Book contents
Notes
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 September 2012
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Driving DemocracyDo Power-Sharing Institutions Work?, pp. 231 - 270Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2008
References
. 2001. Determinants of Democratization in Africa: A Comparative Study of Benin and Togo. Lanham, MD: University Press of AmericaGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2005. Not Yet Democracy: West Africa's Slow Farewell to Authoritarianism. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
. 1975. The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar
. 2008. Thinking about Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 2002. ‘Making power-sharing work: Lessons from successes and failures in ethnic conflict regulation.’ Journal of Peace Research 39(2): 203–228CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . Eds. 2004. Managing and Settling Ethnic Conflicts: Perspectives on Successes and Failures in Europe, Africa and Asia. London: C. Hurst. On Kosovo
. 2001. ‘Electoral systems and the promotion of ‘consociationalism’ in a multi-ethnic society: The Kosovo Assembly elections of November 2001.’ Electoral Studies 24(3): 435–463.Google Scholar
. 2000. ‘Consociational democracy.’ Annual Review of Politics 3: 509–536. For the development of alternative versions of this conceptCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1967. Proporzdemokratie. Politisches System und politische Kultur in der Schweiz und Osterreich. Tubingen: MohrGoogle Scholar
. 1974. Amicable Agreement versus Majority Rule: Conflict Resolution in Switzerland. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina PressGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 1974. Consociational Democracy: Conflict Accommodation in Segmented Societies. Toronto: McClelland and StewartCrossRef
. 2002. ‘The effects of negotiation democracy: A comparative analysis.’ European Journal of Political Research 41: 81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Negotiation democracy versus consensus democracy: Parallel conclusions and recommendations.’ European Journal of Political Research 41(1): 107–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2005. ‘What drives democratization in Asia and Africa?’ European Journal of Political Research 44: 861–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1975. ‘Review article: Political accommodation and consociational democracy.’ British Journal of Political Science 5(4): 194.Google Scholar
. 1991. A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘Addressing ethnic divisions in post-conflict institution-building: Lessons from recent cases.’ Security Dialogue 36(3): 297–318.CrossRef
and . 2004. Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
and . 2002. ‘The rise of competitive authoritarianism.’ Journal of Democracy 13(2): 51–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 2006. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.
. 1997. ‘Benin: First of the new democracies.’ In and (Eds.), Political Reform in Francophone Africa, pp. 41–61. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
and . 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University PressGoogle Scholar
and . 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
. 1959. ‘Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy.’ American Political Science Review 53: 69–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2004. ‘Resource wealth and political regimes in Africa.’ Comparative Political Studies 37: 816–841CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘How do natural resources influence civil war? Evidence from thirteen cases.’ International Organization 58(1): 35–67.Google Scholar
and . Eds. 2005. Understanding Civil War. Washington, DC: World Bank
. 2005. ‘Natural resources, conflict, and conflict resolution – uncovering the mechanisms.’ Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(4): 508–537CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘Does lootable wealth breed disorder? A political economy of extraction framework.’ Comparative Political Studies 39(8): 943–968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘Are rich countries immune to the resource curse? Evidence from Norway's management of its oil riches.’ Resources Policy 30(2): 75–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 2006. ‘Political foundations of the resource curse.’ Journal of Development Economics 79(2): 447–468CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2006. ‘Institutions and the resource curse.’ Economic Journal 116(508): 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University PressGoogle Scholar
, and . Eds. 2005. Understanding Civil War. Washington, DC: World Bank
and . 2003. ‘Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war.’ American Political Science Review 97(1): 75–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: W. W. NortonGoogle Scholar
, and . 2007. Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
. 2005. At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2005. Understanding Civil War. Washington, DC: World Bank
. 1996. ‘Possible and impossible solutions to ethnic civil wars.’ International Security 20(4): 136–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 2005. ‘Party politics and different paths to democratic transitions – a comparison of Benin and Senegal.’ Party Politics 11(4): 471–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1999. ‘The specification of ethnic cleavages and ethnopolitical groups for the analysis of democratic competition in contemporary Africa.’ Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 5: 82–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2003. ‘Electoral institutions, ethnopolitical cleavages, and party systems in Africa's emerging democracies.’ American Political Science Review 97: 379–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘The political salience of cultural difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas are allies in Zambia and adversaries in Malawi.’ American Political Science Review 98: 4: 529–545CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Measuring ethnic fractionalization in Africa.’ American Journal of Political Science 48(4): 849–863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
and . 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 27Google Scholar
. 1998. How Did They Become Voters? The History of Franchise in Modern European Representation. Germany: Springer.Google Scholar
. 1977. The Politics of Electoral Pressure: A Study of the History of Victorian Reform Agitations. Hassocks: Harvester PressGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2006. Strategies for Democratic Change: Assessing the Global Response. Washington, DC: Democracy Coalition Project.
and . Eds. 2004. The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality. New York: UN University Press
. 2005. International Governance of War-Torn Territories: Rule and Reconstruction. Oxford/New York: Oxford University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2004. United Nations and Changing World Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview PressGoogle Scholar
. 2006. The United Nations Development Programme: A Better Way?Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Democracy without Borders: Transnationalisation and Conditionality in New Democracies. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 2000. Democracy Assistance: International Co-Operation for Democratization. London: Frank Cass
. 2002. ‘With a little help from my friends? Regional organizations and the consolidation of democracy.’ American Journal of Political Science 46(3): 611–626CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Democracy from the outside-in? International organizations and democratization.’ International Organization 56(3): 515CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. Democracy from Above: Regional Organizations and Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Critical Mission: Essays on Democracy Promotion. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
and . 2007. Intervention without Intervening? The OAS Defense and Promotion of Democracy in the Americas. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
, , and . Eds. 2000. American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
. 2005. ‘The roots of the Bush doctrine: Power, nationalism and democracy promotion in U.S. Strategy.’ International Security 29(4): 112–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. Aid That Works: Successful Development in Fragile States. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
. 2005. The Democracy Makers: Human Rights and International Order. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. ‘Aid dependence and the quality of governance.’ Southern Economic Journal 68(2): 310–329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Does foreign aid promote democracy?’ International Studies Quarterly 48(1): 251–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and with . 2005. Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building: Results from a Cross-National Quantitative Study. Washington, DC: USAID.Google Scholar
and . Eds. 2006. Strategies for Democratic Change: Assessing the Global Response. Washington, DC: Democracy Coalition Project.
