Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-68ccn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T02:48:12.491Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Economics and Politics

from Part II - Domains of Beliefs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2022

Julien Musolino
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Joseph Sommer
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Pernille Hemmer
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cognitive Science of Belief
A Multidisciplinary Approach
, pp. 277 - 350
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Achen, C. H. & Bartels, L. M. (2016) Democracy for realists. Why elections do not produce responsive government. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Arceneaux, K. & Vander Wielen, R. J. (2017) Taming intuition. how reflection minimizes partisan reasoning and promotes democratic accountability. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arendt, H. (1992) Lectures on Kant’s political philosophy. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bächtiger., A., Dryzek, J. S., Mansbridge, J., et al. (2018) The Oxford handbook of deliberative democracy. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barabas., J. (2004) How deliberation affects policy opinions. The American Political Science Review, 98(4), 687701. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055404041425CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, B. N., Lelkes, Y., & Malka, A. (2020) Understanding partisan cue receptivity: tests of predictions from the bounded rationality and expressive utility perspectives. The Journal of Politics, 82(3), 10611077. https://doi.org/10.1086/707616Google Scholar
Barker, D. C. (2018) Cognitive deliberation, electoral decision making, and democratic health. Social Science Quarterly, 99(3), 962976. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12475CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. (2018) Individual mental abilities vs. the world’s problems. Journal of Intelligence, 6(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence6020023Google Scholar
Baron, J. (2019) Actively open-minded thinking in politics. Cognition, 188 (August), 818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.004Google Scholar
Bessette, J. (1994) The mild voice of reason: deliberative democracy and american national government. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Birch, S., Allen, N. J., & Sarmiento-Mirwaldt, K. (2017) Anger, anxiety and corruption perceptions: evidence from France. Political Studies, 65(4), 893911. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321717691294Google Scholar
Bisgaard, M. (2015) Bias will find a way: economic perceptions, attributions of blame, and partisan-motivated reasoning during crisis. Journal of Politics, 77(3): 849860. https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/681591Google Scholar
Bisgaard, M. (2019) How getting the facts right can fuel partisan-motivated reasoning. American Journal of Political Science, 63(4): 824839. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12432Google Scholar
Bohman, J. (1996) Public deliberation: pluralism, complexity, and democracy. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bohman, J. & Rehg, W. (1997) What sort of equality does deliberative democracy require? Deliberative democracy: essays on reason and politics. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bolsen, T. & Palm, R. (2019) Motivated reasoning and political decision making. In Oxford research encyclopaedia of politics. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.923.Google Scholar
Bolsen, T., Druckman, J. N., & Lomax, F. (2014) The influence of partisan motivated reasoning on public opinion. Political Behavior, 36, 235262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9238-0.Google Scholar
Brader, T. (2005) Striking a responsive chord: how political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2): 388405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00130.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, J. G., Gerber, A. S., Hill, S. J., et al. (2015) Partisan bias in factual beliefs about politics. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 10, 519578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00014074Google Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T. & Petty, R. E. (1982) The need for cognitionJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1): 116131https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.116Google Scholar
Chambers, S. (1996) Reasonable democracy. Jürgen Habermas and the politics of discourse. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Clifford, S. & Simas, E. N. (2019) How dispositional empathy influences political ambition. The Journal of Politics, 81(3), 10431056. https://doi.org/10.1086/703381CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, A. R., Stotland, E., & Wolfe, D. M. (1955) An experimental investigation of need for cognition. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51(2), 291294. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042761CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, G. L. (2003) Party over policy: the dominating impact of group influence on political beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 808822. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.808Google Scholar
Colombo, C. (2018) Hearing the other side? – Debiasing political opinions in the case of the Scottish independence referendum. Political Studies, 66(1), 2342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321717723486CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, R. (1971) Polyarchy: participation and opposition. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, M. H. (1980) A multi-dimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10(85). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1910) How we think. D.C.Heath & Co Publishers.Google Scholar
Delli Carpini, M. X. & Keeter, S. (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Druckman, J. N. & McGrath, M. C. (2019) The evidence for motivated reasoning in climate change preference formation. Nature Climate Change, 9(February), 111119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0360-1Google Scholar
Enns, P. K., & McAvoy, G. E. (2012) The role of partisanship in aggregate opinion. Political Behavior, 34(4), 627651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-011-9176-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishkin, J. S. (2009) When the people speak: deliberative democracy and public consultation. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fishkin, J. S. (2018) Democracy when the people are thinking: revitalizing our politics through public deliberation. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fishkin, J. S. & Luskin, R. (2005) Experimenting with a democratic ideal: deliberative polling and public opinion. Acta Politica 40, 284298. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500121.Google Scholar
Frederick, S. (2005) Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 2542.Google Scholar
Gadarian, S. K. & Albertson, B. (2014) Anxiety, immigration, and the search for information. Political Psychology. 35(2), 133164. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12034Google Scholar
Gastil, J. (2008) Political communication and deliberation. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
Gastil, J. (2018) The lessons and limitations of experiments in democratic deliberation. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 14(June), 271291. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113639Google Scholar
