Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 54
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
July 2016
Print publication year:
2016
Online ISBN:
9781316412404

Book description

Corruption is a significant problem for democracies throughout the world. Even the most democratic countries constantly face the threat of corruption and the consequences of it at the polls. Why are some governments more corrupt than others, even after considering cultural, social, and political characteristics? In Clarity of Responsibility, Accountability, and Corruption, the authors argue that clarity of responsibility is critical for reducing corruption in democracies. The authors provide a number of empirical tests of this argument, including a cross-national time-series statistical analysis to show that the higher the level of clarity the lower the perceived corruption levels. Using survey and experimental data, the authors show that clarity causes voters to punish incumbents for corruption. Preliminary tests further indicate that elites respond to these electoral incentives and are more likely to combat corruption when clarity is high.

Reviews

'Schwindt-Bayer and Tavits address an extremely important problem, political corruption, which has loomed large in the substantive politics of many countries and is widely recognized as impeding economic development and undermining democratic processes. Most political science work on causes of corruption has identified cultural and contextual factors that are difficult to alter in the short run. The authors argue, and demonstrate persuasively, that the level of clarity of responsibility in the political system, a feature responsive to change in legal and constitutional features (such as election laws and executive-legislative relations), is as important as the usual contextual factors in shaping corruption levels. This persuasive book, based on aggregate analyses, surveys, and an experiment, is very well written and accessible to the nontechnical reader, while still maintaining rigorous standards of high-quality research.'

G. Bingham Powell - Marie C. Wilson and Joseph C. Wilson Professor of Political Science, University of Rochester, New York

'Based on both theory and empirical tests, Schwindt-Bayer and Tavits argue persuasively that clarity of political responsibility is the key to producing low levels of systemic corruption. The book is a welcome effort to bring together research on electoral politics with the literature on the causes of corruption across alternative political systems.'

Susan Rose-Ackerman - Henry R. Luce Professor of Law and Political Science, Yale University, Conecticut

'In this superb book, Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer and Margit Tavits make an important contribution to the literature on political corruption. They clearly and carefully delineate the micro-foundations of how political institutions affect political corruption, and they provide compelling supportive evidence using different levels of analysis. Clarity of Responsibility, Accountability, and Corruption expands the frontier of the literature and should be read by anyone who studies political institutions and political corruption.'

Eric C. C. Chang - Michigan State University

'Schwindt-Bayer and Margit Tavits have produced an excellent book on the obviously-important topic of corruption. They have offered a powerful theory about how clarity of responsibility shapes the incentives for elites to pursue corrupt practices and voters to hold them accountable. They provide an accessible example of how researchers can use a multi-method approach to thoroughly test a new theory and to overcome data limitations. This book is a must read for anyone interested in the causes and consequences of corruption.'

Guy D. Whitten - Texas A & M University

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References

Acemoglu, Daron, and Verdier, Thierry. 2000. “The Choice Between Market Failures and Corruption.” American Economic Review 90 (1): 194211. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Achen, Christopher H. 2002. “Toward a New Political Methodology: Microfoundations and ART.” Annual Review of Political Science 5: 423–50. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Ades, Alberto, and DiTella, Rafael. 1996. “The Causes and Consequences of Corruption: A Review of Recent Empirical Contributions.” Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 27 (2): 610. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Ades, Alberto, and DiTella, Rafael. 1999. “Rents, Competition, and Corruption.” American Economic Review 89: 982–94. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Adsera, Alicia, Boix, Carles, and Payne, Mark. 2003. “Are You Being Served? Political Accountability and Quality of Government.” Journal of Law Economics Organization 19 (2): 445–90. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Agerberg, Mattias. 2014. “Perspectives on Gender and Corruption.” QoG Working Paper Series 2014: 14. Google Scholar
Alatas, Vivi, Cameron, Lisa, Chaudhuri, Ananish, Erkal, Nisvan, and Gangadharan, Lata. 2009. “Gender, Culture, and Corruption: Insights from an Experimental Analysis.” Southern Economic Journal 75: 663–80. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Alcantara, Manuel. n.d. Proyecto de Elites Parlamentarias Latinoamericanas (PELA) (1994–2005). Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. [Accessed September 26, 2015]. http://americo.usal.es/oir/Elites/index.htm. Google Scholar
Alles, Santiago, and Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. 2015. “An Integrated PELA Dataset.” Rice University. Google Scholar
Alvarez, Michael E., Cheibub, Jose Antonio, Limongi, Fernando, and Przeworski, Adam. 1996. “Classifying Political Regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 31 (2): 336. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Anderson, Cameron. 2006. “Economic Voting and Multilevel Governance: A Comparative Individual-Level Analysis.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (2): 446–60. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Anderson, Christopher. 2000. “Economic Voting and Political Context: A Comparative Perspective.” Electoral Studies 19 (2–3): 151–70. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Anderson, Christopher, and Tverdova, Yuliya V. 2003. “Corruption, Political Allegiances, and Attitudes Toward Government in Contemporary Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (1): 91109. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Andersson, Staffan, Bergman, Torbjörn, and Ersson, Svante. 2014. “The European Representative Democracy Data Archive, Release 3.” [Accessed September 26, 2015]. www.erdda.se. Google Scholar