. 2002. The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. Critical Mission: Essays on Democracy Promotion. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
and . 1985. ‘Human rights practices and the distribution of U.S. foreign aid to Latin America.’ American Journal of Political Science 29(3): 539–563CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1988. ‘Is U.S. aid really linked to human rights in Latin America?’ American Journal of Political Science 32(1): 231–239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1992. ‘Can the United States promote democracy?’ Political Science Quarterly 107(1): 81–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2003. ‘Democratic dominoes: Diffusion approaches to the spread of democracy in the international system.’ Journal of Conflict Resolution 35(2): 356–381Google Scholar
and . 2006. ‘Diffusion is no illusion: Neighbor emulation in the third wave of democracy.’ Comparative Political Studies 39(4): 463–489CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2006. ‘Diffusion and the international context of democratization.’ International Organization 60: 911–933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2006. ‘International diffusion and post-Communist electoral revolutions.’ Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39(3): 283–304.Google Scholar
. 2006. ‘Searching where the light shines: Studying democratization in the Middle East.’ Annual Review of Political Science 9: 189–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Democracy without Borders: Transnationalisation and Conditionality in New Democracies. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 2000. Democracy Assistance: International Co-Operation for Democratization. London: Frank Cass
. 2002. ‘With a little help from my friends? Regional organizations and the consolidation of democracy.’ American Journal of Political Science 46(3): 611–626CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Democracy from the outside-in? International organizations and democratization.’ International Organization 56(3): 515CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. Democracy from Above: Regional Organizations and Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Critical Mission: Essays on Democracy Promotion. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceGoogle Scholar
and . 2007. Intervention without Intervening? The OAS Defense and Promotion of Democracy in the Americas. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
. 2005. Human Rights in Africa: From the OAU to the African Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘The African Union, NEPAD, and human rights: The missing agenda.’ Human Rights Quarterly 26(4): 983–1027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2005. Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook. Stockholm: International IDEA, p. 53.Google Scholar
. 1989. ‘Why a constitution?’ In and (Eds.), The Federalist Papers and the New Institutionalism. New York: Agathon PressGoogle Scholar
2004. Arab Human Development Report 2004. New York: UNDP. www.undp.org
and . 2004. ‘The 2004 Freedom House Survey: Worrisome signs, modest shifts.’ Journal of Democracy 16(1): 103–108Google Scholar
. 2006. ‘Freedom in the World 2006: Middle East progress amid global gains.’ Journal of Democracy 17(1)Google Scholar
. 2007. ‘The pushback against democracy.’ Journal of Democracy 18(2): 125–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. ‘The pushback against democracy.’ Journal of Democracy 18(2): 125–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘The roots of the Bush Doctrine: Power, nationalism, and democracy promotion in U.S. strategy.’ International Security 29(4): 112–156; Thomas Carothers. ‘Promoting democracy and fighting terror.’ Foreign Affairs 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad, revised ed. New York: W. W. NortonGoogle Scholar
and . 2006. ‘Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes.’ American Journal of Political Science 50(2): 365–381CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2005. ‘Babel in democratization studies.’ Journal of Democracy 16(4): 113–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘What do we know about democratization after twenty years?’ Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention. New York: Columbia University Press
. Ed. 2002. The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University PressCrossRef
. 1960. Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, 10th ed. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
. 1967. Proporzdemokratie: Politisches System und politische Kultur in der Schweiz und Osterreich. Tubingen: MohrGoogle Scholar
. 1974. Amicable Agreement versus Majority Rule: Conflict Resolution in Switzerland. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina PressGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 1974. Consociational Democracy: Conflict Accommodation in Segmented Societies. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.CrossRef
. 1975. The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar
. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven, CT: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 1984. Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives. New York: Praeger
. 1986. ‘Degrees of proportionality of proportional representation formulas.’ In and (Eds.), Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon PressGoogle Scholar
. 1991. ‘Constitutional choices for new democracies.’ Journal of Democracy 2: 72–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. ‘Proportional representation: Double checking the evidence.’ Journal of Democracy 2: 42–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1994. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–1990. New York: Oxford University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1995. ‘Electoral systems.’ In (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Democracy. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly PressGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Constitutional design for divided societies.’ Journal of Democracy 15(2): 96–109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2008. Thinking about Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 1968. The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar
. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 33.Google Scholar
. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, chapters 15 and 16.Google Scholar
. 2000. ‘The uneasy relationship between empirical and normative types in consociational theory.’ Journal of Theoretical Politics 12(4): 395–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. ‘Definitions, evidence and policy: A response to Matthijs Bogaards’ Critique.' Journal of Theoretical Politics 12(4): 425–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. Keeping the Peace: Lasting Solutions to Ethnic Conflict. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
. 1998. ‘Elections and conflict management in Africa: Conclusions and recommendations.’ In and (Eds.), Elections and Conflict Management in Africa. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace PressGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘The missing pillars: A look at the failure of peace in Burundi through the lens of Arend Lijphart's theory of consociational democracy.’ Journal of Modern African Studies 43(1): 75–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Constitutional design for divided societies.’ Journal of Democracy 15(2): 96–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2005. ‘What drives democratization in Asia and Africa?’ European Journal of Political Research 44: 861–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University PressGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘The political salience of cultural difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas are allies in Zambia and adversaries in Malawi.’ American Political Science Review 98(4): 529–546CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Constitutional design: Proposals versus processes.’ In (Ed.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
and . 1998. Electoral Systems and Conflict in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, p. 30Google Scholar
. ‘Bosnia and Herzegovina.’ In and (Eds.), Civil Wars, Insecurity and Intervention. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 96.
. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 36Google Scholar
and . 2007. Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
. 2005. ‘Addressing ethnic divisions in post-conflict institution-building: Lessons from recent cases.’ Security Dialogue 36(3): 297–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. Electoral Engineering. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1998. Electoral Systems and Conflict in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: National Academy PressGoogle Scholar
. 2001. Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Constitutional engineering in post-coup Fiji.’ In (Ed.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 1998. ‘Rethinking the applicability of proportional representation for Africa.’ In and (Eds.), Elections and Conflict Management in Africa. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
, , , and . 2002. ‘The democratic quality of institutional regimes: A conceptual framework.’ Political Studies 50: 313–331.CrossRef
. 1995. Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars 1995–1996. Washington, DC: Brookings InstitutionGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2001. ‘Stabilizing the peace after civil war: An investigation of some key variables.’ International Organization 55(1): 183–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Settlement terms and post-agreement stability.’ In , , and (Eds.), Ending Civil Wars. Boulder, CO: Lynne ReinnerGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2005. Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis. Volume 1. Washington, DC: World Bank.
and . Eds. 2005. Understanding Civil War. Washington, DC: World Bank.
. 1993. ‘The causes of peace.’ In (Ed.), Stopping the Killing. New York: New York University PressGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Third party interventions and the duration of intrastate conflict.’ Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(1): 55–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2005. Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil Wars. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University PressGoogle Scholar
and . 2007. Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
and . 2005. ‘The hidden costs of power-sharing: Reproducing insurgent violence in Africa.’ African Affairs 104: 375–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘A survey of post-communist electoral institutions, 1900–1998.’ Electoral Studies 18: 397–409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. Presidential Impeachment and the New Political Instability in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1993. ‘Constitutional frameworks and democratic consolidation: Parliamentarism and presidentialism.’ World Politics 46(1): 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 1994. The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press
and . Eds. 1997. Presidential Democracy in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef
. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 2006. ‘Stronger legislatures, stronger democracies.’ Journal of Democracy 17(1): 5–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Comparing Federal Systems, 2nd ed. Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 3.Google Scholar
. 1996. ‘Possible and impossible solutions to ethnic civil wars.’ International Security 20(4): 136–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘Decentralization: Fueling the fire or dampening the flames of ethnic conflict and secessionism.’ International Organization 60(3): 651–685.Google Scholar
. 2007. The Architecture of Government: Rethinking Political Decentralization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. ‘The political economy of government responsiveness: Theory and evidence from India.’ Quarterly Journal of Economics 117(4): 1415–1451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2004. Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
. ‘Consensual government in a heterogeneous polity.’ West European Politics 24(2): 19–25.
. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
. ‘Ethnic but equal: The quest for a new democratic order in Bosnia and Herzegovina.’ Columbia Law Review 103: 2020–2051.
