Previous chapters have focused on indicators of conventional political participation, including electoral turnout and party membership, as well as on the role of churches and unions, but it could be that in so doing we have overlooked many of the most important ways that modes of activism have been reinvented in recent decades. In particular, traditional theoretical and conceptual frameworks derived from the literature of the 1960s and 1970s, and even what we mean by “political participation,” need to be revised and updated to take account of how opportunities for civic engagement have evolved and diversified over the years. The first section of this chapter outlines theories about transformations, from interest groups to new social movements, that have altered the agencies (collective organizations), repertoires (the actions commonly used for political expression), and targets (the political actors whom participants seek to influence). The second section examines evidence for the distribution of protest politics, including who is most likely to engage in this form of activism in different countries, and whether there is significant overlap today between conventional and protest modes. The next section analyzes environmental activists, taken as exemplifying new social movements, to see whether these participants are particularly attracted to protest politics. The following section considers the rise of the internet and the capacity of this bundle of technologies to accelerate opportunities for transnational policy advocacy in a global civic society.