Andrews, Josephine T., and Montinola, Gabriella R.. 2004. “Veto Players and the Rule of Law in Emerging Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 37 (1): 5587. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Anduiza, Eva, Gallego, Aina, and Munoz, Jordi. 2013. “Turning a Blind Eye: Experimental Evidence of Partisan Attitudes Toward Corruption.” Comparative Political Studies 46 (12): 1664–92. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Andvig, Jens Christian, and Moene, Karl Ove. 1990. “How Corruption May Corrupt.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 13 (1): 6376. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Aslund, Andres, and Dombrovskis, Valdis. 2011. How Latvia Came Through the Financial Crisis. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute. Google Scholar
Bågenholm, Andreas. 2013. “Throwing the Rascals Out? The Electoral Effects of Corruption Allegations and Corruption Scandals in Europe 1981–2011.” Crime, Law and Social Change 60 (5): 595609. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bågenholm, Andreas, and Charron, Nicholas. 2014. “Do Politics in Europe Benefit from Politicizing Corruption?West European Politics 37 (5): 903–31. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bardhan, Pranab. 1997. “Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues.” Journal of Economic Literature 35 (3): 1320–46. Google Scholar
Baxter, Craig. 1992. “Bangladesh in 1991: A Parliamentary System.” Asian Survey 32 (2): 162–7. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Beck, Neal, and Katz, Jonathan N.. 1995. “What to Do (and What Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data.” American Political Science Review 89 (3): 634–47. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Beck, Thorsten, Clarke, George, Groff, Alberto, Keefer, Philip, and Walsh, Patrick. 2001. “New Tools in Comparative Political Economy: The Database of Political Institutions.” World Bank Economic Review 15 (1): 165–76. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bengtsson, Asa. 2004. “Economic Voting: The Effect of Political Context, Volatility and Turnout on Voters’ Assignment of Responsibility.” European Journal of Political Science 43 (5): 749–67. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Benoit, Kenneth, Mikhaylov, Slava, and Laver, Michael. 2009. “Treating Words as Data with Error: Uncertainty in Text Statements of Policy Positions.” American Journal of Political Science 53 (2): 495513. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Berry, William D., DeMeritt, Jacqueline H.R., and Esarey, Justin. 2010. “Testing for Interaction in Binary Logit and Probit Models: Is a Product Term Essential?American Journal of Political Science 54 (1): 248–66. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Birch, Sarah. 2003. Electoral Systems and Political Transformation in Post-Communist Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bohara, Alok K., Mitchell, Neil J., and Mittendorff, Carl F.. 2004. “Compound Democracy and the Control of Corruption: A Cross-Country Investigation.” Policy Studies Journal 32 (4): 481–99. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bollen, Kenneth A. 1980. “Issues in the Comparative Measurement of Political Democracy.” American Sociological Review 45: 370–90. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bollen, Kenneth, A. 1991. “Political Democracy: Conceptual and Measurement Traps.” In On Measuring Demcracy, ed. Inkeles, Alex. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 320. Google Scholar
Bollen, Kenneth A. and Paxton, Pamela. 2000. “Subjective Measures of Liberal Democracy’, Comparative Political Studies 33(1): 5887. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bollen, Kenneth Alan. 2009. “Liberal Democracy Series I, 1972–1988: Definition, Measurement, and Trajectories.” Electoral Studies 28 (3): 368–74. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bormann, Nils-Christian, and Golder, Matt. 2013. “Democratic Electoral Systems Around the World, 1946–2011.” Electoral Studies 32: 360–69. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bose, Niloy, Capasso, Salvatore, and Murshid, Antu. 2008. “Threshold Effects of Corruption: Theory and Evidence.” World Development 36 (7): 1173–91. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Brambor, Thomas, Clark, William Roberts, and Golder, Matt. 2006. “Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses.” Political Analysis 14 (1): 6382. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Brancati, Dawn. 2014. “The Determinants of US Public Opinion Towards Democracy Promotion.” Political Behavior 36: 705–30. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Burki, Javed Shahid, and Perry, Guillermo. 1998. Beyond the Washington Consensus: Institutions Matter. Washington DC: World Bank Publications. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Cameron, Colin A., Gelbach, Jonah B., and Miller, Douglas L.. 2008. “Bootstrap-Based Improvements for Inference with Clustered Errors.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 28 (4): 453–68. Google Scholar
Campos, Edgardo, Lien, Donald, and Pradhan, Sanjay. 1999. “The Impact of Corruption on Investment: Predictability Matters.” World Development 27 (6): 1059–67. Google Scholar
Canache, Damarys, and Allison, Michael E.. 2005. “Perceptions of Political Corruption in Latin American Democracies.” Latin American Politics and Society 47 (3): 91111. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Caramani, Daniele. 2000. Elections in Western Europe Since 1815: Election Results by Constituencies. London: Macmillan Reference. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Carey, John M., and Shugart, Matthew Soberg, eds. 1998. Executive Decree Authority. New York: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Carlin, Ryan E., Love, Gregory J., and Martínez-Gallardo, Cecilia. 2015. “Security, Clarity of Responsibility, and Presidential Approval.” Comparative Political Studies 48 (4): 438–63. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Chang, Eric C. C. 2005. “Electoral Incentives for Political Corruption Under Open-List Proportional Representation.” Journal of Politics 67 (3): 716–30. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Chang, Eric C. C., and Chu, Yun-han. 2006. “Corruption and Trust: Exceptionalism in Asian Democracies?Journal of Politics 68 (2): 259–71. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Chang, Eric C. C., and Golden, Miriam. 2007. “Electoral Systems, District Magnitude and Corruption.” British Journal of Political Science 37 (1): 115–37. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Chang, Eric C. C., Golden, Miriam, and Hill, Seth J. 2010. “Legislative Malfeasance and Political Accountability.” World Politics 62 (2): 177220. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Chang, Jae Bong, Lusk, Jayson L., and Norwood, F. Baley. 2009. “How Closely Do Hypothetical Surveys and Laboratory Experiments Predict Field Behavior?” American Journal of Political Science 91 (2): 518–34. Google Scholar