Gerber, M., Bächtiger, A., Fiket, I., et al. (2014) Deliberative and non-deliberative persuasion: mechanisms of opinion formation in EuroPolis. European Union Politics, 15(3), 410429. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116514528757Google Scholar
Goodin, R. E. (2000) Democratic deliberation within. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 29(1): 81108.Google Scholar
Groenendyk, E. W. (2013) Competing motives in the partisan mind. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Groenendyk, E. & Krupnikov, Y. (2021) What motivates reasoning? A theory of goal-dependent political evaluation. American Journal of Political Science, 65(1), 180196. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12562Google Scholar
Grönlund, K., Herne, K., & Setälä, M. (2017) Empathy in a citizen deliberation experiment. Scandinavian Political Studies, 40(4), 457480. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutmann, A. & Thompson, D. (1996) Democracy and disagreement. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1981) Theory of communicative action, volume 1: reason and the rationalization of society. Polity Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1987) The theory of communicative action: volume 2: lifeworld and system: a critique of functionalist reason. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1996) Between facts and norms. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Huddy, L., Mason, L., & Aarøe, L. (2015) Expressive partisanship: campaign involvement, political emotion, and partisan identity. American Political Science Review, 109(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000604Google Scholar
Iyengar, S. & Hahn, K. S. (2009) Red media, blue media: evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 1939. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.xGoogle Scholar
Jennstål, J. (2019) Deliberation and complexity of thinking. Using the integrative complexity scale to assess the deliberative quality of minipublics. Swiss Political Science Review, 25(1), 6483. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12343CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, C. D., Lavine, H., & Woodson, B. (2015) Emotion and political judgment: expectancy violation and affective intelligence. Political Research Quarterly, 68(3), 474492. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912915593644Google Scholar
Kahan, D. M. (2012) Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection. Judgment & Decision Making, 8(4), 407424.Google Scholar
Kahan, D. M., Landrum, A., Carpenter, K., et al. (2017) Science curiosity and political information processing. Political Psychology, 38( Supplement 1), 179199. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12396Google Scholar
Kalla, J. L. & Broockman, D. E. (2020). Reducing exclusionary attitudes through interpersonal conversation: evidence from three field experiments. American Political Science Review 114(2), 410425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000923CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kam, C. D. (2006) Political campaigns and open-minded thinking. Journal of Politics, 68(4), 931945. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00481.xGoogle Scholar
Kim, N., Fishkin, J. S., & Luskin, R. C. (2018) Intergroup contact in deliberative contexts: evidence from deliberative polls. Journal of Communication, 68(6), 10291051. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klar, S. (2014) Partisanship in a social setting. American Journal of Political Science, 58(3), 687704. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12087Google Scholar
Kunda, Z. (1990) The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480Google Scholar
Leeper, T. J. & Slothuus, R. (2014) Political parties, motivated reasoning, and public opinion formation. Political Psychology, 35(SUPPL.1), 129156. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12164Google Scholar
Lindell, M., Bächtiger, A., Grönlund, K., et al. (2017) What drives the polarisation and moderation of opinions? Evidence from a Finnish citizen deliberation experiment on immigration. European Journal of Political Research, 56(1), 2345. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12162Google Scholar
Luskin, R. C., Fishkin, J. S., Jowell, R., et al. (2002) Considered opinions: deliberative polling in Britain. British Journal of Political Science, 32, 455487. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123402000194Google Scholar
MacKuen, M., Wolak, J., Keele, L., et al. (2010) Civic engagements: resolute partisanship or reflective deliberation. American Journal of Political Science, 54(2), 440458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00440.xGoogle Scholar
Mansbridge, J. (1983) Beyond adversary democracy. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, G. E. (2000) Emotions in politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 3, 221250.Google Scholar
Marcus, G. E. & MacKuen, M. B. (1993) Anxiety, enthusiasm, and the vote: the emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns. American Political Science Review, 87(3), 672685. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938743Google Scholar
Mason, L. (2015) “I disrespectfully agree”: the differential effects of partisan sorting on social and issue polarization. American Journal of Political Science, 59(1), 128145. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12089Google Scholar
Mason, L. (2018) Uncivil agreement: how politics became our identity. University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrell, M. E, (2010) Empathy and democracy. Feeling, thinking and deliberation. Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Mullinix, K. J. (2016) Partisanship and preference formation: competing motivations, elite polarization, and issue importance. Political Behavior, 38(2), 383411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-015-9318-4Google Scholar
Mullinix, K. J. (2018) Civic duty and political preference formation. Political Research Quarterly, 71(1), 199214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917729037Google Scholar
Muradova, L. (2021a) Seeing the other side? Perspective-taking and reflective political judgements in interpersonal deliberation. Political Studies 69(3), 644664. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720916605Google Scholar
Muradova, L. (2021b) Reasoning Across the Divide: Interpersonal Deliberation, Emotions and Reflective Political Thinking. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Leuven (Belgium). https://lirias.kuleuven.be/3377939?limo=0Google Scholar
Muradova, L. & Arceneaux, K. (2021) Reflective Political Reasoning: Political Disagreement and Empathy. European Journal of Political Research. Online https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12490Google Scholar
Mutz, D. C. (2002) Cross-cutting social networks: testing democratic theory in practice. The American Political Science Review, 96(1), 111126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutz, D. C. (2006) Hearing the other side. Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nir, L. (2011) Motivated reasoning and public opinion perception. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(3), 504532. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfq076Google Scholar
Parkinson, J. & Mansbridge, J. (2012) Deliberative systems. Deliberative democracy at the large scale. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2019) Lazy, not biased: susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition, 188 (July), 3950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011Google Scholar
