Pan-Islamism was not a unified movement. Different actors promoted pan-Islamist ideas at different times. In the early Cold War, Pakistan promoted pan-Islamism in order to establish and consolidate a separate state as a counterpoint to a Hindu-dominated India. In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood promoted pan-Islamist, anti-imperialist, and anti-governmental ideas in the larger region around the British-occupied Suez Canal Zone, while the military regime pursued pan-Islamist ideas to suppress Pakistani pan-Islamism and contain the Muslim Brotherhood. Eventually, the Brotherhood experienced a second birth after the humiliating Arab defeat in the June War in 1967 and a political comeback during the Sadat years in the 1970s. Saudi Arabia launched its own pan-Islamist initiative in the mid 1960s. By the 1970s, it expanded its influence throughout much of the Muslim world by employing its increasing oil income. Finally, during 1970s as well, Iranian pan-Islamism emerged in opposition to and exile from the Shah’s regime. This form of a mainly anti-Western but simultaneously universalist pan-Islamism would become the great antagonist of Saudi pan-Islamism in 1979.