Charness, Gary, Gneezy, Uri, and Kuhn, Michael A. 2012. “Experimental Methods: Between-Subject and Within-Subject Design.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 81 (1): 18. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Charron, Nicholas. 2011. “Party Systems, Electoral Systems and Constraints on Corruption.” Electoral Studies 30 (4): 595606. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Cheibub, Jose Antonio. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Choi, Eunjung, and Woo, Jongseok. 2010. “Political Corruption, Economic Performance, and Electoral Outcomes: A Cross-National Analysis.” Contemporary Politics 16 (3): 249–62. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Chong, Alberto, De La O, Ana L., Karlan, Dean, and Wantchekon, Leonard. 2011. “Looking Beyond the Incumbent: The Effects of Exposing Corruption on Electoral Outcomes.” NBER Working Paper No. 17679. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Clark, William, Golder, Matt, and Golder, Sona. 2012. Principles of Comparative Politics. 2nd edn. Washington, DC: CQ Press. Google Scholar
Collier, David, and Levitsky, Steven. 1997. “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research.” World Politics 49 (3): 430–51. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 1987. The Efficient Secret Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Davis, Charles L., Camp, Roderic Ai, and Coleman, Kenneth M.. 2004. “The Influence of Party Systems on Citizens’ Perceptions of Corruption and Electoral Response in Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 37 (6): 677703. CrossRef | Google Scholar
de Figueiredo, Miguel F. P., Hidalgo, F. Daniel, and Kasahara, Yuri. 2013. “When Do Voters Punish Corrupt Politicians? Experimental Evidence from Brazil.” Working Paper. CrossRef | Google Scholar
de Vries, Catherine E., Edwards, Erica E., and Tillman, Erik R.. 2011. “Clarity of Responsibility Beyond the Pocketbook: How Political Institutions Condition EU Issue Voting.” Comparative Political Studies 44 (3): 339–63. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Della Porta, Donatella. 2000. “Social Capital, Beliefs in Government, and Political Corruption.” In Disaffected Democracies: What's Troubling the Trilateral Countries?, eds. Pharr, Susan and Putnam, Robert. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Della Porta, Donatella. 2000. “Social Capital, Beliefs in Government, and Political Corruption.” In Disaffected Democracies: What's Troubling the Trilateral Countries?, eds. Pharr, Susan and Putnam, Robert. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry, and Plattner, Mark F. 1993. The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Google Scholar
Dobratz, Betty A., and Whitfield, Stephani. 1992. “Does Scandal Influence Voters’ Party Preference? The Case of Greece During the Papandreou Era.” European Sociological Review 8 (2): 167–80. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Doig, Alan, and Theobald, Robin, eds. 2000. Corruption and Democratisation. London: Frank Cass. Google Scholar
Dollar, David, Fisman, Raymond, and Gatti, Roberta. 2001. “Are Women Really the ‘Fairer’ Sex? Corruption and Women in Government.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 46 (4): 926. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Donchev, Dilyan and Ujhelyi, Gergely. 2014. “What Do Corruption Indices Measure?Economics and Politics 26 (2): 309–31. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Druckman, James N., and Thies, Michael F. 2002. “The Importance of Concurrence: The Impact of Bicameralism on Government Formation and Duration.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (4): 760–71. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Duch, Raymond M., and Stevenson, Randy. 2008. Voting in Context: How Political and Economic Institutions Condition Election Results. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Duverger, Maurice. 1955. Political Parites: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. London: Methuen. Google Scholar
Ehrlich, Isaac, and Lui, Francis T.. 1999. “Bureaucratic Corruption and Endogenous Economic Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 107 (6): 270–93. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Elbahnasawy, Nasr G., and Revier, Charles F.. 2012. “The Determinants of Corruption: Cross-Country-Panel-Data Analysis.” The Developing Economies 50 (4): 311–33. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Elgie, Robert. 2011. Semi-Presidentialism: Sub-Types and Democratic Performance. New York: Oxford University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Epstein, David L., Bates, Robert, Goldstone, Jack, Kristensen, Ida, and O'Halloran, Sharyn. 2006. “Democratic Transitions.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 551–69. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Esarey, Justin, and Chirillo, Gina. 2013. “Fairer Sex’ or Purity Myth? Corruption, Gender, and Institutional Context.” Politics and Gender 9 (4): 390413. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Esarey, Justin, and Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A.. 2015. “Women's Representation, Accountability, and Corruption in Democracies.” Presented at the European Conference on Politics and Gender, Uppsala, Sweden. June 11–13, 2015. Google Scholar