Price, V., Cappella, J. N., & Nir, L. (2002) Does disagreement contribute to more deliberative opinion? Political Communication, 19, 95112.Google Scholar
Prior, M., Sood, G. & Khanna, K. (2015) You cannot be serious: the impact of accuracy incentives on partisan bias in reports of economic perceptions. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 10(4), 489518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00014127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redlawsk, D. P. (2002) Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making. Journal of Politics, 64(4), 10211044.Google Scholar
Redlawsk, D. P., Civettini, A. J. W., & Emmerson, K. M. (2010) The affective tipping point: Do motivated reasoners ever “get it”? Political Psychology, 31(4), 563593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.xGoogle Scholar
Robison, J. (2020) Does social disagreement attenuate partisan motivated reasoning? A test case concerning economic evaluations. British Journal of Political Science, 50(4), 12451261. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123418000315Google Scholar
Robison, J., Leeper, T. J., & Druckman, J. N. (2018) Do disagreeable political discussion networks undermine attitude strength? Political Psychology, 39(2), 479494. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12374Google Scholar
Setälä, M., Grönlund, K., & Herne, K. (2010) Citizen deliberation on nuclear power: a comparison of two decision-making methods. Political Studies, 58(4), 688714. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2010.00822.xGoogle Scholar
Simas, E. N., Clifford, S., & Kirkland, J. H. (2019) How empathic concern fuels political polarization. American Political Science Review 114(1), 258269. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000534Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (2011) Rationality and reflective mind. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (1997) Reasoning independently of prior belief and individual differences in actively open-minded thinking. Journal of Educational Psychology 89(2), 342357.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (2000) Individual differences in reasoning: implications for the rationality debate? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23 (5), 645726. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00003435Google Scholar
Suiter, J., Farrell, D. M., & O’Malley, E. (2016) When do deliberative citizens change their opinions? Evidence from the Irish Citizens’ Assembly. International Political Science Review, 37(2), 198212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512114544068Google Scholar
Taber, C. S. & Lodge, M. (2016) The illusion of choice in democratic politics: the unconscious impact of motivated political reasoning. Political Psychology. Supplement: Advances in Political Psychology, 37 (S1), 6185. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12321Google Scholar
Tappin, B. M., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020) Rethinking the link between cognitive sophistication and politically motivated reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(6), 10951114. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000974Google Scholar
Vegetti, F. & Mancosu, M. (2020) The impact of political sophistication and motivated reasoning on misinformation. Political Communication, 37(5), 678695. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1744778CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wojcieszak, M. E. (2010) “Don’t talk to me”: effects of ideologically homogeneous online groups and politically dissimilar offline ties on extremism. New Media & Society 12(4), 637655. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342775Google Scholar
Wojcieszak, M. E. & Price, V. (2010) Bridging the divide or intensifying the conflict? How Disagreement Affects Strong Predilections. Political Psychology, 31(3),315339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00753.xGoogle Scholar

References

Aarøe, L., Petersen, M. B., & Arceneaux, K. (2017) The behavioral immune system shapes political intuitions: why and how individual differences in disgust sensitivity underlie opposition to immigration. The American Political Science Review, 111(2), 277294. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055416000770Google Scholar
Abrajano, M. & Hajnal, Z. L. (2015) White backlash: immigration, race, and American politics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, A. I. & Saunders, K. L. (2008) Is polarization a myth? Journal of Politics, 70(2), 542555. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080493Google Scholar
Albertson, B. & Gadarian, S. K. (2015) Anxious politics: democratic citizenship in a threatening world. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alford, J. R., Funk, C. L., & Hibbing, J. R. (2005) Are political orientations genetically transmitted? The American Political Science Review, 99(2), 153167. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051579Google Scholar
Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017) Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. The Journal of economic perspectives, 31(2), 211235. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211Google Scholar
Bail, C. A., Argyle, L. P., Brown, T. W. et al. (2018) Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – PNAS, 115(37), 92169221. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804840115Google Scholar
Barber, M. & Pope, J. C. (2019). Does party trump ideology? Disentangling party and ideology in America. The American Political Science Review, 113(1), 3854. doi:10.1017/S0003055418000795CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, T. D. & Cassese, E. C. (2017) American party women: a look at the gender gap within parties. Political Research Quarterly, 70(1), 127141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916675738Google Scholar
Bartels, L. (2003) Democracy with attitudes. In MacKuen, M. B., & Rabinowitz, G. (Eds.). Electoral democracy (pp. 4882). University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Bishop, B. (2009) The big sort: why the clustering of like-minded America is tearing us apart. Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Brader, T. (2005) Striking a responsive chord: how political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 388405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00130.xGoogle Scholar
Brader, T. (2011) The political relevance of emotions: “Reassessing” revisited. Political Psychology, 32(2), 337346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00803.xGoogle Scholar
Bullock, J. G. (2009) Partisan bias and the Bayesian ideal in the study of public opinion. Journal of Politics, 71(3), 11091124. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609090914Google Scholar
Bullock, J. G. & Lenz, G. (2019) Partisan bias in surveys. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 325342. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-050904Google Scholar
Bullock, J. G., Gerber, A. S., Hill, S. J., & Huber, G. A. (2015) Partisan bias in factual beliefs about politics. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 10(4), 519578. https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00014074Google Scholar
Carney, D. R., Jost, J. T., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008) The secret lives of liberals and conservatives: personality profiles, interaction styles, and the things they leave behind. Political Psychology, 29(6), 807840. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00668.xGoogle Scholar
