Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Escaping Poverty Traps and Unlocking Prosperity in the Face of Climate Risk
    • You have access
    • Open access
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
September 2024
Print publication year:
2024
Online ISBN:
9781009558280
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009558280
Creative Commons:
Creative Common License - CC Creative Common License - BY Creative Common License - NC Creative Common License - SA
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO https://creativecommons.org/creativelicenses
Subjects:
Economics, Political Economy, Economic Development and Growth
Series:
Elements in Development Economics
Information

Book description

This Element outlines the origins and evolution of an international award-winning development intervention, index-based livestock insurance (IBLI), which scaled from a small pilot project in Kenya to a design that underpins drought risk management products and policies across Africa. General insights are provided on i) the economics of poverty, risk management, and drylands development; ii) the evolving use of modern remote sensing and data science tools in development; iii) the science of scaling; and iv) the value and challenges of integrating research with operational implementation to tackle development and humanitarian challenges in some of the world's poorest regions. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

References

References

Abel, C., Horion, S., Tagesson, T. et al. (2021). The human–environment nexus and vegetation–rainfall sensitivity in tropical drylands. Nature Sustainability, 4(1), 25–32.
Adede, C., Oboko, R., Wagacha, P. W., & Atzberger, C. (2019). A mixed model approach to vegetation condition prediction using artificial neural networks (ANN): Case of Kenya’s operational drought monitoring. Remote Sensing, 11(9), 1099.
Alvarez, J. R., Arroqui, M., Mangudo, P. et al. (2018). Body condition estimation on cows from depth images using Convolutional Neural Networks. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 155, 12–22.
Atzberger, C. & Eilers, P. H. C. (2011). Evaluating the effectiveness of smoothing algorithms in the absence of ground reference measurements. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32, 3689–3709. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161003762405
Ayugi, B., Eresanya, E. O., Onyango, A. O. et al. (2022). Review of meteorological drought in Africa: Historical trends, impacts, mitigation measures, and prospects. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 179(4), 1365–1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-022-02988-z
Ayugi, B., Shilenje, Z. W., Babaousmail, H. et al. (2022). Projected changes in meteorological drought over East Africa inferred from bias-adjusted CMIP6 models. Natural Hazards, 113(2), 1151–1176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05341-8
Azariadis, C. & Stachurski, J. (2005). Poverty traps. In Aghion, P. & Durlauf, S. N. (Eds.), Handbook of Economic Growth (pp. 295–384). The Netherlands: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01005-1
Bageant, E. R. & Barrett, C. B. (2017). Are there gender differences in demand for index-based livestock insurance? The Journal of Development Studies, 53(6), 932–952.
Banerjee, R., Khalai, D., Galgallo, D., & Mude, A. G. (2017). Improving the Agency Model in Distribution of Index Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI)–A study of Takaful Insurance of Africa. ILRI Research Report. Nairobi: ILRI.
Banerjee, R., Mude, A., & Wandera, B. (2017). Using an Institutional History for Illuminating Project Processes and the Theory of Change: The Case of the Index-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) Project. IBLI practice note – ILRI and Food Systems Innovations CSIRO.
Banerjee, R., Hall, A., Mude, A., Wandera, B., & Kelly, J. (2019). Emerging research practice for impact in the CGIAR: The case of Index-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI). Outlook on Agriculture, 48(3), 255–267.
Banerjee, R., Johnson, L., & Mude, A. (2022). Eliciting Pastoralist Experience for a Livestock Asset Protection Program in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands. ILRI Research Brief 113. Nairobi: ILRI.
Barnett, B. J., Barrett, C. B., & Skees, J. R. (2008). Poverty traps and index-based risk transfer products. World Development, 36(10), 1766–1785.
Barrett, C. B., Benton, T., Fanzo, J. et al. (2020a). Socio-technical Innovation Bundles for Agri-food Systems Transformation, Report of the International Expert Panel on Innovations to Build Sustainable, Equitable, Inclusive Food Value Chains. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability and Springer Nature.
Barrett, A. B., Duivenvoorden, S., Salakpi, E. E. et al. (2020b). Forecasting vegetation condition for drought early warning systems in pastoral communities in Kenya. Remote Sensing of Environment, 248, 111886.
Barrett, C. B. & Maxwell, D. (2007). Food Aid after Fifty Years: Recasting Its Role. London: Routledge.
Barrett, C. B. & Santos, P. (2014). The impact of changing rainfall variability on resource-dependent wealth dynamics. Ecological Economics, 105, 48–54.
Barrett, C. B. & Swallow, B. M. (2006). Fractal poverty traps. World Development, 34(1), 1–15.
Barrett, C. B., Smith, K., & Box, P. (2001). Not necessarily in the same boat: Heterogeneous risk assessment among East African pastoralists. Journal of Development Studies, 37(5), 1–30.
Barrett, C. B., Chabari, F., Bailey, D., Little, P. D., & Coppock, D. L. (2003). Livestock pricing in the northern Kenyan rangelands. Journal of African Economies, 12(2), 127–155.