Esty, Daniel, and Porter, Michael. 2002. “National Environmental Performance Measurements and Determinants.” In Environmental Performance Measurement: The Global Report 2001–2002, eds. Esty, Daniel and Cornelius, Peter K. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Ferraz, Claudio, and Finan, Frederico. 2008. “Exposing Corrupt Politicians: The Effects of Brazil's Publicly Released Audits on Electoral Outcomes.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 123 (2): 703–45. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Ferraz, Claudio, and Finan, Frederico. 2011. “Electoral Accountability and Corruption: Evidence From the Audits of Local Governments.” American Economic Review 101 (4): 1274–311. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Fisman, Raymond, and Gatti, Roberta. 2002. “Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence Across Countries.” Journal of Public Economics 83: 325–45. CrossRef | Google Scholar
House, Freedom. 2012. “Freedom in the World 2012.” [Accessed September 26, 2015]. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2012. Google Scholar
Fusaro, Carlo. 2009. “Party System Developments and Electoral Legislation in Italy (1948–2009).” Bulletin of Italian Politics 1 (1): 4968. Google Scholar
Gasiorowski, Mark J. 1991. “The Political Regimes Project.” In On Measuring Democracy, ed. Inkeles, Alex. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 105–21. Google Scholar
Gasiorowski, Mark J. 1995. “Economic Crisis and Political Regime Change: An Event History Analysis.” American Political Science Review 89 (4): 882–97. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara, and Ribeiro, Artur Neto. 1992. “Institutional Sources of Corruption in Brazil.” Third World Quarterly 13 (4): 641–61. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Gerring, John, and Thacker, Strom C.. 2004. “Political Institutions and Corruption: The Role of Unitarism and Parliamentarism.” British Journal of Political Science 34 (2): 295330. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Gingerich, Daniel. 2009. “Corruption and Political Decay: Evidence from Bolivia.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 4 (1): 134. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Global Integrity. 2011. “The Global Integrity Report Methodology White Paper.” Global Integrity, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Goetz, Anne Marie. 2007. “Political Cleaners: Women As the New Anti-Corruption Force?Development and Change 38 (1): 87105. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Golden, Miriam. 2006. “Some Puzzles of Political Corruption in Modern Advanced Democracies.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Japan Political Science Association, Tokyo. Google Scholar
Golder, Matt. 2004. “Codebook: Democratic Electoral Systems Around the World, 1946–2000.” [Accessed September 26, 2015]. http://mattgolder.com/elections. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Golder, Matt. 2005. “Democratic Electoral Systems Around the World, 1946–2000.” Electoral Studies 24 (1): 103–21. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2008. “Beyond Clientelism: Incumbent State Capture and State Formation.” Comparative Political Studies 41 (4/5): 638–73. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Grzymala-Busse, Anna M. 2007. Rebuilding Leviathan: Party Competition and State Exploitation in Post-Communist Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Gundlach, Erich, and Paldam, Martin. 2009. “The Transition of Corruption: From Poverty to Honesty.” Economics Letters 103 (3): 146–48. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Gupta, Sanjeev, Davoodi, Hamid, and Alonso-Terme, Rosa. 2002. “Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality and Poverty.” In Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performance, eds. Abed, George T. and Gupta, Sanjeev. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. Google Scholar
Hainmueller, Jens, Hangartner, Domink, and Yamamoto, Teppei. 2015. “Validating Vignette and Conjoint Survey Experiments Against Real-World Behavior.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (8): 2395–400. CrossRef | Google Scholar | PubMed
Hellwig, Timothy, and Samuels, David J.. 2008. “Electoral Accountability and the Variety of Democratic Regimes.” British Journal of Political Science 38 (1): 6590. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Hellwig, Timothy T. 2001. “Interdependence, Government Constraints, and Economic Voting.” Journal of Politics 63 (4): 1141–62. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Hobolt, Sara, Tilley, James, and Banducci, Susan. 2013. “Clarity of Responsibility: How Government Cohesion Conditions Performance Voting.” European Journal of Political Science 52 (2): 164–87. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press. Google Scholar
Ibragimov, Rustam, and Muller, Ulrich K.. 2010. “t-Statistic Based Correlations and Heterogeneity Robust Inference.” Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 28 (4): 453–68. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Jimenez, Fernando, and Cainzos, Miguel. 2004. “La repercusion electoral de los escandalos politicos.” Revista Espanola de Ciencia Politica 10: 141–70. Google Scholar
Johnson, Joel W., and Wallack, Jessica S.. 2008. “Electoral Systems and the Personal Vote.”, http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/17901, Harvard Dataverse, v1. Google Scholar
Johnson, Gregg B., and Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A.. 2009. “Economic Accountability in Central America.” Journal of Politics in Latin America 1 (3): 3356. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Johnston, Michael. 2002. “Party Systems, Competition, and Political Checks against Corruption.” In Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, eds. Heidenheimer, Arnold J. and Johnston, Michael. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 777–96. Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Daniel, Kraay, Aart, and Mastruzzi, Masimo. 1999. “Governance Matters.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2196. Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Daniel, Kraay, Aart, and Mastruzzi, Massimo. 2009. “Governance Matters 8: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators 1996–2008.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4978. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Daniel, Kraay, Aart, and Mastruzzi, Massimo. n.d. Worldwide Governance Indicators. [Accessed September 26, 2015]. http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#doc. Google Scholar
Keele, Luke J., and Kelly, Nathan J.. 2006. “Dynamic Models for Dynamic Theories: The Ins and Outs of Lagged Dependent Variables.” Political Analysis 14 (2): 186205. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Kernell, Samuel. 1997. “Complementarity and Retrospective Voting in Multiparty Systems.” Unpublished Manuscript, University of California, San Diego. Google Scholar