Conover, P. J. & Feldman, S. (1984) Group identification, values, and the nature of political beliefs. American Politics Research, 12(2), 151175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X8401200202Google Scholar
Converse, P. E. (1964) The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In Apter, D. E. (Ed.). Ideology and discontent (pp. 206261). Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
Cook, J., Linden, S. V. D., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. (2020) Coronavirus, “plandemic” and the seven traits of conspiratorial thinking. https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-plandemic-and-the-seven-traits-of-conspiratorial-thinking-138483Google Scholar
Dawson, M. C. (1994) Behind the mule: race and class in African-American politics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dawson, M. C. (2001) Black visions: the roots of contemporary African-American political ideologies. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ditto, P. H. & Lopez, D. F. (1992) Motivated skepticism: use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 568584. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.568Google Scholar
Druckman, J. N. (2001) The implications of framing effects for citizen competence. Political Behavior, 23(3), 225256.Google Scholar
Druckman, J. N. & McGrath, M. C. (2019) The evidence for motivated reasoning in climate change preference formation. Nature Climate Change, 9(2), 111119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0360-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelson, J., Alduncin, A., Krewson, C., Sieja, J. A., & Uscinski, J. E. (2017) The effect of conspiratorial thinking and motivated reasoning on belief in election fraud. Political Research Quarterly, 70(4), 933946. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917721061Google Scholar
Egan, P. J. (2012) Group cohesion without group mobilization: The case of lesbians, gays and bisexuals. British Journal of Political Science, 42(3), 597-616. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123411000500Google Scholar
Evans, J. S. B. T. & Over, D. E. (1996) Rationality in the selection task: epistemic utility versus uncertainty reduction. Psychological Review, 103(2), 356363. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.356Google Scholar
Feldman, S. (1988) Structure and consistency in public opinion: the role of core beliefs and values. American Journal of Political Science, 32(2), 416440. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, S. (2013) Political ideology. In Huddy, L., Sears, D. O., & Levy, J. S. (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of political psychology I, 2 ed. (pp. 591626). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ferguson, E. A. (1938) Race consciousness among American negroes. The Journal of Negro Education, 7 (1), 3240. https://doi.org/10.2307/2291773Google Scholar
Finkel, E. J., Bail, C. A., Cikara, M. et al. (2020) Political sectarianism in America. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 370(6516), 533536. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe1715Google Scholar
Fiorina, M. P., Abrams, S. J., & Pope, J. (2006) Culture war? The myth of a polarized America (2nd ed.). Pearson Longman.Google Scholar
Flynn, D. J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017) The nature and origins of misperceptions: understanding false and unsupported beliefs about politics: nature and origins of misperceptions. Political Psychology, 38(S1), 127150. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12394Google Scholar
Gadarian, S. K. & Albertson, B. (2014) Anxiety, immigration, and the search for information. Political Psychology, 53(2), 133164.  https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12034Google Scholar
Gadarian, S. K. & Van Der Vort, E. (2018) The gag reflex: disgust rhetoric and gay rights in American politics. Political Behavior, 40(2), 521543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9412-xGoogle Scholar
Gerber, A. S., Huber, G. A., Doherty, D., Dowling, C. M., & Ha, S. E. (2010) Personality and political attitudes: relationships across issue domains and political contexts. The American Political Science Review, 104 (1), 111133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055410000031Google Scholar
Gilens, M. (1999) Why Americans hate welfare: race, media, and the politics of antipoverty policy. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Goren, P. (2004) Political sophistication and policy reasoning: a reconsideration. American Journal of Political Science, 48(3), 462478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00081.xGoogle Scholar
Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009) Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 10291046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141Google Scholar
Graham, M. H. & Svolik, M. W. (2020) Democracy in America? Partisanship, polarization, and the robustness of support for democracy in the united states. The American Political Science Review, 114(2), 392409. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000052Google Scholar
Green, D. P., Palmquist, B., & Schickler, E. (2002) Partisan hearts and minds: Political parties and the social identities of voters. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Guess, A., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2018) Selective exposure to misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 us presidential campaign. European Research Council.Google Scholar
Hancock, A.-M. (2004) The politics of disgust: the public identity of the welfare queen. New York University Press.Google Scholar
Hastie, R. & Park, B. (1986) The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line. Psychological Review, 93(3), 258268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.3.258Google Scholar
Huddy, L. (2013) From group identity to political cohesion and commitment, 2nd ed. In Huddy, L., Sears, D. O., & Levy, J. S. (Eds.), The oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 737773). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Huddy, L., Feldman, S., Taber, C., & Lahav, G. (2005) Threat, anxiety, and support of antiterrorism policies. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 593608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00144.xGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, S. & Hahn, K. S. (2009) Red media, blue media: evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 1939. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.xGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, S. & Kinder, D. R. (1987) News that matters. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019) The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the united states. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 129146. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034Google Scholar
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012) Affect, not ideology: a social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405431.  https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs059Google Scholar
Jennings, M. K., Stoker, L., & Bowers, J. (2009) Politics across generations: family transmission reexamined. Journal of Politics, 71(3), 782799. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609090719Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, M. & Leal, D. L. (1996) Becoming “Hispanic”: secondary panethnic identification among Latin American-origin populations in the united states. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 18(2), 214254. https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863960182008Google Scholar