Barrett, C. B., Marenya, P. P., McPeak, J. et al. (2006). Welfare dynamics in rural Kenya and Madagascar. The Journal of Development Studies, 42(2), 248–277.
Barrett, C. B., Garg, T., & McBride, L. (2016). Well-being dynamics and poverty traps. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 8, 303–327.
Barrett, C. B., Carter, M. R., & Chavas, J. P. (Eds.). (2019). The Economics of Poverty Traps. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bassi, M. (2005). Decisions in the Shade: Political and Juridical Processes among the Oromo-Borana. Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press.
Benami, E. & Carter, M. R. (2021). Can digital technologies reshape rural microfinance? Implications for savings, credit, & insurance. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 43(4), 1196–1220.
Bertram‐Huemmer, V. & Kraehnert, K. (2018). Does index insurance help households recover from disaster? Evidence from IBLI Mongolia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 100(1), 145–171.
Beyers, N., Chiew, H., Gray, J., & Hougaard, C. (2020). Evolving Insurance Supervisory Mandates in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Data Practices. Access to Insurance Initiative. [Online] https://a2ii.org/en/media/4879/download
Beyers, N., Gray, J., & Hougaard, C. (2018). Regulating for Innovation. Cenfri; FSDA. [Online] https://cenfri.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Regulating-for-innovation_Cenfri-FSDA_January-2018_updated-15-March-2018.pdf
Binder, S., Klais, P., & Mußhoff, J. (2021). Global insurance pools statistics and trends: An overview of life, P&C, and health insurance. McKinsey & Co.
Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Sevilla, J. (2003). Geography and poverty traps. Journal of Economic Growth, 8, 355–378.
Bonds, M. H., Keenan, D. C., Rohani, P., & Sachs, J. D. (2010). Poverty trap formed by the ecology of infectious diseases. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277(1685), 1185–1192.
Boucher, S. R., Carter, M. R., Flatnes, J. E. et al. (2021). Bundling Genetic and Financial Technologies for More Resilient and Productive Small-Scale Agriculture (No. w29234). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bowles, S., Durlauf, S. N., & Hoff, K. R. (Eds.). (2006). Poverty traps (pp. 116–138). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Browning, D. M., Snyder, K. A., & Herrick, J. E. (2019). Plant phenology: Taking the pulse of rangelands. Rangelands, 41(3), 129–134.
Bulte, E. & Haagsma, R. (2021). The welfare effects of index-based livestock insurance: Livestock herding on communal lands. Environmental and Resource Economics, 78, 587–613.
Cai, J., de Janvry, A., & Sadoulet, E. (2020). Subsidy policies and insurance demand. The American Economic Review, 110(8), 2422–2453.
Cai, W., Wang, G., Santoso, A. et al. (2015). Increased frequency of extreme La Niña events under greenhouse warming. Nature Climate Change, 5(2), 132–137.
Carter, M., Sugassti, M., Fava, F., & Jensen, N. (2021). Measuring Quality for Sovereign Index Insurance: Concepts and a Kenyan Case Study. Working Paper, University of California, Davis.
Carter, M. R. & Barrett, C. B. (2006). The economics of poverty traps and persistent poverty: An asset-based approach. The Journal of Development Studies, 42(2), 178–199.
Carter, M. R. & Ikegami, M. (2009). Looking forward: Theory based measures of chronic poverty and vulnerability. In Addison, R., Hulme, D., & Kanbur, R. (Eds.), Poverty Dynamics: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 128–153). London: Oxford University Press.
Carter, M. R. & Chiu, T. (2018a). Quality standards for agricultural index insurance: An agenda for action. The State of Microinsurance, (4).
Carter, M. R. & Chiu, T. (2018b). A Minimum Quality Standard to Ensure Index Insurance Contracts Do No Harm. Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Assets and Market Access 2018-04. https://basis.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk466/files/2018-03/AMA%20brief%202018-04%20-%20Carter%20MQS%20index%20insurance-WEB.pdf.
Carter, M. R., de Janvry, A., Sadoulet, E., & Sarris, A. (2017). Index insurance for developing country agriculture: A reassessment. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 9, 421–438.
Carter, M. R., Jensen, N., Hobbs, A., Lepariyo, W., & Geyi, Z. (2018). A Randomized Evaluation of an Integrated Graduation and Contingent Social Protection Program in Kenya. https://basis.ucdavis.edu/project/randomized-evaluation-integrated-graduation-and-contingent-social-protection-program-kenya on July 10, 2022.
Castaing, P. & Gazeaud, J. (2022). Do Index Insurance Programs Live Up to Their Promises? Aggregating Evidence from Multiple Experiments. Working paper, The World Bank.
Catley, A. & Iyasu, A. (2010). Moving Up or Moving Out? A Rapid Livelihoods and Conflict Analysis in Mieso-Mulu Woreda, Shinile Zone, Somali Region, Ethiopia. Boston: Tufts University.
Catley, A., Lind, J., & Scoones, I. (2013). Pastoralism and Development in Africa: Dynamic Change at the Margins (p. 328). Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis.
Ceballos, F., Kramer, B., & Robles, M. (2019). The feasibility of picture-based insurance (PBI): Smartphone pictures for affordable crop insurance. Development Engineering, 4, 100042.