Kiewiet, D. Roderick. 2000. “Economic Retrospective Voting and Incentives for Policymaking.” Electoral Studies 19 (2–3): 427–44. CrossRef | Google Scholar
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert O., and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton: Princeton University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
King, Gary, Tomz, Michael, and Wittenberg, Jason. 2000. “Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (2): 347–61. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 2000. “Linkages Between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities.” Comparative Political Studies 33 (6/7): 845–79. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Klasnja, Marko. 2011. “Why Do Malfeasant Politicians Maintain Political Support? Testing the ‘Uninformed Voter’ Argument.” Working Paper. Google Scholar
Klasnja, Marko, and Tucker, Joshua A.. 2013. “The Economy, Corruption, and the Vote: Evidence From Experiments in Sweden and Moldova.” Electoral Studies 32 (3): 536–43. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Klasnja, Marko, Tucker, Joshua, and Deegan-Krause, Kevin. 2014. “Pocketbook vs. Sociotropic Corruption Voting.” British Journal of Political Science. FirstView article. [Accessed September 26, 2015]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123414000088. Google Scholar
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, Budge, Ian, and McDonald, Michael. 2006. Mapping Policy Preferences II. Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments in Eastern Europe, the European Union and the OECD, 1990–2003. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Krause, Stefan, and Mendez, Fabio. 2009. “Corruption and Elections: An Empirical Study for a Cross-Section of Countries.” Economics and Politics 21 (2): 179200. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Kunicova, Jana, and Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 2005. “Electoral Rules and Constitutional Structures as Constraints on Corruption.” British Journal of Political Science 35 (4): 573606. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Kurer, Oskar. 1993. “Clientelism, Corruption, and the Allocation of Resources.” Public Choice 77 (2): 259–73. CrossRef | Google Scholar
La Porta, Rafael, Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio, Shleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert. 1999a. “The Quality of Government.” The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 15 (1): 222–79. CrossRef | Google Scholar
La Porta, Rafael, Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio, Shleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert W. 1999b. “The Quality of Government.” The Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 15 (1): 222–79. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. 2002. Background Paper to the 2002 Corruption Perceptions Index. Berlin: Transparency International. Google Scholar
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. 2006. “Consequences and Causes of Corruption: What Do We Know From A Cross-Section of Countries?” In International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption, ed. Rose-Ackerman, Susan. Northampton: Edward Elgar. Google Scholar
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. 2007. The Institutional Economics of Corruption and Reform: Theory, Evidence, and Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Lancaster, Thomas D., and Montinola, Gabriella R.. 2001. “Comparative Political Corruption: Issues of Operationalization and Measurement.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36 (3): 328. CrossRef | Google Scholar
LAPOP, Latin American Public Opinion Project. 2010. “Mexico 2010 Dataset.” [Accessed September 26, 2015]. http://lapop.ccp.ucr.ac.cr/Lapop_English.html. Google Scholar
Laver, Michael, and Hunt, W. Ben. 1992. Policy and Party Competition. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar
Laver, Michael, and Schofield, Norman. 1998. Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalition in Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Lederman, Daniel, Loayza, Norman V., and Soares, Rodrigo. 2001. “Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter.” World Bank Working Paper No. 2708. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Lederman, Daniel, Loayza, Norman V., and Soares, Rodrigo R.. 2005. “Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter.” Economics and Politics 17 (1): 135. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Leff, Nathaniel H. 1964. “Economic Development Through Bureaucratic Corruption.” American Behavioral Scientist 8 (3): 814. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Leon, Sandra. 2011. “Who is Responsible for What? Clarity of Responsibilities in Multilevel States: The Case of Spain.” European Journal of Political Research 50 (1): 80109. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael S. 1986. “Comparative Economic Voting: Britain, France, Germany, Italy.” American Journal of Political Science 30 (2): 315–46. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael S. 1988. Economics and Elections: The Major Western Democracies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Stegmaier, Mary. 2000. “Economic Determinants of Electoral Outcomes.” Annual Review of Political Science 3 (1): 183219. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Leyden, Kevin M., and Borrelli, Stephen A.. 1995. “The Effect of State Economic Conditions on Gubernatorial Elections: Does Unified Government Make a Difference?Political Research Quarterly 48 (2): 275–90. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Li, Hongyi, Xu, Lixin Colin, and Zou, Heng-fu. 2000. “Corruption, Income Distribution, and Growth.” Economics and Politics 12 (2): 155–81. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press. Google Scholar
Linz, Juan J. 1994. “Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Difference?” In The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives, eds. Linz, Juan J. and Valenzuela, Arturo. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 387. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Long, J. Scott, and Freese, Jeremy. 2006. Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. 2nd edn. College Station, TX: Stata Press. Google Scholar
