Elmekki, Abdel-Galil, “Food crises: Their roots in a country's political and developmental crises,” in Mohamed Suliman, ed., Ecology, op. cit.

Ahmed, Abdel Ghaffer M., “Planning and the neglect of pastoral nomads in the Sudan,” in Haarland, Gunnar, ed., Problems of savannah development, Bergen 1982.Google Scholar

Ahmed, Abdel Ghaffer M., and Leif, Manger, eds., Understanding the crisis in Darfur, Bergen 2006.

Mirghani, Abdel Rahim, Development planning in the Sudan in the sixties, Khartoum 1983.Google Scholar

Wahab, Abdel Rahman Abdel, “Development planning in the Sudan: Policy and organization,” in Ali Mohamed El-Hassan, ed., An introduction, op. cit.

Sidahmed, Abdel Salam, Politics and Islam in contemporary Sudan, Richmond, Surrey 1997.Google Scholar

El-Affendi, Abdelwahab, Turabi's revolution, London 1991.Google Scholar

Abu Shamma, A. O., “International aspects of public health,” in Philosophical Society of the Sudan, The health, op. cit.

Adams, William Y., Nubia, corridor to Africa, London 1977.Google Scholar

,Advisory Council for the Northern Sudan, Proceedings of the first session (1944), Khartoum 1945.Google Scholar

Rights, African, Food and power in Sudan: A critique of humanitarianism, London 1997.Google Scholar

Zaki, Ahmed Ali, “A survey of the future health requirements in maintaining and improving the health of the Sudan,” in Philosophical Society of the Sudan, The health, op. cit.

Din, Ahmed Safi el, “A survey of the Sudanese economy,” in Mohamed Hashim Awad, ed., Socio-economic change, op. cit.

al-Teraifi, Al-Agab Ahmed, “Regionalisation in the Sudan: Characteristics, problems and prospects,” in Woodward, Peter, ed., Sudan after Nimeiri, London 1991.Google Scholar

Salam, Al-Fatih Abdullahi Abdel, “Intra-party conflicts: The case of the Umma party,” in Mahasin Abdel Gadir Hag Al-Safi, ed., The nationalist movement, op. cit.

Suliman, Ali Ahmed, Issues in the economic development of Sudan, Khartoum 1975.Google Scholar

El-Hassan, Ali Mohamed, ed., An introduction to the Sudan economy, Khartoum 1976.

El-Hassan, Ali Mohamed, “Structure of the Sudan economy,” in idem, ed., An introduction, op. cit.

Allen, Bernard M., Gordon and the Sudan, London 1931.Google Scholar

,Anonymous, al-kitab al-aswad, np nd.

Arkell, A. J., “Darfur antiquities II, Tora palaces in Turra at the north end of Jebel Marra,” SNR XX 1937.

Arkell, A. J., A history of the Sudan to 1821, London 2nd ed., 1961.Google Scholar

Atiya, Samuel Bey, “Senin and Ali Dinar,” SNR VII, 2, 1924.Google Scholar

el-Battahani, Atta, “Tribal peace conferences in Sudan: The role of the joudiyya institution in Darfur, Western Sudan,” in Baechler, Gunther, Spillman, Kurt R., and Suliman, Mohamed, eds., Transformation of resource conflicts: Approach and instruments, Bern 2002.

Radaf, Awad Abdalla El-Awad, Sudan gum, Bergen thesis 1983.Google Scholar

al-Karsani, Awad al-Sid, “Muhammad al-Hafiz al-Tigani and the Sudan,” in Mahasin Abd al-Gadir Hag Al-Safi, ed., The nationalist movement, op. cit.

Baasher, M. M., “Livestock development in the central rainland of the Sudan – potential and problems,” in Shaw, , ed., op. cit.

Bacon, G. H., “Education,” in Tothill, Agriculture, op. cit.

Balamoan, G. Ayoub, Peoples and economics in the Sudan 1884–1956, Cambridge, Mass., 2nd ed., 1981.Google Scholar

Balfour-Paul, H. G., History and antiquities of Darfur, Khartoum 1955.Google Scholar

Barbour, K. M., The republic of the Sudan, London 1961.Google Scholar

Bayoumi, Ahmed, The history of the Sudan health services, Nairobi 1979.Google Scholar

Beasley, Ina, Before the wind changed, Oxford 1992.Google Scholar

Bechtold, Peter, Politics in the Sudan, New York 1976.Google Scholar

Beers, Mark H., and Berkow, Robert, The Merck manual, 17th ed., Whitehouse Station, N.J., 1999.Google Scholar

Bell, Gawain, Shadows on the sand, London 1983.Google Scholar

Bennett, S. J. C, John, E. R., and Hewison, J. W., “Animal husbandry,” in Tothill, op. cit.