Cerruti, H. C. (2021). Concept Project Information Document (PID) – De-risking, Inclusion and Value Enhancement of Pastoral Economies in the Horn of Africa – P176517 (English). Washington, DC: World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/245561625088740444/Concept-Project-Information-Document-PID-De-risking-inclusion-and-value-enhancement-of-pastoral-economies-in-the-Horn-of-Africa-P176517
Chantarat, S., Barrett, C. B., Mude, A. G., & Turvey, C. G. (2007). Using weather index insurance to improve drought response for famine prevention. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 89(5), 1262–1268.
Chantarat, S., Turvey, C. G., Mude, A. G., & Barrett, C. B. (2008). Improving humanitarian response to slow-onset disasters using famine-indexed weather derivatives. Agricultural Finance Review, 68, 169–195.
Chantarat, S., Turvey, C. G., Mude, A. G., & Barrett, C. B. (2011). Improving humanitarian response to slow-onset disasters using famine indexed weather derivatives. Agricultural Finance Review, Forthcoming.
Chantarat, S., Mude, A. G., Barrett, C. B., & Carter, M. R. (2013). Designing index‐based livestock insurance for managing asset risk in northern Kenya. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 80(1), 205–237.
Chantarat, S., Mude, A. G., Barrett, C. B., & Turvey, C. G. (2017). Welfare impacts of index insurance in the presence of a poverty trap. World Development, 94, 119–138.
Chelanga, P., Khalai, D. C., Fava, F., & Mude, A. (2017). Determining insurable units for index-based livestock insurance in northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD).
Chelanga, P., Fava, F., Alulu, V. et al. (2022). KAZNET: An Open-Source, Micro-Tasking Platform for Remote Locations. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, 730836.
Cheng, Y., Vrieling, A., Fava, F. et al. (2020). Phenology of short vegetation cycles in a Kenyan rangeland from PlanetScope and Sentinel-2. Remote Sensing of Environment, 248, 112004.
Clarke, D. (2016). A theory of rational demand for index insurance. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 8, 283–306.
Clarke, D. J. & Lung, F. (2015). Should Governments Support the Development of Agricultural Insurance Markets? Private Sector Development Blog, https://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/should-governments-support-development-agricultural-insurance-markets
Clarke, D. J., Mahul, O., Poulter, R., & Teh, T. L. (2017). Evaluating sovereign disaster risk finance strategies: A framework. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 42, 565–584.
Cole, S., Giné, X., & Vickery, J. (2017). How does risk management influence production decisions? Evidence from a field experiment. The Review of Financial Studies, 30(6), 1935–1970.
Coppock, D. L. (1994) The Borana plateau of southern Ethiopia: Ssynthesis of pastoral research, development, and change, 1980–91. Systems Study Number 5. Addis Ababa: ILCA.
Coppock, D. L., Fernandez-Gimenez, M., Hiernaux, P. et al. (2017). Rangeland Systems in Developing Nations: Conceptual Advances and Societal Implications. In Briske, D. D. (Ed.), Rangeland Systems: Processes, Management, and Challenges (pp. 569–641). Springer Series on Environmental Management. Cham: Springer Nature.
Dasgupta, P. (1997). Nutritional status, the capacity for work, and poverty traps. Journal of Econometrics, 77(1), 5–37.
de Leeuw, J., Osano, P., Said, M. et al. (2019). The pastoral farming system: Balancing between tradition and transition. In Dixon, J., Garrity, D. P., Boffa, J.-M., Williams, T. O., et al. (Eds.), Farming Systems and Food Security in Africa: Priorities for Science and Policy under Global Change (pp. 318–353). New York: Routledge
De Oto, L., Vrieling, A., Fava, F., & de Bie, K. (2019). Exploring improvements to the design of an operational seasonal forage scarcity index from NDVI time series for livestock insurance in East Africa. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 82, 101885.
Dercon, S. (Ed.). (2004). Insurance against Poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Doi, T., Behera, S. K., & Yamagata, T. (2022). On the predictability of the extreme drought in East Africa during the short rains season. Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2022GL100905, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100905
Doss, C., McPeak, J., & Barrett, C. B. (2008). Interpersonal, intertemporal and spatial variation in risk perceptions: Evidence from East Africa. World Development, 36(8), 1453–1468.
Dror, I., Maheshwari, S., & Mude, A. G. (2015). Using satellite data to insure camels, cows, sheep and goats: IBLI and the development of the world’s first insurance for African pastoralists. Nairobi: ILRI.
Dupas, P. (2014). Short‐run subsidies and long‐run adoption of new health products: Evidence from a field experiment. Econometrica, 82(1), 197–228.
Elabed, G. & Carter, M. R. (2015). Compound-risk aversion, ambiguity and the willingness to pay for microinsurance. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 118, 150–166.
Elabed, G., Bellemare, M. F., Carter, M. R., & Guirkinger, C. (2013). Managing basis risk with multiscale index insurance. Agricultural Economics, 44(4–5), 419–431.