Lowe, William, Benoit, Kenneth, Mikhaylov, Slava, and Laver, Michael. 2011. “Scaling Policy Preferences From Coded Political Texts.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 26 (1): 123–55. Google Scholar
Lu, Xiaobo. 2000. Cadres and Corruption. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Shugart, Matthew S.. 1997. “Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical Appraisal.” Comparative Politics 29 (4): 449–71. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Manzetti, Luigi, and Rosas, Guillermo. 2012. “Curbing Corruption: Testing the Corruption-Performance Trade-Off Hypothesis in Latin America.” Presented at the Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL. Google Scholar
Marshall, Monty G., Jaggers, Keith, and Gurr, Ted Robert. 2014. “Polity 4 Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2013.” [Accessed September 26, 2015] www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm. Google Scholar
Mauro, Paolo. 1995. “Corruption and Growth.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110 (3): 681712. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Mauro, Paolo. 1998. “Corruption and the Composition of Government Expenditure.” Journal of Public Economics 69 (2): 263–79. CrossRef | Google Scholar
McCann, James A., and Dominguez, Jorge I.. 1998. “Mexicans React to Electoral Fraud and Political Corruption: An Assessment of Public Opinion and Voting Behavior.” Electoral Studies 17 (4): 483503. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Metcalf, Lee Kendall. 2000. “Measuring Presidential Power.” Comparative Political Studies 33 (5): 660–86. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Montinola, Gabriella R., and Jackman, Robert W.. 2002. “Sources of Corruption: A Cross-Country Study.” British Journal of Political Science 32 (1): 147–70. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Moreno, Erika, Crisp, Brian F., and Shugart, Matthew Soberg. 2003. “The Accountability Deficit in Latin America.” In Democratic Accountability in Latin America, eds. Mainwaring, Scott and Welna, Christopher. New York: Oxford University Press, 79131. Google Scholar
Morris, Stephen D., and Klesner, Joseph L.. 2010. “Corruption and Trust: Theoretical Considerations and Evidence From Mexico.” Comparative Political Studies 43 (10): 1258–85. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Morton, Rebecca B., and Williams, Kenneth C.. 2010. Experimental Political Science and the Study of Causality. New York: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Munck, Gerardo L., and Verkuilen, Jay. 2002. “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (1): 534. Google Scholar
Murphy, Kevin M., Schleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert W.. 1993. “Why Is Rent-Seeking So Costly to Growth?American Economic Review 83 (2): 409–14. Google Scholar
Myerson, Roger B. 1993. “Effectiveness of Electoral Systems for Reducing Government Corruption: A Game-Theoretic Analysis.” Games and Economic Behavior 5 (1): 118–32. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Myerson, Roger B. 1995. “Analysis of Democratic Institutions: Structure, Conduct and Performance.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1): 7789. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Nadeau, Richard, Niemi, Richard G., and Yoshinaka, Antoine. 2002. “A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting: Taking Account of the Political Context Across Time and Nations.” Electoral Studies 21 (3): 403–23. Google Scholar
Nicholson, Stephen P., Segura, Gary M, and Woods, Nathan D.. 2002. “Presidential Approval and the Mixed Blessing of Divided Government.” Journal of Politics 64 (3): 701–20. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Nohlen, Dieter, ed. 2005. Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Nohlen, Dieter, Grotz, Florian, and Hartmann, Christof, eds. 2001. Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Nohlen, Dieter, Krennerich, Michael, and Thibaut, Bernhard, eds. 1999. Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Nohlen, Dieter, and Stover, Philip, eds. 2010. Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook. Baden-Baden: Nomos. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Nordsieck, Wolfram. 2015. “Parties and Elections: The Database About Parliamentary Elections and Political Parties in Europe.” [Accessed September 26, 2015]. www.parties-and-elections.eu/index.html. Google Scholar
Norpoth, Helmut. 2001. “Divided Government and Economic Voting.” Journal of Politics 63 (2): 414–35. CrossRef | Google Scholar
O'Dwyer, Conor. 2004. “Runaway State Building: How Political Parties Shape States in Postcommunist Eastern Europe.” World Politics 56 (4): 520–53. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Paldam, Martin. 1991. “How Robust is the Vote Function? A Study of Seventeen Countries over Four Decades.” In Economics and Politics: The Calculus of Support, eds. Norpoth, Helmut, Lewis-Beck, Michael S. and Lafay, Jean-Dominique. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 932. Google Scholar
Palmer, Harvey D., and Whitten, Guy D.. 2003. “Questionable Analyses With No Theoretical Innovation: A Response to Royed, Leyden and Borrelli.” British Journal of Political Science 33 (1): 139–49. Google Scholar
Pereira, Carlos, Melo, Marcus, and Figueiredo, Carlos. 2009. “The Corruption-Enhancing Role of Reelection Incentives? Counterintuitive Evidence from Brazil's Audit Reports.” Political Research Quarterly 62 (4): 731–44. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Persson, Torsten, Roland, Gerard, and Tabellini, Guido. 1997. “Separation of Powers and Political Accountability.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112: 11631202. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Persson, Torsten, and Tabellini, Guido. 2003. The Economic Effects of Constitutions: What Do the Data Say? Cambridge: MIT Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Persson, Torsten, Tabellini, Guido, and Trebbi, Francesco. 2001. “Electoral Rules and Corruption.” NBER Working Paper No. 8154. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Peters, John G., and Welch, Susan. 1980. “The Effects of Charges of Corruption on Voting Behavior in Congressional Elections.” American Political Science Review 74 (3): 697708. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Potter, Joshua, and Tavits, Margit. 2012. “Curbing Corruption with Institutions.” In International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption, eds. Rose-Ackerman, Susan and Soreide, Tina. Northampton: Edward Elgar. Google Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham. 2000. Elections as Instruments of Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press. Google Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham, and Whitten, Guy D.. 1993. “A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting: Taking Account of the Political Context.” American Journal of Political Science 37 (2): 391414. CrossRef | Google Scholar