Bjorkelo, Anders, Prelude to the Mahdiyya, Cambridge 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Affan, Bodour Osman Abu, Industrial policies and industrialization in the Sudan, Khartoum 1985.Google Scholar

Boustead, Hugh, The wind of morning, London 1974.Google Scholar

Browne, W. G., Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria, from the year 1792 to 1798, London 1799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burckhardt, John Lewis, Travels in Nubia, repr. London 1987.Google Scholar

Burr, J. Millard, and Collins, Robert O., Africa's thirty years' war, Boulder, Colo. 1999.Google Scholar

Cordell, Dennis D., Dar al-Kuti and the last years of the trans-Saharan slave trade, Madison 1985.Google Scholar

Crabites, Pierre, Americans in the Egyptian Army, London 1938.Google Scholar

Craig, G. M., The agriculture of the Sudan, Oxford 1991.Google Scholar

Dafalla, E. N., “The veterinary officer,” in Philosophical Society of the Sudan, The health, op. cit.

Daly, M. W., Empire on the Nile: The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1934, Cambridge 1986.Google Scholar

Daly, M. W., Imperial Sudan: The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, 1934–56, Cambridge 1991.Google Scholar

Daly, M. W., ed., Modernization in the Sudan, New York 1985.

Daly, M. W., ed., The road to Shaykan, Durham 1983.

Daly, M. W., The Sirdar, Philadelphia 1997.Google Scholar

Daly, M. W., and Forbes, L. E., The Sudan, Reading 1994.Google Scholar

Daly, M. W., and Hogan, Jane R., Images of empire, Leiden 2005.Google Scholar

Davis, Reginald, The camel's back, London 1957.Google Scholar

Doornbos, Paul, “On becoming Sudanese: Aspects of ideological transformation in rural Sudan,” paper presented to a conference on state, capital and transformation in Sudan, University of East Anglia, July 1984.

Douin, G., Histoire de regne du Khedive Ismail, III, L 'empire africain, Cairo 1936.Google Scholar

Army, Egyptian, Intelligence Reports, Egypt.

El-Erian, A. A., Condominium and related situations in international law, Cairo 1952.Google Scholar

English, George Bethune, A narrative of the expedition to Dongola and Sennaar, London 1822, Boston 1823.Google Scholar

Evans-Pritchard, E. E., The Sanusi of Cyrenaica, Oxford 1949.Google Scholar

Flint, Julie, and Waal, Alex, Darfur: A short history of a long war, London 2005. (2nd ed. as Darfur: A new history of a long war, London and New York 2008).Google Scholar

Bakheit, Gaafar Mohamed Ali, “British administration and Sudanese nationalism, 1919–1939,” Cambridge Ph.D. 1965.

Bakheit, Gaafar Mohamed Ali, “The politics of Native Administration, 1964–69,” in Howell, , ed., op. cit.

Giegler, C. C., The Sudan memoirs of Carl Christian Giegler Pasha, ed. Hill, Richard, London 1984.Google Scholar

Gleichen, Captain Count, Handbook of the Sudan, London 1898.Google Scholar

Haaland, Gunnar, “Economic determinants in ethnic processes,” in Barth, F., ed., Ethnic groups and boundaries, 1969.

Hagan, John, and Palloni, Alberto, “Death in Darfur,” Science, 15 September 2006, 1578–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hartwig, Gerald W., and Patterson, K. David, Schistosomiasis in twentieth century Africa: Historical studies on West Africa and Sudan, Los Angeles 1984.Google Scholar

Henderson, K. D. D., The making of the modern Sudan. The life and letters of Sir Douglas Newbold…, London 1953.Google Scholar

Henderson, K. D. D., Set under authority, Somerset 1987.Google Scholar

Hill, George Birkbeck, ed., Colonel Gordon in central Africa…from original letters and documents, London 1881.

Hill, Richard, A biographical dictionary of the Sudan, London 2nd ed., 1967.Google Scholar

Hill, Richard, Egypt in the Sudan 1820–1881, London 1959.Google Scholar

Hillelson, S., Sudan Arabic texts, Cambridge 1935.Google Scholar

Holt, P. M., “Holy families and Islam in the Sudan,” idem, Studies in the history of the Near East, London 1973.Google Scholar

Holt, P. M., The Mahdist state in the Sudan, Oxford 2nd ed., 1970.Google Scholar

Holt, P. M., and Daly, M. W., A history of the Sudan, London 5th ed., 2001.Google Scholar

Howell, John, ed., Local government and politics in the Sudan, Khartoum 1974.