. Ed. 2005. From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
, , and . 2004. ‘Minority representation, empowerment, and participation.’ Journal of Politics 66(2): 534–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. ‘Between votes and bullets: Conflicting ethnic identities in the Basque Country.’ Ethnic and Racial Studies 24(5): 798–827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. A Leap in the Dark: Nationalist Conflict and Federal Reform in Belgium. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
. Ed. 2002. New Scotland, New Society? Are Social and Political Ties Fragmenting?Edinburgh: Polygon.Google Scholar
, , and . 2005. Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook. Stockholm: International IDEA.Google Scholar
. 2005. ‘Democratic electoral systems around the world, 1946–2000.’ Electoral Studies 24(2): 103–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘The endogeneity problem in electoral studies: A critical re-examination of Duverger's mechanical effect.’ Electoral Studies 21(1): 35–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. ‘Electoral laws as political consequences: Explaining the origins and change of electoral institutions.’ Annual Review of Political Science 10: 363–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1984. Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in 21 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
. 2003. Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics, chapter 3. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2004. ‘Claiming too much: Warnings about selection bias.’ In and (Eds.), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
. 2000. Peoples versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. Washington, DC: US Institute for Peace Press.Google Scholar
and . Eds. 2000. Religion and Mass Electoral Behavior in Europe. London: Routledge.
. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 280–282Google Scholar
. 1994. ‘Beating the law of minority attrition.’ In and (Eds.), Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective. Westport, CT: Greenwood, p. 244.Google Scholar
and . Eds. 1992. United States Electoral Systems: Their Impact on Women and Minorities. New York: Greenwood Press.
. 1985. ‘Women in European legislative elites.’ West European Politics 8(4): 90–101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1994. ‘Women's under-representation and electoral systems.’ PS: Political Science and Politics 4: 689–692Google Scholar
. 2000. ‘Women's representation and electoral systems.’ In (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Elections. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
and . Eds. 1994. Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act 1965–1990. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
. 1997. The Paradox of Representation: Racial Gerrymandering and Minority Interests. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
. 2004. ‘Is gender like ethnicity? The political representation of identity groups.’ Perspectives on Politics 2(3).Google Scholar
. 2001. Changing the Game: Consociational Theory and Ethnic Quotas in Cyprus and New Zealand. Uppsala: Department of Peace and Conflict, Uppsala UniversityGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘Reserved seats in national legislatures.’ Legislative Studies Quarterly 30(2): 301–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. ‘Parchment, equilibria, and institutions.’ Comparative Political Studies 33(6–7): 735–761.
. 1954. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
. 2002. ‘The endogeneity problem in electoral studies: A critical re-examination of Duverger's mechanical effect.’ Electoral Studies 21(1): 35–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. ‘Electoral laws as political consequences: Explaining the origins and change of electoral institutions.’ Annual Review of Political Science 10: 363–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . Eds. 2002. The Evolution of Electoral and Party Systems in the Nordic Countries. New York: Agathon Press.
, and . Eds. 1999. Scotland and Wales: Nations Again?Cardiff: University of Wales Press
. Ed. 2002. New Scotland, New Society? Are Social and Political Ties Fragmenting?Edinburgh: Polygon.
. 1998. ‘The political impact of electoral system change in Japan and New Zealand, 1996.’ Party Politics 4(2): 203–228CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 1998. Voters' Victory? New Zealand's First Election under Proportional Representation. Auckland: Auckland University Press.Google Scholar
. 2005. ‘It's parties that chose electoral systems (or, Duverger's Laws upside down).’ Political Studies 53: 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘Setting the rules of the game: The choice of electoral systems in advanced democracies.’ American Political Science Review 93(3): 609–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. Electoral Engineering. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, chapter 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University PressGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘The political salience of cultural difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas are allies in Zambia and adversaries in Malawi.’ American Political Science Review 98(4): 529–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1994. ‘Ethnic nationalism and international conflict: The case of Serbia.’ International Security 19(3): 130–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: VersoGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘Decentralization: Fueling the fire or dampening the flames of ethnic conflict and secessionism.’ International Organization 60(3): 651–685.Google Scholar
. 2002. Keeping the Peace: Lasting Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
. 1985. ‘Regression in time and space: A statistical essay.’ American Journal of Political Science 29: 914–947CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1995. ‘What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data.’ American Political Science Review 89: 634–647CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1996. ‘Nuisance vs. substance: Specifying and estimating time-series cross-sectional models.’ In (Ed.), Political Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Beck and Katz argue that feasible generalized least squares approaches that estimate the error process with an AR1 model are less accurate and efficient than OLS with panel-corrected standard errors.Google Scholar
and . 2007. ‘A lot more to do: The sensitivity of time-series cross-section analyses to simple alternative specifications.’ Political Analysis 15(2): 101–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1995. ‘What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data.’ American Political Science Review 89: 634–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1984. Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in 21 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington, DC: The Carnegie FoundationGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Building Democratic Institutions in Developing Countries. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian PressGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2006. Strategies for Democratic Change: Assessing the Global Response. Washington, DC: The Democracy Coalition
and . Eds. 2004. The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality. New York: UN University Press.
. 2002. Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2005. ‘What drives democratization in Asia and Africa?’ European Journal of Political Research 44: 861–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2005. ‘Ethnic diversity and economic performance.’ Journal of Economic Literature 43(3): 762–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1997. ‘Africa's growth tragedy: Policies and ethnic divisions.’ Quarterly Journal of Economics 111(4): 1203–1250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Measuring ethnic fractionalization in Africa.’ American Journal of Political Science 48(4): 849–863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and . 2003. ‘Fractionalization.’ Journal of Economic Growth 8: 155–194. For details see: www.stanford.edu/~wacziarg/papersum.htmlCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic Wars. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University PressGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Measuring ethnic fractionalization in Africa.’ American Journal of Political Science 48(4): 849–863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1990. ‘Political democracy: Conceptual and measurement traps.’ Studies in International Development 25(2): 7–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. ‘Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: Evaluating alternative indices.’ Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5–34Google Scholar
and . 2002. ‘Generating better data: A response to discussants.’ Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 52–57.Google Scholar
. 2004. ‘Good enough governance: Poverty reduction and reform in developing countries.’ Governance 17(4): 525–548CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2005. ‘Institutional dualism and international development: A revisionist interpretation of good governance.’ Administration and Society 37(2): 199–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. ‘Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: Evaluating alternative indices.’ Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5–34.Google Scholar
and . 1999. ‘Democracy and dichotomies: A pragmatic approach to choices about concepts.’ Annual Review of Political Science 1: 537–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. ‘Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: Evaluating alternative indices.’ Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5–34.Google Scholar
and . 2002. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2002. Dataset Users' Manual. College Park: University of Maryland. www.cidm.umd.edu/inscr/polityGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. ‘The rise of competitive authoritarianism.’ Journal of Democracy 13(2): 51–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2005. ‘Babel in democratization studies.’ Journal of Democracy 16(4): 113–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2006. ‘Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes.’ American Journal of Political Science 50(2): 365–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘What political institutions does large-scale democracy require?’ Political Science Quarterly 120(2): 187–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2002. Dataset Users' Manual. College Park: University of Maryland. www.cidm.umd.edu/inscr/polityGoogle Scholar
and . 2003. ‘Differentiating the democratic performance of the West.’ European Journal of Political Research 42(3): 313–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2000. ‘Measuring liberal democratic performance: An empirical and conceptual critique.’ Political Studies 48: 759–787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1996. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘Determinants of democracy.’ Journal of Political Economy 107(6): 158–183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2005. Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1999. ‘Democracy and dichotomies: A pragmatic approach to choices about concepts.’ Annual Review of Political Science 1: 537–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. Freedom in the World, 2007. Washington, DC: Freedom House. www.freedomhouse.orgGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. ‘Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: Evaluating alternative indices.’ Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5–34.Google Scholar