Kalmoe, N. P. & Mason, L. (2019) Lethal mass partisanship: prevalence, correlates, & electoral contingencies. Paper presented at the National Capital Area Political Science Association American Politics Workshop, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Katz, E. & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1955) Personal influence: the part played by people in the flow of mass communications. Free Press.Google Scholar
Khanna, K. & Sood, G. (2018) Motivated responding in studies of factual learning. Political Behavior, 40(1), 79101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9395-7Google Scholar
Kinder, D. R. & Kalmoe, N. P. (2017) Neither liberal nor conservative: ideological innocence in the American public. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, D. R. & Sanders, L. (1996) Divided by color: racial politics and democratic ideals. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
King, G., Schneer, B., & White, A. (2017) How the news media activate public expression and influence national agendas. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 358(6364), 776780. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao1100Google Scholar
Kuklinski, J., Cobb, M., & Gilens, M. (1997) Racial attitudes and the new south. Journal of Politics, 59(2), 323349. https://doi.org/10.2307/2998167Google Scholar
Kunda, Z. (1987) Motivated inference: self-serving generation and evaluation of causal theories. Journal of personality and social psychology, 53(4), 636647. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.636Google Scholar
Kunda, Z. (1990) The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480498. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.108.3.480Google Scholar
Ladd, J. M. & Lenz, G. S. (2008) Reassessing the role of anxiety in vote choice. Political Psychology, 29(2), 275296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00626.xGoogle Scholar
Lane, R. E. (1962) Political ideology: why the American common man believes what he does. Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
Larry, M. B. (2002) Beyond the running tally: partisan bias in political perceptions. Political Behavior, 24(2), 117150. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021226224601Google Scholar
Lau, R. R. & Redlawsk, D. P. (2006) How voters decide: information processing in election campaigns. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lazer, D. M. J., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y. et al. (2018) The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 10941096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998Google Scholar
Lee, T. (2008) Race, immigration, and the identity-to-politics link. Annual Review of Political Science, 11(1), 457478. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.051707.122615Google Scholar
Lenz, G. S. (2012) Follow the leader? How voters respond to politicians’ policies and performance. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lerner, J. S. & Keltner, D. (2001) Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of personality and social psychology, 81(1), 146159. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.1.146Google Scholar
Levendusky, M. (2009) The partisan sort: how liberals became democrats and conservatives became republicans. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lien, P.-T. (2001) The making of Asian America through political participation. Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Linden, S., Panagopoulos, C., Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2020) The paranoid style in American politics revisited: an ideological asymmetry in conspiratorial thinking. Political Psychology, 42(1), 2351. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12681Google Scholar
Lodge, M., McGraw, K., & Stroh, P. (1989) An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review, 83 (2), 399420. https://doi.org/10.2307/1962397Google Scholar
Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & Mackuen, M. (2000) Affective intelligence and political judgment. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, G. E., Valentino, N. A., Vasilopoulos, P., & Foucault, M. (2019) Applying the theory of affective intelligence to support for authoritarian policies and parties. Political Psychology, 40(S1), 109139. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12571Google Scholar
Margolis, M. F. (2018) From politics to the pews: how partisanship and the political environment shape religious identity. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mason, L. (2018) Uncivil agreement: how politics became our identity. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Masuoka, N. (2006) Together they become one: examining the predictors of pan ethnic group consciousness among Asian Americans and Latinos. Social Science Quarterly, 87(5), 9931011.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00412.xGoogle Scholar
McClain, P., Carew, J. D. J., Walton, Eugene Jr., & Watts, C. S. (2009) Group membership, group identity, and group consciousness: measures of racial identity in American politics? Annual Review of Political Science, 12(1), 471485. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.102452Google Scholar
Metaxas, P. T. & Mustafaraj, E. (2012) Social media and the elections. Science Magazine, 338(6106), 472473. http://cs.wellesley.edu/~pmetaxas/Research/SCIENCE_PREPRINT.pdfGoogle Scholar
Miller, J. M., Saunders, K. L., & Farhart, C. E. (2016) Conspiracy endorsement as motivated reasoning: the moderating roles of political knowledge and trust. American Journal of Political Science, 60(4), 824844. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12234Google Scholar
Mutz, D. C. (2002) Cross-cutting social networks: testing democratic theory in practice. The American Political Science Review, 96(1), 111126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055402004264Google Scholar
Oliver, J. E. & Thomas, J. W. (2014) Conspiracy theories and the paranoid style(s) of mass opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 952966. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12084Google Scholar
Phoenix, D. L. (2019) The anger gap: how race shapes emotion in politics. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prior, M. (2007) Post-broadcast democracy: how media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prior, M., Sood, G., & Khanna, K. (2015) You cannot be serious: the impact of accuracy incentives on partisan bias in reports of economic perceptions. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 10(4), 489518. https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00014127Google Scholar
Radnitz, S. & Underwood, P. (2017) Is belief in conspiracy theories pathological? A survey experiment on the cognitive roots of extreme suspicion. British Journal of Political Science, 47(1), 113129. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123414000556Google Scholar
Redlawsk, D. P. (2002) Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 10211044. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00161Google Scholar
Sanchez, G. (2006) The role of group consciousness in Latino public opinion. Political Research Quarterly (formerly WPQ), 59(3), 435446. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290605900311Google Scholar
Sanchez, G. & Masuoka, N. (2010) Brown-utility heuristic? The presence and contributing factors of Latino linked fate. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 32(4), 519531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986310383129Google Scholar
Schaffner, B. F. & Luks, S. (2018) Misinformation or expressive responding? Public Opinion Quarterly, 82(1), 135147. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx042Google Scholar