Howell, John, “The reform of local government, 1971,” in idem, ed., Local government, op. cit.

Jackson, H. C., Black ivory, or the story of El Zubeir Pasha, slaver and sultan, as told by himself, Khartoum 1913, repr. New York 1970.Google Scholar

Johnson, Douglas H., The root causes of Sudan's civil wars, Oxford 2nd ed., 2004.Google Scholar

Jureidini, L. B., “The miracles of Ali Dinar,” The Muslim world, I, 1917.Google Scholar

Kapteijns, Lidwien, Mahdist faith and Sudanic tradition: The history of the Masalit sultanate, 1870–1930, London 1985.Google Scholar

Kapteijns, Lidwien, and Spaulding, Jay, After the millennium: Diplomatic correspondence from Wadai and Dar Fur on the eve of colonial conquest, 1885–1916, East Lansing 1988.Google Scholar

Bedri, Khalafalla Babiker El, “Health education of the public,” in Philosophical Society of the Sudan, The health, op. cit.

Lampen, G. D., “History of Darfur,” SNR XXXI, 2, 1950.Google Scholar

Lavin, Deborah, ed., The Condominium remembered: Proceedings of the Durham Sudan historical records conference 1982, Durham 2 vols., 1993 [sic].

Lesch, Ann Mosley, The Sudan – contested national identities, Oxford and Bloomington 1998.Google Scholar

MacMichael, H. A., A history of the Arabs in the Sudan and some account of the people who preceded them and of the tribes inhabiting Darfur, 1922 ed., repr. London 1967.Google Scholar

Mamdani, Mahmood, Saviors and survivors: Darfur, politics, and the War on Terror, New York 2009.Google Scholar

Khalid, Mansour, Nimeiri and the revolution of dis-May, London 1985.Google Scholar

March, G. F., “Transport in the Sudan,” in Tothill, Agriculture, op. cit.

Marlowe, John, Anglo-Egyptian relations 1800–1953, London 1954.Google Scholar

Maxwell-Darling, R. C., “Locusts in the Sudan,” in Tothill, Agriculture, op. cit.

McLoughlin, Peter F. M., “A note on the reliability of the earliest Sudan Republic population estimates,” Population Review 7, 3, 1963.Google Scholar

McLoughlin, Peter F. M., Language-switching as an index of socialization in the Republic of the Sudan, Berkeley, Calif. 1964.Google Scholar

Ali, Mohamed Abdel Rahman, “Public finance in the Sudan,” in El-Hassan, Ali Mohamed, ed., An introduction, op. cit.

Galal-el-Din, Mohamed El Awad, “Population and labour force in the Sudan,” in El-Hassan, Ali Mohamed, ed., An introduction, op. cit.

Salam, Mohamed Mirghani Abdel, “Agriculture in the Sudan,” in Ali Mohamed El Hassan, An introduction, op. cit.

Beshir, Mohamed Omer, Educational development in the Sudan 1898–1956, Oxford 1969.Google Scholar

Beshir, Mohamed Omer, ed., Sudan: Aid and external relations, Khartoum 1984.

Mohamed Salih, M. A., “Ecological stress, political coercion and the limits of government intervention,” in Ornas, Anders Hjort af and idem, eds., Ecology and politics, Uppsala 1989.Google Scholar

Suliman, Mohamed, ed., Ecology, politics & violent conflict, London 1999.

Suliman, Mohamed, “The rationality and irrationality of violence in sub-Saharan Africa,” in idem, ed., Ecology, op. cit.

ʿAwad, Muhammad Hashim, Al-istiqlal wa fasad al-hukm fil-Sudan, np nd.

‘Awad, Muhammad Hashim, ed., Socio-economic change in the Sudan, Khartoum 1983.

al-Tunisi, Muhammad Umar Sulayman, Tashhidh al-adhan bi-sirat al-Arab waʾl-Sudan, ed. Asakir, Khalil Mahmud and Muhammad, Mustafa Musad, Cairo 1965.Google Scholar

al-Hasan, Musa Mubarak, Taʾrikh Dar Fur al-siyasi, 1882–1895, Khartoum 1970.Google Scholar

el-Beshir, Mutasim, “The political role of the local government officer,” in Howell, , ed., op. cit.