PRS Group. 2010. “International Country Risk Guide.” [Accessed September 26, 2015]. www.countrydata.com/index.php/products/international-country-risk-guide-icrg. Google Scholar
PRS Group. n.d. “A Business Guide to Political Risk for International Decisions.” [Accessed September 26, 2015]. www.countrydata.com/index.php/products/international-country-risk-guide-icrg. Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael E., Cheibub, Jose A., and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. New York: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Qi, Lingling, Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., and Tavits, Margit. 2012. “Institutions and Corruption in Presidential Democracies.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago, IL. Google Scholar
Remmer, Karen L. 2007. “The Political Economy of Patronage: Expenditure Patterns in the Argentine Provinces, 1983–2003.” Journal of Politics 69 (2): 363–77. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Reynolds, Andrew. 1999. “Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World: Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling.” World Politics 51 (04): 547–72. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Riera, Pedro, Barberá, Pablo, Gómez, Raúl, Mayoral, Juan Antonio, and Montero, José Ramón. 2013. “The Electoral Consequences of Corruption Scandals in Spain.” Crime, Law and Social Change 60 (5): 515–34. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Rock, Michael T. 2009. “Corruption and Democracy.” Journal of Development Studies 45 (1): 5575. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Rose, Richard, Mishler, William, and Haerpfer, Christian. 1998. Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Postcommunist Societies. Oxford: Polity Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1978. Corruption: A Study of Political Economy. New York: Academic Press. Google Scholar
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1999. Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 2006. “Introduction and Overview.” In International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption, ed. Rose-Ackerman, Susan. Northampton: Edward Elgar. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Royed, Terry J., Leyden, Kevin M., and Borrelli, Stephen A.. 2000. “Is ‘Clarity of Responsibility’ Important for Economic Voting? Revisiting Powell and Whitten's Hypothesis.” British Journal of Political Science 30 (4): 669–85. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Royston, Patrick, and White, Ian R.. 2011. “Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE): Implementation in Stata.” Journal of Statistical Software 45 (4): 120. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Rule, Wilma. 1987. “Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors and Women's Opportunity for Election to Parliament in Twenty-Three Democracies.” Western Political Quarterly 40 (3): 477–98. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Rundquist, Barry S., Storm, Gerald S., and Peters, John G.. 1977. “Corrupt Politicians and Their Electoral Support: Some Experimental Observations.” The American Political Science Review 71 (3): 954–63. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Samuels, David J. 2004. “Presidentialism and Accountability for the Economy in Comparative Perspective.” American Political Science Review 98 (3): 425–36. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Samuels, David J., and Shugart, Matthew S.. 2003. “Presidentialism, Elections and Representation.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 15 (1): 3360. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Samuels, David J., and Shugart, Matthew S.. 2010. Presidents, Parties and Prime Ministers: How the Separation of Powers Affects Party Organization and Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Sandholtz, Wayne, and Gray, Mark. 2003. “International Integration and National Corruption.” International Organization 57 (4): 761800. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Sandholtz, Wayne, and Koetzle, William. 2000. “Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy, and Trade.” International Studies Quarterly 44 (1): 3150. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Schleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert W.. 1993. “Corruption.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 (3): 599617. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Schrodt, Philip A. 2014. “Seven Deadly Sins of Contemporary Quantitative Political Analysis.” Journal of Peace Research 51 (2): 287300. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. 2010. Political Power and Women's Representation in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Seligson, Mitchell A. 2002. “The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy: A Comparative Study of Four Latin American Countries.” Journal of Politics 64 (2): 408–33. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Seligson, Mitchell A. 2006. “The Measurement and Impact of Corruption Victimization: Survey Evidence from Latin America.” World Development 34 (2): 381404. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Shugart, Matthew S., and Carey, John M.. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Shugart, Matthew S., and Carey, John M.. 1995. “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank-Ordering of Electoral Formulas.” Electoral Studies 14 (4): 417–39. Google Scholar
Shugart, Matthew Soberg. 1994. “Minorities Represented and Unrepresented.” In Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective: Their Impact on Women and Minorities, eds. Rule, Wilma and Zimmerman, Joseph F.. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Google Scholar
Siaroff, Alan. 2003. “Comparative Presidencies: The Inadequacy of the Presidential, Semi-Presidential and Parliamentary Distinction.” European Journal of Political Research 42 (3): 287312. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Smith, Steven S. 2014a. “The American Panel Survey (TAPS) Guide for Investigators.” Washington University in St. Louis, Weidenbaum Center. Google Scholar