. 2000. ‘Economic freedom and democracy: Post–cold war tests.’ European Journal of Political Research 37(2): 237–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 2005. ‘Thinking inside the box: A closer look at democracy and human rights.’ International Studies Quarterly 49(3): 439–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1974. ‘Persistence and change in political systems.’ American Political Science Review 74: 1482–1504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 2002. ‘Polity IV, 1800–1999: Comments on Munck and Verkuilen.’ Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 40–45.Google Scholar
and . 2002. ‘Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: Evaluating alternative indices.’ Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5–34Google Scholar
, , , and . 2002. ‘Polity IV, 1800–1999: Comments on Munck and Verkuilen.’ Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 40–45.Google Scholar
. 1990. The Process of Democratization: A Comparative Study of 147 States: 1980–88. New York: Crane RussakGoogle Scholar
. 2000. ‘A new dataset for measuring democracy, 1810–1998.’ Journal of Peace Research 37(2): 251–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 2003. ‘A half century of suffrage: New data and a comparative analysis.’ Studies in Comparative International Development 38(1): 93–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Inclusion and democratization: Class, gender, race, and the extension of suffrage.’ Comparative Politics 36(4): 443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1990. The Process of Democratization: A Comparative Study of 147 States: 1980–88. New York: Crane RussakGoogle Scholar
. 2000. ‘A new dataset for measuring democracy, 1810–1998.’ Journal of Peace Research 37(2): 251–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1979. ‘Effective number of parties: A measure with application to Western Europe.’ Comparative Political Studies. 12: 3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘Minimalist conception of democracy: A defense.’ In and (Eds.), Democracy's Value. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 1959. ‘Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy.’ American Political Science Review 53: 71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2000. ‘Democracies without parties.’ Comparative Political Studies 33(2): 225–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2001. ‘Deciding who has the right to vote: A comparative analysis of election laws.’ Electoral Studies 20(1): 41–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. ‘Women's suffrage in the measurement of democracy: Problems of operationalization.’ Studies in Comparative International Development 35(3): 92–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Inclusion and democratization: Class, gender, race, and the extension of suffrage.’ Comparative Politics 36(4): 443–450CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 2003. ‘A half century of suffrage: New data and a comparative analysis.’ Studies in Comparative International Development 38(1): 93–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2005. ‘Institutional dualism and international development: A revisionist interpretation of good governance.’ Administration and Society 37(2): 199–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Good enough governance: Poverty reduction and reform in developing countries.’ Governance 17(4): 525–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1999. ‘Democracy and dichotomies: A pragmatic approach to choices about concepts.’ Annual Review of Political Science 1: 537–565CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. ‘Gradations of democracy? Empirical tests of alternative conceptualizations.’ American Journal of Political Science 44(2): 293–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. ‘Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: Evaluating alternative indices.’ Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5–34.Google Scholar
. 2001. Social Science Methodology: A Critical Framework. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press pp. 89–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
. 1973. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
. 2001. ‘The regime question: Theory building in democracy studies.’ World Politics 54(1): 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘Thickening thin concepts and theories: Combining large N and small in comparative politics.’ Comparative Politics 31(4): 465–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1994. Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
and . 1995. ‘What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data.’ American Political Science Review. 89: 634–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1992. The Black Man's Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
. 1959. ‘Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy.’ American Political Science Review 53: 69–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1959. ‘Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy.’ American Political Science Review 53: 69–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1993. ‘A comparative analysis of the social requisites of democracy.’ International Social Science Journal 45(2): 154–175Google Scholar
. 1959. ‘Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy.’ American Political Science Review 53: 75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1959. ‘Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy.’ American Political Science Review 53: 75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2004. The Democratic Century. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, chapter 5.Google Scholar
. 2004. ‘The regime debate revisited: A sensitivity analysis of democracy's economic effect.’ British Journal of Political Science 34(4): 635–655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1973. ‘On the relation of economic development and democratic performance.’ American Journal of Political Science 17: 611–621CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1979. ‘Political democracy and the timing of development.’ American Sociological Review 44: 572–587CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1983. ‘World system position, dependency and democracy: The cross-national evidence.’ American Sociological Review 48: 468–479CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1985. ‘Political democracy and the size distribution of income.’ American Sociological Review 50: 438–458CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1987. ‘Capitalism, socialism, and democracy: An empirical inquiry.’ European Journal of Political Research 15: 459–470CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1993. ‘The impact of economic development on democracy.’ Journal of Economic Perspectives 7(3): 71–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1994. ‘Comparative democracy: The economic development thesis.’ American Political Science Review 88: 903–910CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1994. ‘Empirical linkages between democracy and economic growth.’ British Journal of Political Science 24(2): 225–248CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘Determinants of democracy.’ Journal of Political Economy 107(6): 158–183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1993. ‘A comparative analysis of the social requisites of democracy.’ International Social Science Journal 45(2): 154–175Google Scholar
, , , and . 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1999. ‘Democracy and dichotomies: A pragmatic approach to choices about concepts.’ Annual Review of Political Science 1: 537–565CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘Thickening thin concepts and theories: Combining large N and small in comparative politics.’ Comparative Politics 31(4): 465–476CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘Minimalist conception of democracy: A defense.’ In and (Eds.), Democracy's Value. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
, and . 2002. ‘Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: Evaluating alternative indices.’ Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5–34Google Scholar
. 2000. ‘Women's suffrage in the measurement of democracy: Problems of operationalization.’ Studies in Comparative International Development 35(3): 92–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Inclusion and democratization: Class, gender, race, and the extension of suffrage.’ Comparative Politics 36(4): 443–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1997. Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study. Cambridge, MA: MIT PressGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘Determinants of democracy.’ Journal of Political Economy 107(6–2): 158–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2004. The Democratic Century. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, chapter 11.Google Scholar
. 1973. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
, and . 1995. ‘What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data.’ American Political Science Review 89: 634–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. ‘Time-series/cross-section data: What have we learned in the past few years?’ Annual Review of Political Science 4: 271–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2001. ‘Determinants of lasting democracy in poor countries: Culture, development and institutions.’ Annals of the American Academy of Social Sciences 573: 16–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2004. The Democratic Century. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, chapter 11. See also similar findings in Axel Hadenius. 1994. ‘The duration of democracy.’Google Scholar
and . 2003. ‘Democratic dominoes: Diffusion approaches to the spread of democracy in the international system.’ Journal of Conflict Resolution 35(2): 356–381Google Scholar
. 2005. ‘Diffusion, development and democracy, 1800–1999.’ American Sociological Review 70(1): 53–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2005. ‘Ethnic diversity and economic performance.’ Journal of Economic Literature 43(3): 762–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and . 2003. ‘Fractionalization.’ Journal of Economic Growth 8: 155–194. For details see: www.stanford.edu/~wacziarg/papersum.htmlCrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1997. ‘Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions.’ The Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(4): 1203–1250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1963. ‘National political development: Measurement and analysis.’ American Sociological Review 28: 253–264CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1993. ‘The impact of economic development on democracy.’ Journal of Economic Perspectives 7(3): 71–85Google Scholar
. 1999. Paths toward Democracy: Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1985. ‘Political democracy and the size distribution of income.’ American Sociological Review 52(2): 50–68Google Scholar
. 1997. ‘Comparative democracy and income distribution: Shape and direction of the causal arrow.’ Journal of Politics 59(1): 148–164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 1997. Inequality, Democracy and Economic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 1999. ‘Determinants of democracy.’ Journal of Political Economy 107(6): 158–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. From Transition to Power Alternation: Democracy in South Korea, 1987–1997. New York: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
. 2000. The Politics of Democratization in Korea: The Role of Civil Society. Pittburgh: University of Pittsburgh PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Transforming Korean Politics: Democracy, Reform, and Culture. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
. 2002. ‘Elections in Democratizing Korea.’ In and (Eds.), How Asia Votes. New York: Chatham House, Table 6.5.Google Scholar
and . 2002. Singapore Politics under the People's Action Party. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 1999. The Singapore Puzzle. Westport, CT: Praeger.
