out: Parental socialization and children’s early prosocial behavior. Infant Behavior and Development 36: 843–46
Phillips, Susan U. (1983). Invisible Culture: Communication in Classroom and Community on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. White Plains, NY: Longman.
Polak, Barbara (2003). Little peasants: On the importance of reliability in child labour. In d’Almeida–Topor, Hèléne, Lakroum, Monique, and Spittler, Gerd, eds., Le travail en Afrique noire: Reprál’ésentations et pratiques époque contemporaine, pp. 125–36. Paris: Karthala.
Polak, Barbara(2012). Peasants in the making: Bamana children at work. In Spittler, Gerd and Bourdillon, Michael, eds., African Children at Work: Working and Learning in Growing Up, pp. 87–112. Berlin: LitVerlag.
Power, Thomas G. (2000). Play and Exploration in Children and Animals. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Prothro, Edwin T. (1961). Child Rearing in the Lebanon. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Puri, Rajindra K. (2005). Deadly Dances in the Bornean Rainforest: Hunting Knowledge of the Punan Benalui. Leiden, Netherlands: KITLV Press.
Quinlan, Marsha B., Quinlan, Robert J., Council, Sarah K., and Roulette, Jennifer W. (2016). Children’s acquisition of ethnobotanical knowledge in a Caribbean horticultural village. Journal of Ethnobiology 36(2): 433–56.
Rai, Tage S., and Fiske, Alan (2010). ODD (observation- and description-deprived) psychological research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33: 106–7.
Rao, Aparna (1998). Autonomy: Life Cycle, Gender, and Status among Himalayan Pastoralists. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Raum, Otto F. (1940). Chaga Childhood. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Read, Margaret (1960). Children of Their Fathers: Growing Up among the Ngoni of Nyasaland. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Remorini, Carolina (2016). Children’s skills, expectations and challenges facing changing environments: An ethnographic study in Mbya Guarani communities (Argentina). In Morton, Jessica, ed., Indigenous Peoples: Perspectives, Cultural Roles and Health Care Disparities, pp. 31–70. Hauppage, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Reyes-García, Victoria, Broesch, James, Calvet-Mir, Laura, Fuentes-Paláez, Nuria, McDade, Thomas W., Sorush, Parsa, Tanner, Susan, Huanca, Tomás, Leonard, William R., Martínez-Rodríguez, Maria R., and TAPS Bolivian Study Team (2009). Cultural transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge and skills: An empirical analysis from an Amerindian society. Evolution and Human Behavior 30: 274–85.
Rheingold, Harriet (1982). Little children’s participation in the work of adults: A nascent prosocial behavior. Child Development 53: 114–25.
Ritchie, Jane (1957). Childhood in Rakau. Publications in Psychology, No. 10. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University, Department of Psychology.
Rival, Laura M. (2000). Formal schooling and the production of modern citizens in the Ecuadorian Amazon. In Levinson, Bradley A.U., ed., Schooling the Symbolic Animal: Social and Cultural Dimensions of Education, pp. 108–22. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Rival, Laura M.(2002). Treking through History: The Hauorani of Amazonian Ecuador. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rochat, Phillipe (2009). Others in Mind: Social Origins of Self-Consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rogoff, Barbara (2003). The Cultural Nature of Human Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rogoff, Barbara, Coppens, Andrew D., Alcalá, Lucía, Aceves-Azuara, Itzel, Ruvalcaba, Omar, López, Angélica, and Dayton, Andrew (2017). Noticing learners’ strengths through cultural research. Perspectives on Psychological Science 12(5), 876–88.
Rogoff, Barbara, Correa-Chávez, Maricela, and Cotuc, Marta N. (2005). A cultural/historical view of schooling in human development. In Pillemer, David B. and White, Sheldon H., eds., Developmental Psychology and Social Change: Research, History, and Policy, pp. 225–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rogoff, Barbara, Sellers, Martha J., Pirotta, Sergio, Fox, Nathan and White, Sheldon H. (1975). Age of assignment of roles and responsibilities to children. Human Development 18: 353–69.
Rohner, Ronald P. (1986). The Warmth Dimension: Foundations of Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc.