Smith, Steven S. 2014b. The Senate Syndrome. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred, and Skach, Cindy. 1993. “Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism Versus Presidentialism.” World Politics 46 (1): 122. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Steves, Franklin, and Rousso, Alan. 2003. “Anti-Corruption Programmes in Post-Communist Transition Countries and Changes in the Business Environment, 1999–2002.” EBRD Working Paper 85 (October): 141. Google Scholar
Stockemer, Daniel. 2011. “Women's Parliamentary Representation in Africa: The Impact of Democracy and Corruption on the Number of Female Deputies in National Parliaments.” Political Studies 59 (3): 693712. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Stokes, Donald E. 1963. “Spatial Models of Party Competition.” American Political Science Review 57 (2): 368–77. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Strom, Kaare, and Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1984. “Macroeconomics and Macropolitics: The Electoral Performance of Democratic Governments.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC. Google Scholar
Sung, Hung-En. 2003. “Fairer Sex or Fairer System? Gender and Corruption Revisited.” Social Forces 82 (2): 703723. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Swamy, Anand, Knack, Stephen, Lee, Young, and Azfar, Omar. 2001. “Gender and Corruption.” Journal of Development Economics 64: 2555. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Szajkowski, Bogdan. 1999. “Elections and Electoral Politics in Macedonia.” Transitions 1/2: 5582. Google Scholar
Tanzi, Vito, and Davoodi, Hamid. 1997. “Corruption, Public Investment, and Growth.” IMF Working Paper No. WP/97/139. Google Scholar
Tavits, Margit. 2005. “The Development of Stable Party Support: Electoral Dynamics in Post-Communist Europe.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (2): 283–98. Google Scholar
Tavits, Margit. 2007. “Clarity of Responsibility and Corruption.” American Journal of Political Science 51 (1): 218–29. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Tavits, Margit. 2008a. “Party Systems in the Making: The Emergence and Success of New Parties in New Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 38 (1): 113–33. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Tavits, Margit 2008b. “On the Linkage Between Electoral Volatility and Party System Instability in Central and Eastern Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 47 (5): 537–55. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Tavits, Margit. 2009. Presidents With Prime Ministers: Do Direct Elections Matter? Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Tavits, Margit. 2010. “Why Do People Engage in Corruption? The Case of Estonia.” Social Forces 88 (3): 1257–79. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Tavits, Margit. 2012. “Organizing for Success: Party Organizational Strength and Electoral Performance in Postcommunist Europe.” Journal of Politics 74 (1): 8397. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Tavits, Margit. 2013. Post-Communist Democracies and Party Organization. New York: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Tavits, Margit, and Potter, Joshua D.. 2015. “The Effect of Inequality and Identity on Party Strategies.” American Journal of Political Science 59 (3): 744–58. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Tomz, Michael, Wittenberg, Jason, and King, Gary. 2001. CLARIFY: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results. 2.0 edn. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Google Scholar
Treisman, Daniel. 2000. “The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study.” Journal of Public Economics 76: 399457. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Treisman, Daniel. 2007. “What Have We Learned About the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross-National Empirical Research?Annual Review of Political Science 10 (1): 211–44. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Volkens, Andrea, Lehmann, Pola, Merz, Nicolas, Regel, Sven, and Werner, Annika. 2014. The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Version 2014b. Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) Google Scholar
Ward, Dalston, Kim, Jeong Hyun, Graham, Matthew, and Tavits, Margit. 2015. “How Economic Integration Affects Party Issue Emphases.” Comparative Political Studies 48 (10): 1227–59. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Warren, Mark E. 2004. “What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy?American Journal of Political Science 48 (2): 328–43. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Welch, Susan, and Hibbing, John R.. 1997. “The Effects of Charges of Corruption on Voting Behavior in Congressional Elections, 1982–1990.” Journal of Politics 59 (1): 226–39. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt Gerhard. 1998. “The Politics of Corruption in Latin America.” Journal of Democracy 9 (2): 108–21. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Whitten, Guy D., and Palmer, Harvey D.. 1999. “Cross-National Analyses of Economic Voting.” Electoral Studies 18 (1): 4967. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Williams, Laron K., and Whitten, Guy D.. 2012. “But Wait, There's More! Maximizing Substantive Inferences from TSCS Models.” Journal of Politics 74 (3): 685–93. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Winters, Matthew S., and Weitz-Shapiro, Rebecca. 2013. “Lacking Information or Condoning Corruption: When Will Voters Support Corrupt Politicians?Comparative Politics 45 (4): 418–36. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Woldendorp, Jaap, Keman, Hans, and Ian, Budge. 2000. Party Government in 48 Democracies (1945–1998). Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Yadav, Vineeta. 2011. Political Parties, Business Groups, and Corruption in Developing Countries. New York: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Yadav, Vineeta. 2012. “Legislative Institutions and Corruption in Developing Country Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 45 (8): 1027–58. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Zechmeister, Elizabeth J., and Zizumbo-Colunga, Daniel. 2013. “The Varying Political Toll of Concern About Corruption in Good Versus Bad Economic Times.” Comparative Political Studies 56 (10): 1190–218. Google Scholar

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.