Amin, Mutawakil A., “Ancient trade and trade routes between Egypt and the Sudan, 4000 to 700 B.C.,” SNR LII, 1970.Google Scholar

Nachtigal, Gustav, Sahara and Sudan, IV, Wadai and Darfur, trans. Allan G. B. Fisher and Humphrey J. Fisher, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1971.

,National Socialist Union, Document of the national founding congress, draft of basic rules, np 1972.

,National Socialist Union, Draft of the charter for national action, np 1972.

Shuqayr, Naʿum, Taʾrikh al-Sudan al-qadim waʾl-hadith wa jughrafiyatuhu, Cairo 1903.Google Scholar

Niblock, Tim, Class and power in Sudan, London 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nicolson, I. F., The administration of Nigeria 1900 to 1960, Oxford 1969.Google Scholar

O'Fahey, R. S., “The affair of Ahmad Agha,” SNR LIII, 1972.Google Scholar

O'Fahey, R. S., comp., Arabic literature of Africa, volume 1. The writings of eastern Sudanic Africa to c. 1900, Leiden 1994.Google Scholar

O'Fahey, R. S., “The office of qadi in Dar Fur: A preliminary enquiry,” BSOAS XL, 1, 1977.Google Scholar

O'Fahey, R. S., State and society in Dar Fur, New York 1980.Google Scholar

O'Fahey, R. S., and Abu Salim, M. I., Land in Dar Fur. Charters and related documents from the Dar Fur sultanate, Cambridge 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Fahey, R. S., and Spaulding, J. L., Kingdoms of the Sudan, London 1974.Google Scholar

Paterson, R. T., “Darfur Province,” in Tothill, Agriculture, op. cit.

Perron, A., trans., Voyage au Darfur, Paris 1845.Google Scholar

Perron, A., trans., Voyage au Ouaday, Paris 1951.

,Philosophical Society of the Sudan, The health of the Sudan, Khartoum 1963.Google Scholar

Prunier, Gerard, Darfur: The ambiguous genocide, London 2005.Google Scholar

Rath, U. C. W., “The climate of the Sudan,” 1953 Conference on food and society in the Sudan, Khartoum 1954.

,Republic of the Sudan, Sudan Almanac 1961, Khartoum 1961.Google Scholar

,Republic of the Sudan, Sudan Almanac 1963, Khartoum 1963.Google Scholar

,Republic of the Sudan, Ministry of Social Affairs, First population census of Sudan 1955/56, Khartoum 1958.Google Scholar

,Republic of the Sudan, Ten-Year Plan of economic and social development 1961/62–1970/71, Khartoum 1965.Google Scholar

Robertson, James, Transition in Africa: From direct rule to independence, London 1974.Google Scholar

Rosen, G., trans., Das Buch des Sudan, Leipzig 1847.Google Scholar

Roy, H., La vie heroique et romantique du Docteur Charles Cuny, Paris 1930.Google Scholar

Bayle, St. John, Travels of an Arab merchant in Soudan, London 1845.Google Scholar

Sanderson, G. N., “The ghost of Adam Smith: Ideology, bureaucracy, and the frustration of economic development in the Sudan, 1934–1940,” in M. W. Daly, Modernization, op. cit.

Sanderson, G. N., Introduction, The memoirs of Babikr Bedri, v. 2, London 1980.Google Scholar

Sanderson, G. N., “Sudanese nationalism and the independence of the Sudan,” in Brett, Michael, ed., Northern Africa: Islam and modernization, London 1973.Google Scholar

Santandrea, Stefano, A tribal history of the western Bahr El Ghazal, Bologna 1964.Google Scholar

Santi, Paul, and Hill, Richard, The Europeans in the Sudan, Oxford 1980.Google Scholar

Harir, Sharif, “‘Arab Belt’ versus ‘African Belt’: Ethno-political conflict in Dar Fur and the regional cultural factors,” in idem and Tvedt, op. cit.

Shaw, D. J., ed., Agricultural development in the Sudan, Khartoum 1966.

Shepherd, Andrew, Norris, Malcolm, and Watson, John, Water planning in arid Sudan, London 1987.Google Scholar

Slatin, Rudolf C., Fire and sword in the Sudan, London 1896.Google Scholar

Spaulding, Jay, The heroic age in Sinnar, East Lansing 1985.Google Scholar

Spaulding, Jay, “Pastoralism, slavery, commerce, culture and the fate of the Nubians of northern and central Kordofan under Dar Fur rule, C.1750–C.1850,” in International Journal of African Historical Studies 39, 2.