Enenkel, M., Osgood, D., Anderson, M. et al. (2019). Exploiting the convergence of evidence in satellite data for advanced weather index insurance design. Weather, Climate, and Society, 11, 65–93
Fafchamps, M. (2003). Rural Poverty, Risk and Development. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Fava, F. & Vrieling, A. (2021). Earth observation for drought risk financing in pastoral systems of sub-Saharan Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 48, 44–52.
Fava, F., Upton, J., Banerjee, R., Taye, M., & Mude, A. (2018). Pre-feasibility Study for Index-Based Livestock Insurance in Niger. ILRI Research Report 51. Nairobi: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).
Fava, F., Banerjee, R., Kahiu, N. et al. (2020). Strengthening financial resilience to drought: A feasibility study for an index-based drought risk financing solution for pastoralists in Senegal. Under publication.
Fava, F., Jensen, N., Sina, J., Mude, A., & Maher, B. (2021). Building Financial Resilience in Pastoral Communities in Africa: Lessons Learned from Implementing the Kenya Livestock Insurance Program (KLIP). Washington, DC: World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/888931613729186587/Building-Financial-Resilience-in-Pastoral-Communities-in-Africa-Lessons-Learned-from-Implementing-the-Kenya-Livestock-Insurance-Program-KLIP
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Market, Risk & Resilience. (2021). From Climate Change to Conflict Mitigation through Insurance in East Africa. MRR Innovation Lab Project Brief. https://basis.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk466/files/2022-04/MRR%20project%20in-brief%20-%20Harrison%20Ethiopia%20and%20Kenya.pdf
Fischer, G., Karlan, D., McConnell, M., & Raffler, P. (2019). Short-term subsidies and seller type: A health products experiment in Uganda. Journal of Development Economics, 137, 110–124.
Frölich, M., Meller, M., Zoch, A., Montresor, G., & Kreutz, K. (2019). Evaluation of the Satellite Index Insurance for Pastoralists in Ethiopia (SIIPE) Programme: Impact Evaluation of the SIIPE Pilot (2017 – 2019). WFP Evaluation Report.
Funk, C., Nicholson, S. E., Landsfeld, M. et al. (2015). The centennial trends greater horn of Africa precipitation dataset. Scientific Data, 2(1), 1–17.
Galvin, K. A., Ellis, J., Boone, R. B. et al. (2002). Compatibility of pastoralism and conservation? A test case for using integrated assessment in the Ngorongoro conservation area, Tanzania. In Chatty, D. & Colester, M. (Eds.), Displacement, Forced Settlement and Conservation (pp. 36–60). Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Ghatak, M. (2015). Theories of poverty traps and anti-poverty policies. The World Bank Economic Review, 29(supplement 1), S77–S105.
Government of Kenya. (2014). Kenya: Situation Analysis for a National Agricultural Insurance Policy. Government of Kenya, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries.
Greter, H., Jean-Richard, V., Crump, L. et al. (2014). The benefits of “One Health” for pastoralists in Africa: Proceedings. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 81(2), 1–3.
Hammonds, T. & Banerjee, R. (2018). A Business Strategy for the Distribution of Index-Based Livestock Insurance to Urban Professionals – Insights from Kenya. ILRI Research Brief 88. Nairobi: ILRI.
Hazell, P. B. (1992). The appropriate role of agricultural insurance in developing countries. Journal of International Development, 4(6), 567–581.
Hermans, F., Stuiver, M., Beers, P. J., & Kok, K. (2013). The distribution of roles and functions for upscaling and outscaling innovations in agricultural innovation systems. Agricultural Systems, 115, 117–128.
Hill, R. V., Kumar, N., Magnan, N. et al. (2019). Ex ante and ex post effects of hybrid index insurance in Bangladesh. Journal of Development Economics, 136, 1–17.
Homewood, K. (2008). Ecology of African Pastoralist Societies. Oxford: James Curry.
Ikegami, M., Carter, M. R., Barrett, C. B., & Janzen, S. (2019). Poverty traps and the social protection paradox. In Barrett, C. B., Carter, M. R., Chavas, J. (Eds.), The Economics of Poverty Traps (pp. 223–256). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Iliffe, J. (1987). The African Poor: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Inoue, T., Nagai, S., Kobayashi, H., & Koizumi, H. (2015). Utilization of ground-based digital photography for the evaluation of seasonal changes in the aboveground green biomass and foliage phenology in a grassland ecosystem. Ecological Informatics, 25, 1–9.
Insurance Regulatory Authority [IRA Kenya]. (2011). Corporate Governance Guidelines for Insurance and Reinsurance Companies. www.ira.go.ke/index.php/regulatory-framework/prodential-guidelines/guidelines-to-insurers?start=20 on May 17, 2023.
Insurance Regulatory Authority [IRA Kenya]. (2015). The Kenya Index-based Insurance Policy Paper. www.ira.go.ke/images/docs/THE_DRAFT_KENYA_INDEX_BASED_INSURANCE_POLICY_PAPER_2015.pdf
Jalan, J. & Ravallion, M. (2002). Geographic poverty traps? A micro model of consumption growth in rural China. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 17(4), 329–346.
Janzen, S. A. & Carter, M. R. (2019). After the drought: The impact of microinsurance on consumption smoothing and asset protection. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 101(3), 651–671.