. 2002. ‘Electoral innovation and one-party dominance in Singapore.’ In and (Eds.), How Asia Votes. New York: Chatham House.Google Scholar
and . 1997. ‘What makes elections free and fair?’ Journal of Democracy 8(3): 32–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2005. The Human Development Report, 2004. New York: Oxford University Press.
, , and . 2005. The Democracy Advantage: How Democracies Promote Prosperity and Peace. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
, , and . 2005. The Democracy Advantage: How Democracies Promote Prosperity and Peace. New York: Routledge, pp. 35–43.Google Scholar
. 2003. ‘Effective aid: How democracy allows development aid to improve the quality of life.’ World Development 31(1): 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1994. Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives, and Outcomes. New York: Columbia University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Constitutional design for divided societies.’ Journal of Democracy 15(2): 96–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. ‘Ethnic bargains, group instability, and social choice theory.’ Politics & Society 29(3): 337–362CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘Ethnic parties and democratic stability.’ Perspectives on Politics 3(2): 235–252.Google Scholar
. 2000. ‘Legal repression of extreme-right parties and racial discrimination.’ In and (Eds.), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
, , and . 2003. ‘Changing party access to elections.’ In , , and (Eds.), Democracy Transformed?Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2005. The Extreme Right in Western Europe: Success or Failure?Manchester: Manchester University Press, chapter 5Google ScholarPubMed
2003. Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns. Stockholm: International IDEA.
. 1997. ‘Unequal participation: Democracies’ unresolved dilemma.' American Political Science Review 91: 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2006. ‘Consociational theory, Northern Ireland's conflict and its agreement: 1. What consociationalists can learn from Northern Ireland.’ Government & Opposition 41(1): 43–63.Google Scholar
. 1986. ‘Proportionality by non-PR methods: Ethnic representation in Belgium, Cyprus, Lebanon, New Zealand, West Germany and Zimbabwe.’ In , and (Eds.), Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon PressGoogle Scholar
. 1997. ‘Unequal participation: Democracies’ unresolved dilemma.' American Political Science Review 91: 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Headcounts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘Ethnic parties and democratic stability.’ Perspectives on Politics 3(2): 235–252.Google Scholar
. 2001. Changing the Game: Consociational Theory and Ethnic Quotas in Cyprus and New Zealand. Uppsala: Department of Peace and Conflict, Uppsala UniversityGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘Reserved seats in national legislatures.’ Legislative Studies Quarterly 30(2): 301–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Ballots not bullets: Electoral systems, ethnic minorities and democratization.’ In and (Eds.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2001. ‘Ethnic bargains, group instability, and social choice theory.’ Politics & Society 29(3): 337–362CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Headcounts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1994. ‘Ethnic heterogeneity, district magnitude and the number of parties.’ American Journal of Political Science 38: 100–123CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1997. ‘Electoral institutions, cleavage structures and the number of parties.’ American Journal of Political Science 41(1): 149–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. ‘Bosnia and Herzegovina.’ In and (Eds.), Civil Wars, Insecurity and Intervention. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 96.
. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: W. W. Norton, pp. 296–308.Google Scholar
and . 2004. The Northern Ireland Conflict: Consociational Engagements. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2002. ‘Settlement terms and post-agreement stability.’ In , , and (Eds.), Ending Civil Wars. Boulder, CO: Lynne ReinnerGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2005. Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis. Volume 1. Washington, DC: World Bank.
. 2001. Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Electoral systems for divided societies.’ Journal of Democracy 13(2): 156–170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1997. Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘Electoral rules and electoral coordination.’ Annual Review of Political Science 2: 145–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Constitutional design: Proposals versus processes.’ In and (Eds.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
and . 1999. Electoral Systems and Conflict in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: National Academy PressGoogle Scholar
. 2001. Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2004. ‘A neo-Downsian model of the alternative vote as a mechanism for mitigating ethnic conflict in plural societies.’ Public Choice 121(3–4): 487–506CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘The alternative vote and interethnic moderation: A reply to Fraenkel and Grofman.’ Public Choice 121(3–4): 507–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1995. ‘Understanding the dynamics of electoral reform.’ International Political Science Review 16(1): 9–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘Conclusions.’ In and (Eds.), The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 2002. The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
, , and . 2005. International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System. Stockholm: International IDEA Design. http://www.idea.int/esd/index.cfmGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2000. Elections in Australia, Ireland and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote: Reflections on an Embedded Institution. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2005. International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System. Stockholm: International IDEA Design.Google Scholar
and . Eds. 2001. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?New York: Oxford University, Press.
and . 1999. ‘Mixed electoral systems: A conceptual and empirical survey.’ Electoral Studies 18(3): 341–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. ‘The rise of competitive authoritarianism.’ Journal of Democracy 13(2): 51–65; Stephen Levitsky. 2003. ‘Autocracy by democratic rules: The dynamics of competitive authoritarianism in the post–cold war era.’ Paper presented at the Conference, “Mapping the Great Zone: Clientelism and the Boundary between Democratic and Democratizing,” Columbia University, April 4–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2001. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?New York: Oxford University Press.
. 1997. The Paradox of Representation: Racial Gerrymandering and Minority Interests. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 1994. Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act 1965–1990. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
and . 1992. ‘A theory of minor-party persistence: Election rule, social cleavage, and the number of political parties.’ Social Forces 70: 575–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2005. Britain Votes 2005. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 2001. Changing the Game: Consociational Theory and Ethnic Quotas in Cyprus and New Zealand. Uppsala: Department of Peace and Conflict, Uppsala UniversityGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘Reserved seats in national legislatures.’ Legislative Studies Quarterly 30(2): 301–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2004. ‘The United Kingdom: Reforming the Westminster Model.’ In (Ed.), Handbook of Electoral System Choice. London: PalgraveGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2004. ‘Dimensions of British identity.’ In et al. (Eds.), British Social Attitudes: The 21st Report. London: SageGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 2004. Has Devolution Made a Difference? The State of the Nations, 2004. Exeter: Imprint Academic.
. 2004. ‘New Zealand: Reform by (nearly) immaculate design.’ In (Ed.), Handbook of Electoral System Choice. London: Palgrave.