Spaulding, Jay, and Kapteijns, Lidwien, An Islamic alliance: Ali Dinar and the Sanusiyya, 1906–1916, Evanston 1994.Google Scholar

Stone, John, The Sudan economy. Introductory notes, Khartoum 1953.Google Scholar

Sudan, Republic of, Government List, 1959.

Sudan, Republic of, Staff List, 1963.

Government, Sudan, Annual report of the department of economics and trade, 1934, Khartoum 1935; 1935, Khartoum 1936; 1936, Khartoum 1937; 1945, Khartoum 1945 [sic].Google Scholar

Government, Sudan, Annual report of the Ministry of Agriculture 1953–1954, Khartoum 1955.Google Scholar

Government, Sudan, Memorandum on the budget estimates…, np May 1958.

Government, Sudan, Report of Lord De La Warr's Educational Commission, 1937.

Government, Sudan, Report on medical and health work in the Sudan for the year 1934, Khartoum nd.

Government, Sudan, Report of the Medical Services, 1949, Khartoum nd.

Government, Sudan, Report of the Medical Services… 1956/57, np nd.

Government, Sudan, Report of the Soil Conservation Committee, Khartoum 1944.Google Scholar

Government, Sudan, Report of the Sudan Medical Service for the year 1940, Khartoum, nd.

Sudan Government list, np March 1956.

Sudanow, Khartoum.

Nimieri, Syed M., “Industry in the Sudan,” in Ali Mohamed El Hassan, An introduction, op. cit.

Thelwell, R. E. W., “A linguistic survey in El Fasher secondary school,” SNR LII, 1971.Google Scholar

Theobald, A. B., Ali Dinar, last sultan of Darfur 1898–1916, London 1965.Google Scholar

Theobald, A. B., The Mahdiya, London 1951.Google Scholar

Tothill, J. D., ed., Agriculture in the Sudan, London 1948.

Tubiana, Marie-Jose, and Tubiana, Joseph, The Zaghawa from an ecological perspective, Rotterdam 1977.Google Scholar

Tvedt, Terje, and Harir, Sharif, eds., Short-cut to decay, Uppsala 1994.

Umar, al-Naqar, The pilgrimage tradition in West Africa, Khartoum 1972.Google Scholar

,United States of America, Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor and Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Documenting the atrocities in Darfur, September 2004.

,Ushari Mahmud, and Sulayman Baldo, El Diein massacre and slavery in the Sudan, Khartoum 1987.Google Scholar

Waal, Alexander, Famine that kills, Oxford 1989.Google Scholar

Waal, Alexander, Famine crimes: Politics and the disaster relief industry in Africa, London 1997.Google Scholar

Walz, Terrence, Trade between Egypt and bilad al-Sudan 1700–1820, Cairo 1978.Google Scholar

Warburg, Gabriel, Islam, sectarianism and politics in Sudan since the Mahdiyya, London 2003.Google Scholar

Whiteman, A. J., The geology of the Sudan republic, Oxford 1971.Google Scholar

Wickens, G. E., “A brief note on the early history of Jebel Marra and the recently discovered Tora city of Kebeleh,” SNR LI, 1970.Google Scholar

Wickens, G. E., “Natural vegetation,” in Craig, G. M., ed., The agriculture, op. cit.

Wilkens, C., “Transport in the Sudan,” in El-Hassan, Ali Mohamed, ed., An introduction to the Sudan economy, Khartoum 1976.Google Scholar

Wingate, F. R., Mahdiism and the Egyptian Sudan, London 1891.

Wohlmuth, Karl, “Alternative economic strategies,” in Harir, and Tvedt, , eds., Short-cut, op. cit.

Woodward, P. R., “Government and infrastructure,” in G. M. Craig, ed., The agriculture, op. cit.

Yongo-Bure, B., and Arou, Mom K. N., eds., North-South relations in the Sudan since the Addis Ababa Agreement, Khartoum 1988.

Hasan, Yusuf Fadl, The Arabs and the Sudan, Edinburgh 1967.Google Scholar

Hasan, Yusuf Fadl, “The Fur sultanate and the long-distance caravan trade 1650–1850,” in idem and Paul Doornbos, The central bilad al-Sudan, op. cit.

Hasan, Yusuf Fadl, ed., Kitab al-tabaqat, Khartoum 1971.

Hasan, Yusuf Fadl, and Doornbos, Paul, eds., The central bilad al-Sudan: Tradition and adaptation, Khartoum nd.

Zahlan, A. B., ed., The agricultural sector of Sudan, London 1986.