Janzen, S. A., Carter, M. R., & Ikegami, M. (2021). Can insurance alter poverty dynamics and reduce the cost of social protection in developing countries? Journal of Risk and Insurance, 88(2), 293–324.
Jensen, N., Stoeffler, Q., Fava, F. et al. (2019). Does the design matter? Comparing satellite-based indices for insuring pastoralists against drought. Ecological Economics, 162, 59–73.
Jensen, N. D. & Barrett, C. (2017). Agricultural index insurance for development. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 39(2), 199–219.
Jensen, N. D., Barrett, C. B., & Mude, A. G. (2015). The Favourable Impacts of Index-Based Livestock Insurance: Evaluation Results from Ethiopia and Kenya. ILRI Research Brief 52. Nairobi: ILRI.
Jensen, N. D., Barrett, C. B., & Mude, A. G. (2016). Index insurance quality and basis risk: Evidence from northern Kenya. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 98(5), 1450–1469.
Jensen, N. D., Barrett, C. B., & Mude, A. G. (2017). Cash transfers and index insurance: A comparative impact analysis from northern Kenya. Journal of Development Economics, 129, 14–28.
Jensen, N. D., Ikegami, M., & Mude, A. (2017). Integrating social protection strategies for improved impact: A comparative evaluation of cash transfers and index insurance in Kenya. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 42, 675–707.
Jensen, N. D., Mude, A. G., & Barrett, C. B. (2018). How basis risk and spatiotemporal adverse selection influence demand for index insurance: Evidence from northern Kenya. Food Policy, 74, 172–198.
Johansson, M. U., Abebe, F. B., Nemomissa, S., Bekele, T., & Hylander, K. (2021). Ecosystem restoration in fire-managed savanna woodlands: Effects on biodiversity, local livelihoods, and fire intensity. Ambio, 50, 190–202.
John, F., Toth, R., Frank, K., Groeneveld, J., & Müller, B. (2019). Ecological vulnerability through insurance? Potential unintended consequences of livestock drought insurance. Ecological Economics, 157, 357–368.
Johnson, L., Wandera, B., Jensen, N. & Banerjee, R. (2019). Competing expectations in an index-based livestock insurance project. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(6), 1221–1239.
Karlan, D., Osei, R., Osei-Akoto, I., & Udry, C. (2014). Agricultural decisions after relaxing credit and risk constraints. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(2), 597–652.
Kenduiywo, B. K., Carter, M. R., Ghosh, A., & Hijmans, R. J. (2021). Evaluating the quality of remote sensing products for agricultural index insurance. PLoS One, 16(10), e0258215.
Kraay, A. & McKenzie, D. (2014). Do poverty traps exist? Assessing the evidence. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(3), 127–148.
Krishna, A. (2010). One Illness Away: Why People Become Poor and How They Escape Poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leblois, A. & Quirion, P. (2013). Agricultural insurances based on meteorological indices: Realizations, methods and research challenges. Meteorological Applications, 20, 1–9.
Liebmann, B., Hoerling, M. P., Funk, C. et al. (2014). Understanding recent eastern Horn of Africa rainfall variability and change. Journal of Climate, 27(23), 8630–8645. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00714.1
Lind, J., Okenwa, D., & Scoones, I. (Eds.). (2020). Land, Investment & Politics: Reconfiguring Eastern Africa’s Pastoral Drylands (Vol. 40). Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer.
Lind, J., Sabates-Wheeler, R., Caravani, M., Kuol, L. B., & Nightingale, D. M. (2020). Newly evolving pastoral and post-pastoral rangelands of Eastern Africa. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-020-00179-w
Lipton, M. & Ravallion, M. (1995). Poverty and policy. In Behrman, J. & Srinivasan, T. (Eds.), Handbook of Development Economics, Volume 3, 2551–2657. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Little, P. D., Smith, K., Cellarius, B. A., Coppock, D. L., & Barrett, C. (2001). Avoiding disaster: Diversification and risk management among East African herders. Development and Change, 32(3), 401–433.
Liu, D., He, D., & Norton, T. (2020). Automatic estimation of dairy cattle body condition score from depth image using ensemble model. Biosystems Engineering, 194, 16–27.
Lung, F., Stutley, C., Kahiu, N. et al. (2021). A Regional Approach to Drought Index-Insurance in Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Countries: Volume 1 Main Report – Operational and Technical Feasibility Assessment. ILRI Research Report 75. Nairobi: ILRI. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/114255
Luseno, W. K., McPeak, J. G., Barrett, C. B., Little, P. D., & Gebru, G. (2003). Assessing the value of climate forecast information for pastoralists: Evidence from Southern Ethiopia and Northern Kenya. World Development, 31(9), 1477–1494.
Lybbert, T. J., Barrett, C. B., Desta, S., & Layne Coppock, D. (2004). Stochastic wealth dynamics and risk management among a poor population. The Economic Journal, 114(498), 750–777.
Mahul, O. & Skees, J. (2007). Managing agricultural risk at the country level: The case of index-based livestock insurance in Mongolia. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (4325).