Romney, A. Kimball, and Romney, Romaine (1963). The Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca, Mexico. In Whiting, Beatrice Blyth, ed., Six Cultures: Studies of Child Rearing, pp. 541–691. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Rubenstein, Donald H. (1979). An Ethnography of Micronesian Childhood: Context of Socialization on Fais Island. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Stanford University.
Schmidt, Marco F. H., Rakoczy, Hannes, and Tomasello, Michael (2011). Young children attribute normativity to novel actions without pedagogy or normative language. Developmental Science 14: 530–39.
Shostak, Marjorie (1981). Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman. New York: Vintage Books.
Shweder, Richard A., Bidell, Thomas R., Dailey, Anne C., Dixon, Suzanne D., Miller, Peggy J., and Modell, John, eds. (2009). The Child: An Encyclopedic Companion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Silva, Katie G., Correa-Chavéz, Maricela, and Rogoff, Barbara (2011). Mexican–heritage children’s attention and learning from interactions directed at others. Child Development 81: 898–912.
Silva, Katie G., Shimpi, Priya M., and Rogoff, Barbara (2015). Young children’s attention to what’s going on: Cultural differences. In Correa-Chávez, Maricela, Mejía-Arauz, Rebeca, and Rogoff, Barbara, eds., Children Learn by Observing and Contributing to Family and Community Endeavors: A Cultural Paradigm. Vol. 49 of Advances in Child Development and Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, pp. 207–27.
Skenazy, Lenore (2009). Free–Range Kids: Giving Our Children the Freedom We Had Without Going Nuts with Worry. Danvers, MA: Jossey–Bass.
Sonoda, Koji (2016). Constructing social learning in interaction among the Baka hunter-gatherers. In Terashima, Hideaki and Hewlett, Barry S., eds., Social Learning and Innovation in Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers: Evolutionary and Ethnographic Perspectives, pp. 113–24. Tokyo: Springer.
Sperry, Douglas E., Sperry, Linda L., and Miller, Peggy J. (2018). Reexamining the verbal environments of children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Child Development, pp. 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13072 Spittler, Gerd (1998). Hirtenarbeit. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
Sprott, Julie W. (2002). Raising Young Children in an Alaskan Iñupiaq Village: The Family, Cultural and Village Environment of Rearing. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
Stanton, Margaret A., Lonsdorf, Elizabeth V., Pusey, Anne E., and Murray, Carson M. (2017). Do juveniles help or hinder? Influence of juvenile offspring on maternal behavior and reproductive outcomes in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Human Evolution 111 (Supplement C): 152–62.
Super, Charles M., and Harkness, Sara (1986). The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture. International Journal of Behavioral Development 9: 545–69.
Svetlova, Margarita, Nichols, Sara R., and Brownell, Celia A. (2010). Toddlers’ prosocial behavior: From instrumental to empathic to altruistic helping. Child Development 81: 1814–27.
Taggart, Jessica, Fukuda, Eren, and Lillard, Angeline (2018). Children’s preference for real activities: Even stronger in the Montessori Children’s House. Journal of Montessori Research 4(2): 1–9.
Taggart, Jessica, Heise, Megan J., and Lillard, Angeline S. (2017). The real thing: Preschoolers prefer actual activities. Developmental Science 21(3), https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12852 Tomasello, Michael (2009). Why We Cooperate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Tomasello, Michael, and Vaish, Amrisha (2013). Origins of human cooperation and morality. Annual Review of Psychology 64: 231–55.
Toren, Christina (1990). Making Sense of Hierarchy: Cognition as Social Process in Fiji. Houndsmills, UK: Palgrave–Macmillan.
Trivers, Robert L. (1974). Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoology 14: 249–64.
Tronick, Edward Z., Morelli, Gilda, and Ivey, Paula K. (1992). The Efe forager infant and toddler’s pattern of social relationships: Multiple and simultaneous. Developmental Psychology 28(4): 568–77.
Tucker, Bram, and Young, Alyson G. (2005). Growing up Mikea: Children’s time allocation and tuber foraging in southwestern Madagascar. In Hewlett, Barry S. and Lamb, Michael E., eds., Hunter-Gatherer Childhoods: Evolutionary, Developmental, and Cultural Perspectives, pp. 147–71. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine/Transaction Publishers.