. 1995. ‘The limitations of the prescriptive dimensions of Lijphart's consensus model: A case study of the incorporation of Māori within New Zealand's democratic system, 1984–1995.’ Political Science 47(2): 215–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. The Maori and the Crown: An Indigenous People's Struggle for Self-Determination. Westport, CT: Greenwood PressGoogle Scholar
, , , , and . 2003. ‘An initial assessment of the consequences of MMP in New Zealand.’ In , and (Eds.), Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 297–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Parties and society in New Zealand.’ In , , and (Eds.), Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Table 14.3.Google Scholar
, , , and . 1996. New Zealand under MMP: A New Politics?Auckland: Auckland University PressGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 1998. Voters' Victory? New Zealand's First Election under Proportional Representation. Auckland: Auckland University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1998. ‘New Zealand First.’ In and . Eds. The New Politics of the Right. New York: St. Martin's PressGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. ‘Minor parties and protest votes in Australia and New Zealand: Locating populist politics.’ Electoral Studies 21(1): 47–67. Another new right-wing party is ACT New Zealand, but their party program emphasizes libertarian principles governing the market and immigration policies as well, so that they do not qualify for the radical right as such.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002 ‘Ballots not bullets: Electoral systems, ethnic minorities and democratization.’ In and (Eds.), The Architecture of Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2004. ‘Minority representation, empowerment, and participation.’ Journal of Politics 66(2): 534–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1996. Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
and . Eds. 1994. The Failure of Presidential Democracy: The Case of Latin America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press
and . 1996. Problems of Democratic Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University PressGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 1996. Presidential v. Parliamentary Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
and . 1993. ‘Constitutional frameworks and democratic consolidation: Parliamentarism and presidentialism.’ World Politics 46(1): 1–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 2000. Democracy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1997. ‘Presidentialism versus parliamentarism: Implications for representativeness and legitimacy.’ International Political Science Review 18(3): 253–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1993. ‘Constitutional frameworks and democratic consolidation: Parliamentarism and presidentialism.’ World Politics 46(1): 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1993. ‘Presidentialism, multipartism, and democracy – the difficult combination.’ Comparative Political Studies 26(2): 198–228CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1997. Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1995. Electoral Laws and the Survival of Presidential Democracies. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
and . 2002. ‘Democratic institutions and regime survival: Parliamentary and presidential democracies reconsidered.’ Annual Review of Political Science 5: 151CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2004. ‘Government coalitions and legislative success under presidentialism and parliamentarism.’ British Journal of Political Science 34: 565CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Minority governments, deadlock situations, and the survival of presidential democracies.’ Comparative Political Studies 35: 284CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
and . 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 1994. The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press
and . Eds. 1997. Presidential Democracy in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
. 1997. ‘A politics of institutional choice: Post-communist presidencies.’ Comparative Political Studies 30: 523CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘Stronger legislatures, stronger democracies.’ Journal of Democracy 17(1): 5–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘Presidential powers and consolidation of new post-communist democracies.’ Comparative Political Studies 39(3): 375–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1997. ‘Direct presidential elections: A world summary.’ Electoral Studies 16(4): 441–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 2005. World Monarchies and Dynasties. New York: Sharpe Reference.
. 1984. ‘Dual leadership in the contemporary world: A step towards executive and regime stability?’ In and (Eds.), Comparative Government and Politics. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
. 1996. ‘The vote of confidence in parliamentary democracies.’ American Political Science Review 90: 269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Parliament: More Bleak House than Great Expectations.’ Parliamentary Affairs 57(2): 301–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1996. ‘Thatcher's rise and fall: An institutional analysis of the Tory leadership selection process.’ Electoral Studies 15(2): 183–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1989. Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies. Albany: State University of New York PressGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 1994. Cabinet Ministers and Parliamentary Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. Ed. 2005. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.
, , and . 1997. ‘Direct presidential elections: A world summary.’ Electoral Studies 16(4): 441–455CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 1997. ‘Direct presidential elections: A world summary.’ Electoral Studies 16(4): 441–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. ‘Presidentialism and representative institutions.’ In and (Eds.), Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
and . 2002. ‘Do ministers do what they say? Ministerial unreliability, collegial and hierarchical governments.’ Political Studies 50(3): 455–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 1991. Executive Leadership in Anglo-American Systems. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
. 1980. ‘A new political-system model – semi-presidential government.’ European Journal of Political Research 8: 165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1998. ‘Duverger's concept: Semi-presidential government revisited.’ European Journal of Political Research 34: 201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. ‘Comparative presidencies: The inadequacy of the presidential, semi-presidential, and parliamentary distinction.’ European Journal of Political Research 42(3): 287–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1997. ‘Models of executive politics: A framework for the study of executive power relations in parliamentary and semi-presidential regimes.’ Political Studies 155: 217–231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. ‘Measuring presidential power.’ Comparative Political Studies 33(5): 660–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1997. ‘A politics of institutional choice: Post-communist presidencies.’ Comparative Political Studies 30: 523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. ‘Measuring presidential power.’ Comparative Political Studies 33(5): 660–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Presidents, Prime Ministers and Chancellors: Executive Leadership in Western Democracies. New York: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1996. ‘President versus prime ministers: Shaping executive authority in Eastern Europe.’ World Politics 48(3): 297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘Intra-executive competition between president and prime minister: Patterns of institutional conflict and cooperation under semi-presidentialism.’ Political Studies 54(2): 219–244CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘Presidential powers and consolidation of new post-communist democracies.’ Comparative Political Studies 39(3): 375–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2005. The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press/ECPR.CrossRef
. 1995. ‘Decision-making in political-systems – veto players in presidentialism, parliamentarism, multicameralism and multipartyism.’ British Journal of Political Science 25(3): 289–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 1996. Presidential v. Parliamentary Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 2003. ‘Comparative presidencies: The inadequacy of the presidential, semi-presidential, and parliamentary distinction.’ European Journal of Political Research 42(3): 287–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and with . 2005. ‘Adopting federalism: Sri Lanka and Sudan.’ In . Ed. Handbook of Federal Countries, 2005. Montreal: Forum of Federations/McGill University Press.Google Scholar
. 1995. ‘The dangers of decentralization.’ World Bank Research Observer 10(2): 201–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralization. Washington, DC: World BankCrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 1999. Fiscal Decentralization in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef
. Ed. 2002. Fiscal Decentralization. London: Routledge
. 2005. Federalism and the Market: Intergovernmental Conflict and Economic Reform in the Developing World. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2005. Comparing Local Governance: Trends and Developments. London: Palgrave/Macmillan.CrossRef
and . 1987. Central and Local Government Relations. London: Sage
. 2002. ‘Central control over local government: A Western European comparison.’ Local Government Studies 28(3): 91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘Public sector decentralisation: Measurement concepts and recent international trends.’ Fiscal Studies 26(3): 301–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. ‘The rise and fall of decentralization: A comparative analysis of arguments and practices in European countries.’ European Journal of Political Research 38: 193–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. The Architecture of Government: Rethinking Political Decentralization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘Federalism and democracy: Beyond the U.S. model.’ Journal of Democracy 10(4): 19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. The Architecture of Government: Rethinking Political Decentralization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1998. ‘Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre: Toward a redistributive democracy.’ Politics & Society 26(4): 461–510CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2004. ‘Civil society representation in the participatory budget and deliberative councils of Sao Paulo, Brazil.’ IDS Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies 35(2): 40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. ‘Decentralization and corruption: Evidence across countries.’ Journal of Public Economics 83(3): 325–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. ‘Federalism and policy performance.’ In (Ed.), Federalism and Policy Performance. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 1999. ‘Federalism and democracy: Beyond the U.S. model.’ Journal of Democracy 10(4): 19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1993. Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
. 2005. Federalism and the Market: Intergovernmental Conflict and Economic Reform in the Developing World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1995. ‘The dangers of decentralization.’ World Bank Research Observer 10(2): 201–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1994. Federal Systems of the World: A Handbook of Federal, Confederal and Autonomy Arrangements. Essex: LongmanGoogle Scholar
. Ed. Handbook of Federal Countries, 2005. Montreal: Forum of Federations/McGill University Press.