Mahul, O. & Stutley, C. J. (2010). Government Support to Agricultural Insurance: Challenges and Options for Developing Countries. World Bank.
Marsh, T. L., Yoder, J., Deboch, T., McElwain, T. F., & Palmer, G. H. (2016). Livestock vaccinations translate into increased human capital and school attendance by girls. Science Advances, 2(12), e1601410.
Matsaert, H., Kariuki, J., & Mude, A. (2011). Index-based livestock insurance for Kenyan pastoralists: An innovation systems perspective. Development in Practice, 21(3), 343–356.
Matsuda, A., Takahashi, K., & Ikegami, M. (2019). Direct and indirect impact of index-based livestock insurance in Southern Ethiopia. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 44, 481–502.
Maundu, P., Kibet, S., Morimoto, Y., Imbumi, M., & Adeka, R. (2009). Impact of Prosopis juliflora on Kenya’s semi-arid and arid ecosystems and local livelihoods. Biodiversity, 10(2–3), 33–50.
Mburu, S., Johnson, L., & Mude, A. (2015). Integrating index-based livestock insurance with community savings and loan groups in northern Kenya. ILRI Research Brief 60. Nairobi: ILRI.
McCarthy, N., Swallow, B., Kirk, M., & Hazell, P. (2000). Property Rights, Risk, and Livestock Development in Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
McLeod, A. & Kristjanson, R. (1999). Impact of Ticks and Associated Diseases on Cattle in Asia, Australia, and Africa. ILRI and eSYS Report to ACIAR. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
McPeak, J. G. & Barrett, C. B. (2001). Differential risk exposure and stochastic poverty traps among East African pastoralists. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 83(3), 674–679.
McPeak, J. G., Chantarat, S., & Mude, A. (2010). Explaining index‐based livestock insurance to pastoralists. Agricultural Finance Review, 70(3), 333–352.
McPeak, J. G., Little, P. D., & Doss, C. R. (2011). Risk and Social Change in an African Rural Economy: Livelihoods in Pastoralist Communities. New York: Routledge.
Meroni, M., Fasbender, D., Kayitakire, F. et al. (2014). Early detection of biomass production deficit hot-spots in semi-arid environment using FAPAR time series and a probabilistic approach. Remote Sensing of Environment, 142, 57–68.
Meroni, M., Ng, W. T., Rembold, F. et al. (2017). Mapping Prosopis juliflora in west Somaliland with Landsat 8 satellite imagery and ground information. Land Degradation & Development, 28(2), 494–506.
Mills, C. J., Jensen, N. D., Barrett, C. B., & Mude, A. G. (2016). Characterization for index-based livestock insurance. ILRI Research Report 39. Nairobi: ILRI.
Mookherjee, D. & Ray, D. (2002). Contractual structure and wealth accumulation. American Economic Review, 92(4), 818–849.
Mude, A. (2017). The Role of Mobile Technologies in Promoting Sustainable Delivery of Livestock Insurance in the East African Drylands: Toward Sustainable Index-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) for Pastoralists. Presented at the Crawford Fund Annual Conference, Canberra, August 7–8, 2017. Nairobi: ILRI. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/83080
Mude, A. G., Barrett, C. B., McPeak, J. G., Kaitho, R., & Kristjanson, P. (2009). Empirical forecasting of slow-onset disasters for improved emergency response: An application to Kenya’s arid north. Food Policy, 34(4), 329–339.
Müller, B., Johnson, L., & Kreuer, D. (2017). Maladaptive outcomes of climate insurance in agriculture. Global Environmental Change, 46, 23–33.
Munyao, K. & Barrett, C. B. (2007). Decentralization of pastoral resources management and its effects on environmental degradation and poverty: Experience from northern Kenya. In Barrett, C. B., Mude, A. G., & Omiti, J. M. (Eds.), Decentralization and the Social Economics of Development: Lessons from Kenya (1st ed., pp. 97–110). Wallingford: CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845932695.0097
Mutai, C. C. & Ward, M. N. (2000). East African rainfall and the tropical circulation/convection on intraseasonal to interannual timescales. Journal of Climate, 13(22), 3915–3939.
Ngonghala, C. N., Pluciński, M. M., Murray, M. B. et al. (2014). Poverty, disease, and the ecology of complex systems. PLoS Biology, 12(4), e1001827.
Ngonghala, C. N., De Leo, G. A., Pascual, M. M. et al. (2017). General ecological models for human subsistence, health, and poverty. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1(8), 1153–1159.
Nidumolu, U., Gobbett, D., Hayman, P. et al. (2022). Climate change shifts agropastoral-pastoral margins in Africa putting food security and livelihoods at risk. Environmental Research Letters, 17(9), 095003.
Nikulkov, A., Barrett, C. B., Mude, A. G., & Wein, L. M. (2016). Assessing the impact of US food assistance delivery policies on child mortality in northern Kenya. PloS One, 11(12), e0168432.
Nobre, G. G., Davenport, F., Bischiniotis, K. et al. (2019). Financing agricultural drought risk through ex ante cash transfers. Science of the Total Environment, 653, 523–535.