Sears, D. O., Hensler, C. P., & Speer, L. K. (1979) Whites’ opposition to “busing”: Self-interest or symbolic politics? American Political Science Review, 73(2), 369384. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954885Google Scholar
Stokes, A. K. (2003) Latino group consciousness and political participation. American Politics Research, 31(4), 361378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X03031004002Google Scholar
Stroud, N. J. (2011) Niche news: the politics of news choice. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Taber, C. S. & Lodge, M. (2006) Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755769.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.xGoogle Scholar
Thompson, A. C. & Fischer, F. (2021) Members of several well-known hate groups identified at capitol riot. www.propublica.org/article/several-well-known-hate-groups-identified-at-capitol-riot.Google Scholar
Valentino, N. A., Banks, A. J., Hutchings, V. L., & Davis, A. K. (2009) Selective exposure in the internet age: the interaction between anxiety and information utility. Political Psychology, 30(4), 591. www.propublica.org/article/several-well-known-hate-groups-identified-at-capitol-riot613. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00716.xGoogle Scholar
Valentino-Devries, J., Ashford, G., Lu, D., Lutz, E., Matthews, A. L., & Yourish, K. (2021) Arrested in capitol riot: Organized militants and a horde of radicals. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/02/04/us/capitol-arrests.html?referringSource=articleShareGoogle Scholar
Wang, C. & Huang, H. (2020) When “fake news” becomes real: the consequences of false government denials in an authoritarian country. Comparative Political Studies, 54(5), 753778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020957672Google Scholar
White, I. K. & Laird, C. N. (2020) Steadfast democrats: how social forces shape black political behavior. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Yair, O. & Huber, G. A. (2021) How robust is evidence of partisan perceptual bias in survey responses? Public Opinion Quarterly, 84(2), 469492. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfaa024Google Scholar
Zaller, J. R. (1992) The nature and origins of mass opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

References

Abelson, R. P. (1986). Beliefs are like possessions. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 16(3), 223250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1986.tb00078.xGoogle Scholar
Akerlof, G. A. & Dickens, W. T. (1982) The Economic consequences of cognitive dissonance. American Economic Review, 72(3), 307319.Google Scholar
Allcott, H., Braghieri, L., Eichmeyer, S., & Gentzkow, M. (2020) The welfare effects of social media. American Economic Review, 110(3), 629676. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190658Google Scholar
Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017) Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211Google Scholar
Allgeier, A. R., Byrne, D., Brooks, B., & Revnes, D. (1979) The Waffle Phenomenon: negative evaluations of those who shift attitudinally1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9(2), 170182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00802.xGoogle Scholar
Arrow, K. (1973) Information and economic behavior. Federation of Swedish Industries.Google Scholar
Barrera, O., Guriev, S., Henry, E., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2020) Facts, alternative facts, and fact checking in times of post-truth politics. Journal of Public Economics, 182, 104123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104123Google Scholar
Battigalli, P., Corrao, R., & Dufwenberg, M. (2019) Incorporating belief-dependent motivation in games. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 167(February), 185218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.04.009Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. (1996) Evil: inside human cruelty and violence. W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1995) The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. (2013) Groupthink: collective delusions in organizations and markets. The Review of Economic Studies, 80(2), 429462. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rds030Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2002) Self-confidence and personal motivation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(3), 871915. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302760193913Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2003) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The Review of Economic Studies, 70(3), 489520. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpn030Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2006a) Belief in a just world and redistributive politics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(2), 699746. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.699Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2006b) Incentives and prosocial behavior. American Economic Review, 96(5), 16521678. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.5.1652Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2011) Identity, morals, and taboos: beliefs as assets*. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(2), 805855. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr002Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2016) Mindful economics: the production, consumption, and value of beliefs. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 141164. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.3.141Google Scholar
Bentham, J. (1789) An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Reprinted 1948. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, L. (1978) Whatever happened to the frustration–aggression hypothesis? American Behavioral Scientist, 21(5).Google Scholar
Berns, G. S., Chappelow, J., Cekic, M. et al. (2006) Neurobiological substrates of dread. Science, 312(5774), 754758. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1123721Google Scholar
Bishop, B. (2009) The big sort: why the clustering of like-minded America is tearing us apart. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Bodner, R. & Prelec, D. (2003) The diagnostic value of actions in a self-signaling model. In Brocas, I. & Carillo, J. D. (Eds.). The psychology of economic decisions, volume i: rationality and well-being, Vol. 1 (pp. 105126). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brennan, G. & Pettit, P. (2004) The economy of esteem: an essay on civil and political society. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brunnermeier, M. K. & Parker, J. A. (2005) Optimal expectations. American Economic Review, 95(4), 10921118. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054825493Google Scholar
Bryden, G. M., Browne, M., Rockloff, M., & Unsworth, C. (2018) Anti-vaccination and pro-CAM attitudes both reflect magical beliefs about health. Vaccine, 36(9), 12271234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.068Google Scholar
Caplin, A. & Leahy, J. (2001) Psychological expected utility theory and anticipatory feelings. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 5579. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355301556347Google Scholar
Carpenter, J. P. & Matthews, P. H. (2003) Beliefs, intentions, and evolution: old versus new psychological game theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26(02), 158159. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X03270059Google Scholar
Charness, G. & Rabin, M. (2002) Understanding social preferences with simple tests. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(3), 817869. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302760193904Google Scholar