and . 2001. ‘Federalism and the management of conflict in multinational societies.’ In and (Eds.), Multinational Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 2006. Models of Federal Power-Sharing. Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute.Google Scholar
. 2004. ‘Divided we stand: Institutional sources of ethno-federal state survival and collapse.’ World Politics 56: 165–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Divided we stand: Institutional sources of ethno-federal state survival and collapse.’ World Politics 56: 165–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1972. Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Center for International Affairs.Google Scholar
. 1999. Subversive Institutions: The Design and Destruction of Socialism and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1999. ‘Why territorial autonomy is not a viable option for managing ethnic conflict in African plural societies.’ Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2004. ‘Secessionism in multicultural states: Does sharing power prevent or encourage it?’ American Political Science Review 98(2): 209–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘Decentralization: Fueling the fire or dampening the flames of ethnic conflict and secessionism?’ International Organization 60(3): 651–685Google Scholar
. 2007. Design over Conflict: Managing Ethnic Conflict and Secessionism through Decentralization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 2004. ‘Comparative federalism and decentralization: On meaning and measurement.’ Comparative Politics 36(4): 481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. ‘On the determinants of fiscal centralization: Theory and evidence.’ Journal of Public Economics 74(1): 97–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘Public sector decentralisation: Measurement concepts and recent international trends.’ Fiscal Studies 26(3): 301–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘Decentralization: Fueling the fire or dampening the flames of ethnic conflict and secessionism?’ International Organization 60(3): 651–685.Google Scholar
. 2004. ‘Comparative federalism and decentralization: On meaning and measurement.’ Comparative Politics 36(4): 481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1994. Federal Systems of the World: A Handbook of Federal, Confederal and Autonomy Arrangements. Essex: Longman.Google Scholar
. 1999. Comparing Federal Systems, 2nd ed. Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1993. ‘Federalism and federation: A reappraisal.’ In and (Eds.), Comparative Federalism and Federation. London: Harvester WheatsheafGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 1999. Senates: Bicameralism in the Contemporary World. Columbus: Ohio State University Press
. 1999. ‘Federalism and democracy: Beyond the U.S. model.’ Journal of Democracy 10(4): 19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Brazil: The prospects of a center-constraining federation in a fragmented polity.’ Publius: The Journal of Federalism 32(2): 23–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1997. ‘Multipartism, robust federalism, and presidentialism in Brazil.’ In and (Eds.), Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. The Deadlock of Democracy in Brazil. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
2000. ‘Politics in Brazil: From elections without democracy to democracy without citizenship.’ Daedalus 129(2): 1–27.Google Scholar
. 2005. ‘Malaysia.’ In (Ed.), Handbook of Federal Countries, 2005. Montreal: Forum of Federations/McGill University Press.Google Scholar
. Ed. 1991. Soviet Federalism: Nationalism and Economic Decentralization. Leicester: Leicester University Press
. ‘Russia: Systemic transformation or federal collapse?’ Journal of Peace Research 36(3): 259–269.
. 2005. ‘The new federalism and the paradoxes of regional sovereignty in Russia.’ Comparative Politics 37(2): 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. ‘The rise and fall of decentralization: A comparative analysis of arguments and practices in European countries.’ European Journal of Political Research 38: 193–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. Localism and Centralism in Europe: The Political and Legal Bases of Local Self-Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2002. Singapore Politics under the People's Action Party. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘The constitutional revolution in the United Kingdom.’ Publius: The Journal of Federalism 36(1): 19–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Comparing Federal Systems, 2nd ed. Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press, chapter 1.Google Scholar
and . 2004. ‘Political institutions and corruption: The role of unitarism and parliamentarism.’ British Journal of Political Science 34: 295–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 1991. Federal Systems of the World: A Handbook of Federal, Confederal and Autonomy Arrangements. Detroit: Gale Research
. 1999. Comparing Federal Systems, 2nd ed. Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press, chapter 1Google Scholar
. Ed. 2005. Handbook of Federal Countries, 2005. Montreal: Forum of Federations/McGill University Press.
. 2003. ‘Decentralization: Conceptualization and measurement.’ Studies in Comparative International Development 38(3): 32–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. The Spending Power in Federal Systems: A Comparative Study. Kingston, Canada: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations Queens University.Google Scholar
. 2000. ‘Anatomy of hartal politics in Bangladesh.’ Asian Survey 40(3): 508–529CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. ‘Governance, patronage politics, and democratic transition in Bangladesh.’ Asian Survey 40(3): 530–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2007. ‘United in diversity? Asymmetry in Indian federalism.’ Publius: The Journal of Federalism 37(1): 45–67.Google Scholar
. 2005. The Regional Roots of Development Politics in India: A Divided Leviathan. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.Google Scholar
. 1997. ‘The nature of Indian federalism: A critique.’ Asian Survey 37(3): 245–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2003. ‘Challenges to India's centralized parliamentary federalism.’ Publius: The Journal of Federalism 33(4): 1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2006. ‘Duvergerian dynamics in the Indian states – Federalism and the number of parties in the state assembly elections.’ Party Politics 12(1): 5–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven, CT: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1997. ‘Multiple identities in a single state: Indian federalism in comparative perspective.’ Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 35(1): 125–126Google Scholar
and . 2003. ‘Challenges to India's centralized parliamentary federalism.’ Publius: The Journal of Federalism 33(4): 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. ‘The struggle for local government: Indian democracy's new phase.’ Publius: The Journal of Federalism 33(4): 99–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2004. ‘Women as policy makers: Evidence from a randomized policy experiment in India.’ Econometrica 72(5): 1409–1443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1997. ‘The Gram Sabha: Gateway to grassroots democracy.’ Journal of Rural Development 16: 557–573.Google Scholar
. 2005. ‘The politics of administrative decentralization in Bangladesh.’ Canadian Journal of Development Studies 26(4): 781–798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. Press Freedom and Development: A Research Guide and Selected Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
. 1996. ‘Modernization, marginalization and emancipation: Toward a normative model of journalism and national development.’ Communication Theory 6(2)Google Scholar
, and . Eds. 2002. Media and Democracy in Africa. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
and . 2001. ‘Political agency, government responsiveness and the role of the media.’ European Economic Review 45 (4–6): 629–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2003. ‘Are you being served? Political accountability and governmental performance.’ Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 19: 445–490CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘The effect of democracy and press freedom on corruption: An empirical test.’ Economics Letters 85(1): 93–101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2003. ‘A free press is bad news for corruption.’ Journal of Public Economics 87 (7–8): 1801–1824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 2006. Media Development and Poverty Eradication. Paris: UNESCO
. 2003. Do More Transparent Governments Govern Better?Washington, DC: World Bank.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘The role of Georgia's media – and Western aid – in the Rose Revolution.’ Harvard International Journal of Press – Politics 11(3): 7–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Global political communication.’ In and (Eds.), Comparing Political Communication: Theories, Cases and Challenges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 115–150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. Blacked Out: Government Secrecy in the Information Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 2002. The Right to Tell: The Role of Mass Media in Economic Development. Washington, DC: World Bank; Roumeen IslamCrossRef
2003. Do More Transparent Governments Govern Better?Washington, DC: World Bank
. 2000. A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Post-Industrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1963. Communications and Political Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
. 1959. ‘Some social prerequisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy.’ American Political Science Review 53: 69–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1967. ‘Toward a communication theory of democratic political development: A causal model.’ American Political Science Review 61(1): 72–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1985. International Flow of Information: A Global Report and Analysis. Paris: UNESCOGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 1984. Foreign News and the New World Information Order. Ames: Iowa State University Press