Noritomo, Y. & Takahashi, K. (2020). Can insurance payouts prevent a poverty trap? Evidence from randomised experiments in Northern Kenya. The Journal of Development Studies, 56(11), 2079–2096.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2023). Enhancing the Insurance Sector’s Contribution to Climate Adaptation, OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers, No. 26, Paris: OECD, https://doi.org/10.1787/0951dfcd-en
Osgood, D. & Enenkel, M. (2020, May). The Next Generation Drought Index Project, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, May 4–8, 2020, EGU2020-12023, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12023
Osgood, D., Powell, B., Diro, R. et al. (2018). Farmer perception, recollection, and remote sensing in weather index insurance: An Ethiopia case study. Remote Sensing, 10(12), 1887.
Ouma, R., Mude, A., & van de Steeg, J. (2011). Dealing with climate-related risks: Some pioneering ideas for enhanced pastoral risk management in Africa. Experimental Agriculture, 47(2), 375–393.
Overpeck, J. T. & Udall, B. (2020). Climate change and the aridification of North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(22), 11856–11858.
Patt, A., Peterson, N., Carter, M. et al. (2009). Making index insurance attractive to farmers. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 14, 737–753.
Pinzón, J. E., & Tucker, C. J. (2014). A non-stationary 1981–2012 AVHRR NDVI3g time series. Remote Sensing, 6(8), 6929–6960.
Ravallion, M. (2016). The Economics of Poverty: History, Measurement, and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Reid, R. S., Nkedianye, D., Said, M. Y. et al. (2016). Evolution of models to support community and policy action with science: Balancing pastoral livelihoods and wildlife conservation in savannas of East Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(17), 4579–4584.
Roumiguié, A., Sigel, G., Poilvé, H. et al. (2017). Insuring forage through satellites: Testing alternative indices against grassland production estimates for France. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(7), 1912–1939.
Sakketa, T. G. & Kornher, L. (2021). Unintended Consequences or a Glimmer of Hope? Comparative Impact Analysis of Cash Transfers and Index Insurance on Pastoralists’ Labor Allocation Decisions [Conference presentation]. International Conference of Agricultural Economics, Online. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.315113
Santos, P. & Barrett, C. B. (2011). Persistent poverty and informal credit. Journal of Development Economics, 96(2), 337–347.
Santos, P. & Barrett, C. B. (2019). Heterogeneous wealth dynamics: On the roles of risk and ability. In Barrett, C. B., Carter, M. R., & Chavas, J.‐P. (Eds.), The Economics of Poverty Traps (pp. 265–290). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Scholer, M. & Schuermans, P. (2022). Climate change adaptation in insurance. In Kondrup, C., Mercogliano, P., Bosello, F. et al. (Eds.), Climate Adaptation Modelling: Springer Climate (pp. 187–194). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86211-4_22
Schut, M., Leeuwis, C., & Thiele, G. (2020). Science of scaling: Understanding and guiding the scaling of innovation for societal outcomes. Agricultural Systems, 184, 102908.
Signé, L. & Johnson, C. (2020). Africa’s insurance potential: Trends, drivers, opportunities and strategies. Research Paper, November 2020, Policy Center for the New South.
Skakun, S., Justice, C. O., Vermote, E., & Roger, J. C. (2018). Transitioning from MODIS to VIIRS: An analysis of inter-consistency of NDVI data sets for agricultural monitoring. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 39(4), 971–992.
Smith, A. (1776). The Wealth of Nations: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell.
Smith, K., Barrett, C. B., & Box, P. W. (2000). Participatory risk mapping for targeting research and assistance: With an example from East African pastoralists. World Development, 28(11), 1945–1959.
Son, H. H. (2022). The effect of microinsurance on child work and schooling. Unpublished manuscript.
St. Claire, M. & Banerjee, R. 2019. Monitoring, evaluating, and learning for education and extension–a framework for Index Based Livestock Insurance. Extension Brief. International Livestock Research Institute.
Stiglitz, J. (1974). Incentives and risk sharing in sharecropping. Review of Economic Studies, 41(2), 219–255.
Swinnen, E. & Veroustraete, F. (2008). Extending the SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI time series (1998–2006) back in time with NOAA-AVHRR data (1985–1998) for Southern Africa. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 46(2), 558–572.
Tafere, K., Barrett, C. B., & Lentz, E. (2019). Insuring well‐being? Buyer’s remorse and peace of mind effects from insurance. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 101(3), 627–650.
Takahashi, K., Ikegami, M., Sheahan, M., & Barrett, C. B. (2016). Experimental evidence on the drivers of index-based livestock insurance demand in Southern Ethiopia. World Development, 78, 324–340.
Takahashi, K., Barrett, C. B., & Ikegami, M. (2019). Does index insurance crowd in or crowd out informal risk sharing? Evidence from rural Ethiopia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 101(3), 672–691.
Takahashi, K., Noritomo, Y., Ikegami, M., & Jensen, N. D. (2020). Understanding pastoralists’ dynamic insurance uptake decisions: Evidence from four-year panel data in Ethiopia. Food Policy, 95, 101910.