Tudge, Jonathan (2008). The Everyday Lives of Young Children: Culture, Class, and Child Rearing in Diverse Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Turnbull, Colin M. (1965). The Mbuti Pygmies: An Ethnographic Survey. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
Vermonden, Daniel (2009). Reproduction and development of expertise within communities of practice: A case study of fishing activities in South Buton. In Heckler, Serena, ed., Landscape, Process, and Power: Re–evaluating Traditional Environmental Knowledge, pp. 205–29. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Voget, Fred W. (1975). A History of Ethnology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Warneken, Felix (2013). Young children proactively remedy unnoticed accidents. Cognition 126: 101–8.
Warneken, Felix(2015a). Are social norms and reciprocity necessary for early helping? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(10): E1052–E1052.
Warneken, Felix(2015b). Precocious prosociality: Why do young children help? Child Development Perspectives 9(1): 1–6.
Warneken, Felix, and Tomasello, Michael (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science 311(5765): 1301–3.
Warneken, Felix, and Tomasello, Michael(2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy 11: 271–94.
Warneken, Felix, and Tomasello, Michael(2009). The roots of human altruism. British Journal of Psychology 100: 455–71.
Warneken, Felix, and Tomasello, Michael(2013). Parental presence and encouragement do not influence helping in young children. Infancy 18: 345–68.
Watson-Gegeo, Karen A., and Gegeo, David W. (2001). “That’s what children do”: Perspectives on work and play in Kwara’ae. Paper presented at annual meeting, Association for the Study of Play, San Diego, CA, February.
Watson-Jones, Rachael E., Legare, Christine H., Whitehouse, Harvey, and Clegg, Jennifer M. (2014). Task-specific effects of ostracism on imitative fidelity in early childhood. Evolution and Human Behavior 35: 204–10.
Weisner, Thomas S. (1989). Cultural and universal aspects of social support for children: Evidence from the Abaluyia of Kenya. In Belle, Deborah, ed., Children’s Social Networks and Social Supports, pp. 70–90. New York: John Wiley.
Weisner, Thomas S., and Gallimore, Ronald (1977). My brother’s keeper: Child and sibling caretaking. Current Anthropology 18: 169–90.
Weiss, Florence (1993). Von der schwierigkeit, über kinder zu forshen. Die Iatmul in Papue Neuginea, in van de Loo, Marie-Jose, and Reinhart, Margaret, eds. Kinder: Ethnologische forschungen in fünf Kontinenten, pp. 96–153. München, Germany: Trickster Verlag.
Wenger, Martha (1989). Work, play and social relationships among children in a Giriama community. In Belle, Deborah, ed., Children’s Social Networks and Social Supports, pp. 91–115. New York: John Wiley.
Whiting, John W. M. (1941). Becoming a Kwoma. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Whittemore, Robert D. (1989). Child Caregiving and Socialization to the Mandinka Way: Toward an Ethnography of Childhood. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
Wilbert, Johannes (1976). To become a maker of canoes: An essay in Warao enculturation. In Wilbert, Johannes, ed., Enculturation in Latin America pp. 303–58. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications.
Williams, Thomas R. (1969). A Borneo Childhood: Enculturation in Dusun Society. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston.
Wylie, Laurence (1957). Village in the Vaucluse. New York: Harper and Row.
Wynn, Karen (2009). Constraints on natural altruism. British Journal of Psychology 100: 481–85.
Zeiher, Helga (2001). Dependent, independent, and interdependent relations: Children as members of the family household in West Berlin. In Alanen, Leena and Mayall, Berry, eds., Conceptualizing Child–Adult Relations, pp. 37–53. London: Routledge.
Zempleni-Rabain, Jacqueline (1973). Food and strategy involved in learning fraternal exchange among Wolof children. In Alexandre, Pierre, ed., French Perspective in African Studies, pp. 220–33. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.
Zepeda, Lydia, and Kim, Jongsoog (2006). Farm parents’ views on their children’s labour on family farms: A focus group study of Wisconsin dairy farmers. Agriculture and Human Values 23: 109–21.