Chopra, F., Haaland, I., & Roth, C. (2019) Do People Value More Informative News? CESifo Working Paper No. 8026, Available at SSRN: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3523530Google Scholar
Compte, O. & Postlewaite, A. (2004) Confidence-enhanced performance. American Economic Review, 94(5), 15361557. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828043052204Google Scholar
Cushman, F. (2015) Deconstructing intent to reconstruct morality. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 97103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.06.003Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Beliefs about beliefs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 568570. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00076664Google Scholar
Edwards, W. (1982) Conservatism in human information processing (excerpted). In Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds.). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (pp. 359369). Cambridge University Press. Original work published 1968.Google Scholar
Eil, D. & Rao, J. M. (2011) The good news-bad news effect: asymmetric processing of objective information about yourself. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 3(2), 114138. https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.3.2.114Google Scholar
Ellsberg, D. (1961) Risk, ambiguity, and the savage axioms. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75(4), 643669. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884324Google Scholar
Elster, J. & Loewenstein, G. (1992) Utility from memory and anticipation. In Loewenstein, G., & Elster, J. (Eds.). Choice over time. (pp. 213234). Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Epley, N. & Gilovich, T. (2016) The mechanics of motivated reasoning. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 133140. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.3.133Google Scholar
Eyster, E. (2002) Rationalizing the past: a taste for consistency. Nuffield College Mimeograph.Google Scholar
Falk, A. & Zimmermann, F. (2011) Preferences for Consistency (CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP8519). Working Paper.Google Scholar
Festinger, L. (1962) Cognitive dissonance. Scientific American, 207(4), 93106.Google Scholar
Frith, U. & Frith, C. D. (2003) Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 358(1431), 459473. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1218Google Scholar
Ganguly, A. & Tasoff, J. (2016) Fantasy and dread: the demand for information and the consumption utility of the future. Management Science, 63(12), 40374060. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2550Google Scholar
Geanakoplos, J., Pearce, D., & Stacchetti, E. (1989) Psychological games and sequential rationality. Games and Economic Behavior, 1(1), 6079. https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-8256(89)90005-5Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G. & Gaissmaier, W. (2011) Heuristic decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 451482. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346Google Scholar
Golman, R., Gurney, N., & Loewenstein, G. (2021) Information gaps for risk and ambiguity. Psychological Review, 128(1), 86103. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000252Google Scholar
Golman, R., Hagmann, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2017) Information avoidance. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(1), 96135. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20151245Google Scholar
Golman, R., Loewenstein, G., Moene, K. O., & Zarri, L. (2016) The preference for belief consonance. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 165188. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.3.165Google Scholar
Haselton, M. G. & Buss, D. M. (2000) Error management theory: a new perspective on biases in cross-sex mind reading. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 8191. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.81Google Scholar
Heintz, C., Karabegovic, M., & Molnar, A. (2016) The co-evolution of honesty and strategic vigilance. Frontiers in Psychology, 7,(October), 113. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01503Google Scholar
Hertwig, R. & Engel, C. (2016) Homo Ignorans. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(3), 359372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616635594Google Scholar
Hsee, C. K. & Kunreuther, H. C. (2000) the affection effect in insurance decisions. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 20(2), 141159. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007876907268Google Scholar
Hsee, C. K. & Rottenstreich, Y. (2004) Music, Pandas, and muggers: on the affective psychology of value. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(1), 2330. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.23Google Scholar
Huffman, D., Raymond, C., & Shvets, J. (2019) Persistent overconfidence and biased memory: evidence from managers (Mimeo). Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Jaroszewicz, A. (2020) It does hurt to ask: theory and evidence on informal help-seeking. Doctoral dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University. https://doi.org/10.1184/R1/12298328.V1Google Scholar
Jones, E. E. & Berglas, S. (1978) Control of attributions about the self through self-handicapping strategies: the appeal of alcohol and the role of underachievement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4(2), 200206. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616727800400205Google Scholar
Jones, S. C. (1973) Self- and interpersonal evaluations: esteem theories versus consistency theories. Psychological Bulletin, 79(3), 185199. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033957Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1991) Anomalies: the endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 193206. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.1.193Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979) Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185Google Scholar
Karlsson, N., Loewenstein, G., & Seppi, D. (2009) The ostrich effect: selective attention to information. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 38(2), 95115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166–009-9060-6Google Scholar
Kata, A. (2012) Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm – an overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine, 30(25), 37783789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112Google Scholar
Kernis, M. H., Brockner, J., & Frankel, B. S. (1989) Self-esteem and reactions to failure: the mediating role of overgeneralization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(4), 707714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.707Google Scholar
Kinderman, P., Dunbar, R., & Bentall, R. P. (1998) Theory-of-mind deficits and causal attributions. British Journal of Psychology, 89(2), 191204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02680.xGoogle Scholar
Klayman, J. & Ha, Y.-W. (1987) Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological Review, 94(2), 211228. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.2.211Google Scholar
Kőszegi, B. (2006) Ego utility, overconfidence, and task choice. Journal of the European Economic Association, 4(4), 673707. https://doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2006.4.4.673Google Scholar
Kőszegi, B. (2010) Utility from anticipation and personal equilibrium. Economic Theory, 44(3), 415444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00199–009-0465-xGoogle Scholar