Taye, M. (2022). Financialisation of Risk among the Borana Pastoralists of Ethiopia: Practices of Integrating Livestock Insurance in Responding to Risk, PhD dissertation, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton.
Taye, M. (2023). Livestock insurance in Southern Ethiopia: Calculating risks, responding to uncertainties. In Scoones, J. (Ed.), Pastoralism, Uncertainty and Development (pp. 93–106). Rugby: Practical Action.
Taye, M. & Jensen, N. (2019). Using mLearning to improve training retention: Lessons from Ethiopia. Research Brief 92. Nairobi: ILRI.
Taye, M., Alulu, V., Gobu, W., & Jensen, N. D. (2019). Livestock insurance payouts and coping strategies of pastoralists during drought. ILRI Research Brief 90. Nairobi: ILRI.
Thebaud, B. (2016). The Feasibility of Index-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) in the West African Sahel: Framing the Issue. Report by Life-Nordic Consulting Group, accessed on June 10, 2022 from www.celep.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2016-Thebaud-AFL-Feasibilty-IBLI-in-WA.pdf
Toth, R. (2015). Traps and thresholds in pastoralist mobility. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 97(1), 315–332.
Toth, R., Barrett, C. B., Bernstein, R. et al. (2017). Behavioural substitution of formal risk mitigation: Index insurance in East Africa. Unpublished manuscript.
Udelhoven, T., Stellmes, M., Del Barrio, G., & Hill, J. (2009). Assessment of rainfall and NDVI anomalies in Spain (1989–1999) using distributed lag models. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 30, 1961–1976.
Vrieling, A., Meroni, M., Shee, A. et al. (2014). Historical extension of operational NDVI products for livestock insurance in Kenya. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 28, 238–251.
Vrieling, A., Meroni, M., Mude, A. G. et al. (2016). Early assessment of seasonal forage availability for mitigating the impact of drought on East African pastoralists. Remote Sensing of Environment, 174, 44–55.
Vrieling, A., Fava, F., Leitner, S. et al. (2022). Identification of temporary livestock enclosures in Kenya from multi-temporal PlanetScope imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 279, 113110.
Vroege, W., Vrieling, A., & Finger, R. (2021). Satellite support to insure farmers against extreme droughts. Nature Food, 2(4), 215–217.
Wandera, B., Kang’ethe, E., & Davies, B. (2015). Mobile technology-driven capacity development: Lessons from the mNutrition and IBLI projects. ILRI Capacity Development Brief 3. Nairobi: ILRI.
Wang, D., Morton, D., Masek, J. et al. (2012). Impact of sensor degradation on the MODIS NDVI time series. Remote Sensing of Environment, 119, 55–61.
Watts, M. (1983). Silent Violence: Food, Famine, and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Oakland: University of California Press.
Weingärtner, L., & Wilkinson, E. (2019). Anticipatory Crisis Financing and Action: Concepts, Initiatives and Evidence. London: Centre for Disaster Protection.
West, H., Quinn, N., & Horswell, M. (2019). Remote sensing for drought monitoring & impact assessment: Progress, past challenges, and future opportunities. Remote Sensing of Environment, 232, 111291.
Western, D., Russell, S., & Cuthill, I. (2009). The status of wildlife in protected areas compared to non-protected areas of Kenya. PloS One, 4(7), e6140.
Western, D., Tyrrell, P., Brehony, P. et al. (2020). Conservation from the inside‐out: Winning space and a place for wildlife in working landscapes. People and Nature, 2(2), 279–291.
Wilcox, S., Barrett, C., Clark, P. et al. (2023). Index based livestock insurance and rangeland health: Evidence from Kenya and Ethiopia. Unpublished manuscript.
Wild, H., Glowacki, L., Maples, S. et al. (2019). Making pastoralists count: Geospatial methods for the health surveillance of nomadic populations. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101(3), 661.
Williams, A. P. & Funk, C. (2011). A westward extension of the warm pool leads to a westward extension of the Walker circulation, drying eastern Africa. Climate Dynamics, 37, 2417–2435.
World Bank Group (WBG). (2015). Kenya toward a National Crop and Livestock Insurance Program: Background Report. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24444
World Bank Group (WBG). (2022). De-risking, Inclusion and Value Enhancement of Pastoral Economies in the Horn of Africa Project. Project Appraisal Document. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/465961658500251418/pdf/Djibouti-Kenya-Ethiopia-and-Somalia-De-risking-Inclusion-and-Value-Enhancement-of-Pastoral-Economies-in-the-Horn-of-Africa-Project.pdf
World Food Programme (WFP). (2021). WFP Ethiopia Country Brief: July 2021. WFP.
World Food Programme (WFP). (2022). 2021 Climate Risk Insurance Annual Report. Rome: WFP. www.wfp.org/publications/2021-climate-risk-insurance-annual-report
Xiao, Z., Liang, S., Tian, X. et al. (2017). Reconstruction of long-term temporally continuous NDVI and surface reflectance from AVHRR data. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 10(12), 5551–5556.
Zhao, S. & Cook, K. H. (2021). Influence of Walker circulations on East African rainfall. Climate Dynamics, 56, 2127–2147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05579-7

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.