Articles 10 and 11(1) of the Universal Declaration was the basis for Article 14, the longest article in the Covenant because of its detailed particularisation of rules of procedural fairness for anyone subject to a criminal charge or criminal proceedings. At the heart of Article 14, and in common with the counterpart Declaration text, is the elemental requirement for ‘a fair and public hearing’ by an ‘independent and impartial tribunal’ in criminal and certain civil proceedings.