Kőszegi, B., Loewenstein, G., & Murooka, T. (2022) Fragile self-esteem. The Review of Economic Studies, 89(4), 2026–2060. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdab060Google Scholar
Kreps, D. M., & Porteus, E. L. (1978) Temporal resolution of uncertainty and dynamic choice theory. Econometrica, 46(1), 185200. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913656Google Scholar
Kunda, Z. (1990) The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480Google Scholar
Lazear, E. P. (2000) Economic imperialism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(1), 99146. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554683Google Scholar
Leary, M. R. & Baumeister, R. F. (2000) The nature and function of self-esteem: sociometer theory. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 162). https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/S0065-2601(00)80003-9Google Scholar
Lerner, M. J. (1980) The belief in a just world. In The belief in a just world (pp. 930). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0448-5_2Google Scholar
Leslie, A. M. (1987). Pretense and representation: the origins of “theory of mind.” Psychological Review, 94(4), 412426. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.4.412Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. (1987) Anticipation and the valuation of delayed consumption. The Economic Journal, 97(387), 666. https://doi.org/10.2307/2232929Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. (1992) The fall and rise of psychological explanation in the economics of intertemporal choice. In Loewenstein, G. & Elster, J. (Eds.). Choice over time (pp. 334). Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G., & Molnar, A. (2018) The renaissance of belief-based utility in economics. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(3), 166167. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562–018-0301-zGoogle Scholar
Loewenstein, G., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001) Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267Google Scholar
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979) Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: the effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 20982109. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098Google Scholar
Markus, H. (1977) Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(2), 6378. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.35.2.63Google Scholar
Molnar, A. & Loewenstein, G. F. (2020) The False and the furious: people are more disturbed by others’ false beliefs than by differences in beliefs. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3524651Google Scholar
Molnar, A. & Loewenstein, G. (2022) Ideologies are like possessions. Psychological Inquiry, 33(2), 8487. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2022.2065129Google Scholar
Morewedge, C. K., Tang, S., & Larrick, R. P. (2016) Betting your favorite to win: costly reluctance to hedge desired outcomes. Management Science, 64(3), 9971014. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2656Google Scholar
Nickerson, R. S. (1998) Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175Google Scholar
Oster, E., Shoulson, I., & Dorsey, E. R. (2013) Optimal expectations and limited medical testing: evidence from huntington disease. American Economic Review, 103(2), 804830. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.2.804Google Scholar
Pagel, M. (2018) A news-utility theory for inattention and delegation in portfolio choice. Econometrica, 86(2), 491522. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA14417Google Scholar
Perner, J. & Wimmer, H. (1985) “John thinks that Mary thinks that…” attribution of second-order beliefs by 5- to 10-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39(3), 437471. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(85)90051-7Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515526. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00076512Google Scholar
Prentice, D. A. & Miller, D. T. (1993) Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: some consequences of misperceiving the social norm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(2), 243256. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.243Google Scholar
Quispe-Torreblanca, E., Gathergood, J., Loewenstein, G. F., & Stewart, N. (2021) Investor Attention, Reference Points and the Disposition Effect. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3422790Google Scholar
Rabin, M. & Schrag, J. L. (1999) First impressions matter: a model of confirmatory bias. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(1), 3782. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399555945Google Scholar
Samuelson, P. A. & Nordhaus, W. (2010) Economics (19th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Google Scholar
Savage, L. J. (1954) The Foundations of Statistics. Wiley.Google Scholar
Schelling, T. C. (1984) The mind as a consuming organ. In Choice and consequence: Perspectives of an errant economist (pp. 328346). Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, D., Slaughter, V. P., & Dux, P. E. (2015) What do we know about implicit false-belief tracking? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423–014-0644-zGoogle Scholar
Sharot, T. & Garrett, N. (2016) Forming beliefs: why valence matters. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(1), 2533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.11.002Google Scholar
Sicherman, N., Law, K., Lipkin, P., Loewenstein, G. F., Marvin, A., & Buxbaum, J. D. (2021) Information Avoidance and Information Seeking Among Parents of Children with ASD. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 126(3), 249259. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-126.3.249.Google Scholar
Sicherman, N., Loewenstein, G., Seppi, D. J., & Utkus, S. P. (2016) Financial attention. Review of Financial Studies, 29(4), 863897. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhv073Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1759) The theory of moral sentiments. Gutenberg Publishers.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (2002) Pragmatics, modularity and mind-reading. Mind & Language, 17(1-2), 323. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00186Google Scholar
Steele, C. M. (1988) The Psychology of self-affirmation: sustaining the integrity of the self. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 21 (pp. 261302). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065–2601(08)60229-4Google Scholar
Stigler, G. J. (1961) The economics of information. Journal of Political Economy, 69(3), 213225. https://doi.org/10.1086/258464Google Scholar
Sunstein, C. R. (2001) Republic.com. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sweeny, K., Melnyk, D., Miller, W., & Shepperd, J. A. (2010) Information avoidance: who, what, when, and why. Review of General Psychology, 14(4), 340353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021288Google Scholar
van der Wel, R. P. R. D., Sebanz, N., & Knoblich, G. (2014) Do people automatically track others’ beliefs? Evidence from a continuous measure. Cognition, 130(1), 128133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.10.004Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (2005) Why law, economics, and organization? Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 1(1), 369396. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.1.031805.111122Google Scholar
Yariv, L. (2005) I’ll See It When I Believe It – A Simple Model of Cognitive Consistency (Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 1352).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×