In 1910, a new country, the Union of South Africa, was created with four provinces: the former British colonies of the Cape and Natal and the former Boer republics of the Orange Free State and South African Republic. An inchoate principle of segregation underlay Union governance at the beginning, and over the next four decades it developed into more sharply defined and extreme policies. After the formation of the Union, successive generations of segregationist policy increasingly determined how people related to each other, the state, the economy, and the environment, although the last point is not often recognized. The environmental dynamic is evident in many aspects of the history of racial segregation. Because segregated spaces are lived-in environments where certain uses are possible but others are difficult, segregationists considered the quality of the environment and its potential uses when they allocated territory between races. Not just the quality of the environment, but existing uses came into consideration, and the fact that African land use was extensive made confiscation of choice lands and water supplies easier. Moreover, the outcome of segregation was environmental. Removals and resettlements forced people to adapt to different environments, and these adjustments exacted a high price from the victims.