. 1984. ‘A critical analysis of international news flow research.’ Critical Studies in Mass Communication 1: 365–378CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1989. Hope and Folly: The United States and UNESCO 1945–1985. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota PressGoogle Scholar
, , et al. 1995. ‘A guard dog perspective on the role of the media.’ Journal of Communication 45(2): 115–128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1986. ‘Bloodhounds or missionaries: Role definitions of German and British journalists.’ European Journal of Communication 1: 43–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2003. ‘A free press is bad news for corruption.’ Journal of Public Economics 87 (7–8): 1801–1824CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘The effect of democracy and press freedom on corruption: An empirical test.’ Economics Letters 85(1): 93–101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘Political and media liberalization and political corruption in Taiwan.’ China Quarterly 18(4): 875–893CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1998. Press and Speech Freedoms in the World, from Antiquity until 1998: A Chronology. Westport, CT: Greenwood PressGoogle Scholar
and . 2001. The Internet and State Control in Authoritarian Regimes: China, Cuba and the Counterrevolution. Global Policy Program No. 21. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceGoogle Scholar
. 2000. ‘Censor Dot Gov: The Internet and press freedom.’ Press Freedom Survey 2000. Washington, DC: Freedom HouseGoogle Scholar
, , , , , , and . 2005. ‘Media proliferation and democratic transition in Africa: The case of Madagascar.’ World Development 33(11): 1939–1957CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. The Age of Behemoths: The Globalization of Mass Media Firms. New York: Priority PressGoogle Scholar
. 1993. Media Concentration in Europe: Commercial Enterprises and the Public Interest. London: John LibbeyGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times. Urbana: University of Illinois PressGoogle Scholar
. 1988. Press Concentration and Monopoly: New Perspectives on Newspaper Ownership and Operation. Norwood, NJ: AblexGoogle Scholar
and . 2005. ‘The barriers to media opening in Latin America.’ Political Communication 22(1): 9–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2001. ‘Political agency, government responsiveness and the role of the media.’ European Economic Review 45 (4–6): 629–640CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2003. The Right to Know: Information and the Media. Ed. . Washington, DC: World BankGoogle Scholar
. 2003. Do More Transparent Governments Govern Better?Washington, DC: World BankCrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1999. ‘Democracy and dichotomies: A pragmatic approach to choices about concepts.’ Annual Review of Political Science 1: 537–565CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2001. ‘Determinants of lasting democracy in poor countries: Culture, development and institutions.’ Annals of the American Academy of Social Sciences 573: 16–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and . 2003. ‘Fractionalization.’ Journal of Economic Growth 8: 155–194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2006. ‘International diffusion and post-Communist electoral revolutions.’ Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39(3): 283–304Google Scholar
. 2005. ‘Regime cycles – democracy, autocracy, and revolution in post-Soviet Eurasia.’ World Politics 58(1): 133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. ‘Rethinking recent democratization: Lessons from the postcommunist experience.’ World Politics 55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2001. ‘Defining democratic consolidation.’ In , , , and (Eds.), Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘Regime cycles – democracy, autocracy, and revolution in post-Soviet Eurasia.’ World Politics 58(1): 133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2006. ‘Fear of democracy or revolution: The reaction to Andijon.’ Washington Quarterly 29(3): 111Google Scholar
. 1997. ‘Ukraine: The perils of majoritarianism in a new democracy.’ In and (Eds.), The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral AssistanceGoogle Scholar
and . 1999. ‘The Ukrainian parliamentary elections of 1998.’ Electoral Studies 18(2): 276–282CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1998. ‘Electoral reform in Ukraine: The 1988 parliamentary elections.’ Representation 35 (2/3): 146–154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 1999. ‘The Ukrainian parliamentary elections of 1998.’ Electoral Studies 18(2): 276–282CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘An orange-tinged revolution – the Ukrainian path to democracy.’ Russian Politics and Law 44(2): 5–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘What has changed in Ukrainian politics? Assessing the implications of the Orange Revolution.’ Problems of Post-Communism 52(5): 82–91Google Scholar
, , and . 2005. ‘The Ukrainian Orange Revolution brought more than a new president: What kind of democracy will the institutional changes bring?’ Communist and Post-Communist Studies 38(2): 207–230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1975. The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands. Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University PressGoogle Scholar
. 2006. ‘From dominion to republican status: Dilemmas of constitution making in Sri Lanka.’ Public Administration and Development 26(5): 425–437CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 2002. The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University PressCrossRef
. 1975. ‘Review article: Political accommodation and consociational democracy.’ British Journal of Political Science 5(4): 194Google Scholar
. 2005. ‘Addressing ethnic divisions in post-conflict institution-building: Lessons from recent cases.’ Security Dialogue 36(3): 297–318CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Making power-sharing work: Lessons from successes and failures in ethnic conflict regulation.’ Journal of Peace Research 39(2): 203–228CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. ‘Ethnic but equal: The quest for a new democratic order in Bosnia and Herzegovina.’ Columbia Law Review 103: 2015–2020
. 2004. At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2005. Understanding Civil War. Washington, DC: World Bank
. 2007. ‘Consociationalism and power sharing in Africa: Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.’ African Affairs 106(422): 1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘The missing pillars: A look at the failure of peace in Burundi through the lens of Arend Lijphart's theory of consociational democracy.’ Journal of Modern African Studies 43(1): 75–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1997. Ethnic Cleavages and Conflict: The Sources of National Cohesion and Disintegration. The Case of Yugoslavia. Aldershot, England: AshgateGoogle Scholar
and . 2004. Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. New York: Rowman & LittlefieldGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington, DC: The Carnegie Institute for International PeaceGoogle Scholar
. 2004. Critical Mission: Essays on Democracy Promotion. Washington, DC: The Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceGoogle Scholar
. 2003. ‘European approaches to democracy assistance: Learning the right lessons?’ Third World Quarterly 24(1): 127–138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . 2006. Piecing a Democratic Quilt? Regional Organizations and Universal Norms. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian PressGoogle Scholar
, , and with . 2005. Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building: Results from a Cross-National Quantitative Study. Washington, DC: USAIDGoogle Scholar
. 2005. ‘The roots of the Bush Doctrine: Power, nationalism, and democracy promotion in U.S. strategy.’ International Security 29(4): 112–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 2000. Democracy Assistance: International Co-Operation for Democratization. London: Frank Cass
. 2004. Critical Mission: Essays on Democracy Promotion. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceGoogle Scholar
. 2004. ‘Domestic and transnational perspectives on democratization.’ International Studies Review 6: 403–426CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2000. New Millennium, New Perspectives: The United Nations, Security and Governance. New York: UN University Press
and . Eds. 2004. The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality. New York: UN University Press
, , and . 2005. Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building. Nashville: USAID/Vanderbilt University.Google Scholar
and . Eds. 2006. Strategies for Democratic Change: Assessing the Global Response. Washington, DC: Democracy Coalition Project
and . Eds. 2006. The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press
and . Eds. 2005. Understanding Civil War. Washington, DC: World Bank
. 1995. Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars 1995–1996. Washington, DC: Brookings InstitutionGoogle Scholar
, , and . 2001. ‘Stabilizing the peace after civil war: An investigation of some key variables.’ International Organization 55(1): 183–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Settlement terms and post-agreement stability.’ In , , and (Eds.), Ending Civil Wars. Boulder, CO: Lynne ReinnerGoogle Scholar
and . Eds. 2005. Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis. Volume 1. Washington, DC: World Bank
. 1993. ‘The causes of peace.’ In (Ed.), Stopping the Killing. New York: New York University PressGoogle Scholar
. 2002. ‘Third party interventions and the duration of intrastate conflict.’ Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(1): 55–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2003. ‘America's role in nation-building: From Germany to Iraq.’ Survival 45(4): 87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: W. W. NortonGoogle Scholar
and . 2007. Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War. Cambridge, MA: MIT PressGoogle Scholar
. Ed. 2006. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner