Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-07T01:53:47.172Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 10 - The Expression and Perception of Social and Emotional Cues in Older Adults with Parkinson’s Disease

from Part IV - The Effects of Facial Movement Impairment of Emotion Communication

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2023

By
Sarah D. Gunnery  and
Amanda R. Hemmesch
Edited by
Ursula Hess ,
Reginald B. Adams, Jr.  and
Robert E. Kleck
Ursula Hess
Affiliation:
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Reginald B. Adams, Jr.
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
Robert E. Kleck
Affiliation:
Dartmouth College, New Hampshire
Get access

Summary

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that impairs emotional expression in older adults. Parkinson's disease decreases a person’s ability to express their emotions in the face, body, and voice. Due to this decrease in emotional expression, people with PD are often perceived with a bias by both medical professionals and lay observers. These misperceptions can lead to people with PD experiencing stigmatization, decreased quality of life, and decreased satisfaction in their social relationships. Following a review of how PD affects the perceptions of people with PD at both the encoder and decoder level, this chapter will present possible compensatory strategies for increasing accuracy in perceptions with health-related expressivity deficits such as increased engagement in valued activities and using deliberate expressions to show emotions in high stakes social situations.

Keywords

Parkinson’s DiseaseFacial MaskingPerson PerceptionStigmatizationCompensatory Strategies
Type
Chapter
Information
Emotion Communication by the Aging Face and Body
A Multidisciplinary View
 , pp. 241 - 262
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ambady, N., Bernieri, F. J., & Richeson, J. A. (2000). Toward a histology of social behavior: Judgmental accuracy from thin slices of the behavioral stream. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 201–271). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ambady, N., & Rosenthal, R. (1992). Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 111(2), 256–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnish, J., Atkinson, R. A., Barran, S. M., & Barnish, M. S. (2016). Potential benefit of singing for people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease, 6(3), 473–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bek, J., Arakaki, A. I., Lawrence, A., et al. (2020). Dance and Parkinson’s: A review and exploration of the role of cognitive representations of action. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 109, 16–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, D. S., & Finch Wero, J. L. (1993). Accuracy in face perception: A view from ecological psychology. Journal of Personality, 61(4), 497–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogart, K. R. (2011). Is apathy a valid and meaningful symptom or syndrome in Parkinson’s disease? A critical review. Health Psychology, 30(4), 386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogart, K. R. (2020). Socioemotional functioning with facial paralysis: Is there a congenital or acquired advantage? Health Psychology, 39(4), 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000838CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogart, K. R., & Tickle-Degnen, L. (2015). Looking beyond the face: A training to improve perceivers’ impressions of people with facial paralysis. Patient Education and Counseling, 98, 251–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogart, K. R., Tickle-Degnen, L., & Ambady, N. (2012). Compensatory expressive behavior for facial paralysis: adaptation to congenital or acquired disability. Rehabilitation Psychology, 57(1), 43–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogart, K. R., Tickle-Degnen, L., & Ambady, N. (2014). Communicating without the face: holistic perception of emotions of people with facial paralysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 36(4), 309–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogart, K. R., Tickle-Degnen, L., & Joffe, M. S. (2012). Social interaction experiences of adults with Moebius syndrome: a focus group. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(8), 1212–1222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bologna, M., Fabbrini, G., Marsili, L., et al. (2013). Facial bradykinesia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 84(6), 681–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boone, R. T., & Buck, R. (2003). Emotional expressivity and trustworthiness: The role of nonverbal behavior in the evolution of cooperation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27(3), 163–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briton, N. J., & Hall, J. A. (1995). Beliefs about female and male nonverbal communication. Sex Roles, 32(1), 79–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunswik, E. (1955). Representative design and probabilistic theory in a functional psychology. Psychological Review, 62(3), 193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carney, D. R., Colvin, C. R., & Hall, J. A. (2007). A thin slice perspective on the accuracy of first impressions. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(5), 1054–1072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, M., Rogers, K. H., Parisotto, K. L., & Biesanz, J. C. (2011). Forming first impressions: The role of gender and normative accuracy in personality perception. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(1), 117–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiong-Rivero, H., Ryan, G. W., Flippen, C., et al. (2011). Patients’ and caregivers’ experiences of the impact of Parkinson’s disease on health status. Patient Related Outcome Measures, 2, 57–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, J., & Spalding, H. (2008). The invisible smile: Living without facial expression. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C., & Prodger, P. (1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DePaulo, B. M. (1992). Nonverbal behavior and self-presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 111(2), 203–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dumer, A. I., Oster, H., McCabe, D., et al. (2014). Effects of the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT® LOUD) on hypomimia in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(3), 302–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, D. S. (2015). The social psychology of disability. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Hager, J. C. (2002). The facial action coding system (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City, UT: Research Nexus eBook.Google Scholar
Elefant, C., Lotan, M., Baker, F. A., & Skeie, G. O. (2012). Effects of music therapy on facial expression of individuals with Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. Musicae Scientiae, 16(3), 392–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, C. M., & Ramig, L. O. (1997). Vocal sound pressure level and self-perception of speech and voice in men and women with idiopathic Parkinson disease. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 6(2), 85–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, M. G., & Ekman, P. (1993). Not all smiles are created equal: The differences between enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles. Humor, 6(1), 9–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franklin, R. G. Jr., Adams, R. B. Jr., Steiner, T. G., & Zebrowitz, L. A. (2019). Reading the lines in the face: The contribution of angularity and roundness to perceptions of facial anger and joy. Emotion, 19(2), 209–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Griffiths, S., Barnes, R., Britten, N., & Wilkinson, R. (2012). Potential causes and consequences of overlap in talk between speakers with Parkinson’s disease and their familiar conversation partners. Seminars in Speech and Language, 33(1), 27–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Gunnery, S. D., Hall, J. A., & Ruben, M. A. (2013). The deliberate Duchenne smile: Individual differences in expressive control. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 37(1), 29–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunnery, S. D., Naumova, E. N., Saint-Hilaire, M., & Tickle-Degnen, L. (2017). Mapping spontaneous facial expression in people with Parkinson’s disease: A multiple case study design. Cogent Psychology, 4(1), 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunnery, S. D., & Ruben, M. A. (2016). Perceptions of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 30(3), 501–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, J. A. (2006). Nonverbal behavior, status, and gender: How do we understand their relations? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(4), 384–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebl, M. R., Tickle, J., & Heatherton, T. F. (2000). Awkward moments in interactions between nonstigmatized and stigmatized individuals. In Heatherton, T. F., Kleck, R. E., Hebl, M. R., & Hull, J. G. (eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 275–306). New York: Guilford Press,.Google Scholar
Hemmesch, A. R. (2014). The detrimental effects of atypical nonverbal behavior on older adults’ first impressions of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Psychology and Aging, 29(3), 521–527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemmesch, A. R., Gunnery, S. D., & Tickle-Degnen, L. (2021). Interacting effectively with individuals with reduced facial expressivity. In Schwartz, R, Hall, J. A, & Osterberg, L. G (eds.), Emotion in the clinical encounter. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Hemmesch, A. R., Tickle-Degnen, L., & Zebrowitz, L. A. (2009). The influence of facial masking and sex on older adults’ impressions of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 542–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, A. K., Bradshaw, J. L., Iansek, R., & Alfredson, R. (1999). Speech volume regulation in Parkinson’s disease: effects of implicit cues and explicit instructions. Neuropsychologia, 37(13), 1453–1460. http://10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00067-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Human, L. J., & Biesanz, J. C. (2012). Accuracy and assumed similarity in first impressions of personality: Differing associations at different levels of analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(1), 106–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, I. (1981). Stigma: A social-psychological perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Krumhuber, E. G., & Manstead, A. S. (2009). Can Duchenne smiles be feigned? New evidence on felt and false smiles. Emotion, 9(6), 807–820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurzban, R., & Leary, M. R. (2001). Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 187–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons, K. D., & Tickle-Degnen, L. (2003). Dramaturgical challenges of Parkinson’s disease. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 23(1), 27–34.Google Scholar
Lyons, K. D., Tickle-Degnen, L., Henry, A., & Cohn, E. (2004). Impressions of personality in Parkinson’s disease: Can rehabilitation practitioners see beyond the symptoms? Rehabilitation Psychology, 49(4), 328-333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, H. I., Gunnery, S. D., Stevenson, M. T., et al. (2019). Experienced facial masking indirectly compromises quality of life through stigmatization of women and men with Parkinson’s disease. Stigma and Health, 4(4), 462–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsumoto, D., & Kudoh, T. (1987). Cultural similarities and differences in the semantic dimensions of body postures. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11(3), 166–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McArthur, L. Z., & Baron, R. M. (1983). Toward an ecological theory of social perception. Psychological Review, 90(3), 215–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNamara, P., & Durso, R. (2003). Pragmatic communication skills in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Brain and Language, 84(3), 414–423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyerson, M. D. (2001). Resiliency and success in adults with Moebius syndrome. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 38(3), 231–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, Michael J. Foundation for Parkinson’s Research. (2022, March 6). Dyskinesia. www.michaeljfox.org/news/dyskinesiaGoogle Scholar
Mikos, A. E., Springer, U. S., Nisenzon, A. N., et al. (2009). Awareness of expressivity deficits in non-demented Parkinson disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(5), 805–817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mobasseri, S., Stein, D. H., & Carney, D. R. (2022). The accurate judgment of social network characteristics in the lab and field using thin slices of the behavioral stream. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 168, 1–17.Google Scholar
Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz-McArthur, L. (1988). Impressions of people created by age-related qualities of their gaits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(4), 547–556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, S., & Knowles, S. (2006). Beliefs and knowledge about Parkinson’s disease. E-Journal of Applied Psychology: Clinical and Social Issues, 2(1), 15–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neuberg, S. L., Smith, D. M., & Asher, T. (2000). Why people stigmatize: Toward a biocultural framework. In Heatherton, T. F., Kleck, R. E., Hebl, M. R., & Hull, J. G. (eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 31–61). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Park, J. H., Faulkner, J., & Schaller, M. (2003). Evolved disease-avoidance processes and contemporary anti-social behavior: Prejudicial attitudes and avoidance of people with physical disabilities. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27(2), 65–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkinson’s Disease Foundation. (2022, March 6). Statistics. www.parkinson.org/Understanding-Parkinsons/Statistics.Google Scholar
Pentland, B. (1991). Body language in Parkinson’s disease. Behavioural Neurology, 4(3), 181–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pescosolido, B. A., & Martin, J. K. (2015). The stigma complex. Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 87–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., & Dovidio, J. F. (2008). Stigma and prejudice: one animal or two? Social Science & Medicine, 67(3), 358–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pitcairn, T. K., Clemie, S., Gray, J. M., & Pentland, B. (1990a). Non‐verbal cues in the self‐presentation of Parkinsonian patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29(2), 177–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pitcairn, T. K., Clemie, S., Gray, J. M., & Pentland, B. (1990b). Impressions of parkinsonian patients from their recorded voices. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 25(1), 85–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prenger, M., Madray, R., Van Hedger, K., Anello, M., & MacDonald, P. A. (2020). Social symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s Disease, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8846544CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quadflieg, S., & Westmoreland, K. (2019). Making sense of other people’s encounters: Towards an integrative model of relational impression formation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 43(2), 233–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, D., Choi, S. W., Victorson, D., et al. (2009). Measuring stigma across neurological conditions: the development of the stigma scale for chronic illness (SSCI). Quality of Life Research, 18(5), 585–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ricciardi, L., Baggio, P., Ricciardi, D., et al. (2016). Rehabilitation of hypomimia in Parkinson’s disease: A feasibility study of two different approaches. Neurological Sciences, 37(3), 431–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ricciardi, L., De Angelis, A., Marsili, L., et al. (2020). Hypomimia in Parkinson’s disease: An axial sign responsive to levodopa. European Journal of Neurology, 27(12), 2422–2429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riggio, R. E., & Friedman, H. S. (1986). Impression formation: The role of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 421–427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., Adams, R. B. Jr., & Macrae, C. N. (2008). Accuracy and awareness in the perception and categorization of male sexual orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1019–1028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, R., & Pell, M. D. (2017). When emotion and expression diverge: The social costs of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 39(3), 211–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shrout, P. E., & Fiske, D. W. (1981). Nonverbal behaviors and social evaluation 1. Journal of Personality, 49(2), 115–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slepian, M. L., Bogart, K. R., & Ambady, N. (2014). Thin-slice judgments in the clinical context. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 131–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solimeo, S. (2008). Sex and gender in older adults’ experience of Parkinson’s disease. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(1), S42–S48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahashi, K., Tickle-Degnen, L., Coster, W. J., & Latham, N. K. (2010). Expressive behavior in Parkinson’s Disease as a function of interview context. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 64, 484–495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tickle-Degnen, L., Zebrowitz, L. A., & Ma, H. I. (2011). Culture, gender and health care stigma: Practitioners’ response to facial masking experienced by people with Parkinson’s disease. Social Science & Medicine, 73(1), 95–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tschacher, W., Rees, G. M., & Ramseyer, F. (2014). Nonverbal synchrony and affect in dyadic interactions. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, S. M., & Tickle-Degnen, L. (2018). Emotional cues from expressive behavior of women and men with Parkinson’s disease. PloS One, 13(7), 1–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Weir, A. M., Pentland, B., Crosswaite, A., Murray, J., & Mountain, R. (1995). Bell’s palsy: The effect on self-image, mood state and social activity. Clinical Rehabilitation, 9(2), 121–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wootton, A., Starkey, N. J., & Barber, C. C. (2019). Unmoving and unmoved: Experiences and consequences of impaired non-verbal expressivity in Parkinson’s patients and their spouses. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(21), 2516–2527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, L. H., Kleinman, A., Link, B. G., et al. (2007). Culture and stigma: Adding moral experience to stigma theory. Social Science & Medicine, 64(7), 1524–1535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zebrowitz, L. A. (1990). Social perception. Pacific Grove, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Zebrowitz, L. A. (2003). Commentary: Overgeneralization effects in perceiving nonverbal behavior – Evolutionary and ecological origins. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27(2), 133–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×