Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T14:30:47.879Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Drivers of the Exclusion–Extremism Link

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

Michaela Pfundmair
Affiliation:
Federal University of Administrative Sciences, Germany
Andrew H. Hales
Affiliation:
University of Mississippi
Kipling D. Williams
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Exclusion and Extremism
A Psychological Perspective
, pp. 121 - 236
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abdelgadir, A., & Fouka, V. (2020). Political secularism and Muslim integration in the West: Assessing the effects of the French headscarf ban. American Political Science Review, 114(3), 707723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atran, S., & Ginges, J. (2012). Religious and sacred imperatives in human conflict. Science, 336(6083), 855857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aydin, N., Fischer, P., & Frey, D. (2010). Turning to God in the face of ostracism: Effects of social exclusion on religiousness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(6), 742753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bäck, E. A., Bäck, H., Altermark, N., & Knapton, H. (2018). The quest for significance: Attitude adaption to a radical group following social exclusion. International Journal of Developmental Science, 12(1–2), 2536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumeister, R. F., Twenge, J. M., & Nuss, C. K. (2002). Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(4), 817827.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bélanger, J. J. (2013). The psychology of martyrdom [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Maryland–College Park.Google Scholar
Beller, J., & Kröger, C. (2021). Religiosity and perceived religious discrimination as predictors of support for suicide attacks among Muslim Americans. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 27(4), 554567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, M. J. (2016). Research in social psychology: Consequences of short- and long-term social exclusion. In Riva, P. & Eck, J. (Eds.), Social exclusion: Psychological approaches to understanding and reducing its impact (pp. 5172). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, M. J., Sacco, D. F., Young, S. G., Hugenberg, K., & Cook, E. (2010). Being “in” with the in-crowd: The effects of social exclusion and inclusion are enhanced by the perceived essentialism of ingroups and outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(8), 9991009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bull, M., & Rane, H. (2019). Beyond faith: social marginalisation and the prevention of radicalisation among young Muslim Australians. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 12(2), 273297. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2018.1496781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castro, C. A., & Kintzle, S. (2018). Military transition theory. Springer.Google Scholar
Chow, R. M., Tiedens, L. Z., & Govan, C. L. (2008). Excluded emotions: The role of anger in antisocial responses to ostracism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 896903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, W., Rolon, V., Thomas, A. G., & Schmitt, D. (2022). Levels of well-being among men who are incel (involuntarily celibate). Evolutionary Psychological Science, 8(4), 375390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeWall, C. N., & Richman, S. B. (2011). Social exclusion and the desire to reconnect. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(11), 919932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeWall, C. N., Twenge, J. M., Gitter, S. A., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009). It’s the thought that counts: The role of hostile cognition in shaping aggressive responses to social exclusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 4559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duclos, R., Wan, E. W., & Jiang, Y. (2013). Show me the honey! Effects of social exclusion on financial risk-taking. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(1), 12135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffy, D. (2009). Alienated radicals and detached deviants: what do the lessons of the 1970 Falls Curfew and the alienation–radicalisation hypothesis mean for current British approaches to counter-terrorism? Policy Studies, 30(2), 127142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellenberg, M., Speckhard, A., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2023). Beyond violent extremism: A 3 N perspective of inceldom. Psychology of Men & Masculinities. Advance online publication. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/men0000439CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, M., & Klor, E. F. (2023). When deterrence backfires: House demolitions, Palestinian radicalization, and Israeli fatalities. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 67(7–8), 15921617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fung, K., Xu, C., Glazier, B. L., Parsons, C. A., & Alden, L. E. (2016). Research in clinical psychology: Social exclusion and psychological disorders. In Riva, P. & Eck, J. (Eds.), Social exclusion: Psychological approaches to understanding and reducing its impact (pp. 157176). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, L., & Hogg, M. A. (2016). Going to extremes for one’s group: The role of prototypicality and group acceptance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 46(9), 544553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonsalkorale, K., & Williams, K. D. (2007). The KKK won’t let me play: Ostracism even by a despised outgroup hurts. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(6), 11761186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenaway, K. H., Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., & Jetten, J. (2016). Social identities promote well‐being because they satisfy global psychological needs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(3), 294307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1990). Anxiety concerning social exclusion: Innate response or one consequence of the need for terror management? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 202213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hafez, M., & Mullins, C. (2015). The radicalization puzzle: A theoretical synthesis of empirical approaches to homegrown extremism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(11), 958975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hales, A. H., & Williams, K. D. (2018). Marginalized individuals and extremism: The role of ostracism in openness to extreme groups. Journal of Social Issues, 74(1), 7592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hales, A. H., & Williams, K. D. (2019). Extremism leads to ostracism. Social Psychology, 51(3), 149156. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickman, M., Thomas, L., Silvestri, S., & Nickels, H. (2011). “Suspect communities?” Counter-terrorism policy, the press, and the impact on Irish and Muslim communities in Britain. London Metropolitan University.Google Scholar
Hitlan, R. T., Cliffton, R. J., & DeSoto, M. C. (2006). Perceived exclusion in the workplace: The moderating effects of gender on work-related attitudes and psychological health. North American Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 217236.Google Scholar
Hoffman, B., & Ware, J. (2020). Incels: America’s newest domestic terrorism threat. Lawfare blog. www.lawfareblog.com/incels-americas-newest-domestic-terrorism-threatGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A., Sherman, D. K., Dierselhuis, J., Maitner, A. T., & Moffitt, G. (2007). Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 135142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollinger, R. C. (1986). Acts against the workplace: Social bonding and employee deviance. Deviant Behavior, 7(1), 5375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurd, M., & Werther, S. (2016). Retelling the past, inspiring the future: Waffen-SS commemorations and the creation of a “European” far-right counter-narrative. Patterns of Prejudice, 50(45), 420444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Jensen, M., Yates, E., & Kane, S. (2022). Radicalization in the ranks: An assessment of the scope and nature of criminal extremism in the United States military. START. www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/publications/local_attachments/Radicalization%20in%20the%20Ranks_April%202022.pdfGoogle Scholar
Keeling, M. E., Ozuna, S. M., Kintzle, S., & Castro, C. A. (2019). Veterans’ civilian employment experiences: Lessons learnt from focus groups. Journal of Career Development, 46(6), 692705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapton, H., Renström, E., & Lindén, M. (2022). The abortion divide: Exploring the role of exclusion, loss of significance and identity in the radicalization process. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kouchaki, M., & Wareham, J. (2015). Excluded and behaving unethically: social exclusion, physiological responses, and unethical behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 547556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruglanski, A. W. (2022, March 1). Putin is on a quest for historical significance by invading Ukraine and gambling on his own and Russia’s glory. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/putin-is-on-a-quest-for-historical-significance-by-invading-ukraine-and-gambling-on-his-own-and-russias-glory-177887.Google Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., Gelfand, M., et al. (2013). Terrorism – A (self) love story: Redirecting the significance quest can end violence. American Psychologist, 68(7), 559575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., & Gunaratna, R. (2019). The three pillars of radicalization: Needs, narratives, and networks. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Chen, X., Dechesne, M., Fishman, S., & Orehek, E. (2009). Fully committed: Suicide bombers’ motivation and the quest for personal significance. Political Psychology, 30(3), 331357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Ellenberg, M., Szumowska, E., et al. (2023). Frustration-aggression hypothesis reconsidered: The role of significance quest. Aggressive Behavior, 49(5), 445468. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22092CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M. J., Bélanger, J. J., et al. (2014). The psychology of radicalization and deradicalization: How significance quest impacts violent extremism. Political Psychology, 35, 6993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Gunaratna, R., Ellenberg, M., & Speckhard, A. (2020). Terrorism in time of the pandemic: Exploiting mayhem. Global Security: Health, Science and Policy, 5(1), 121132.Google Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Molinario, E., Jasko, K., et al. (2022). Significance-quest theory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(4), 10501071.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruglanski, A. W., Szumowska, E., Kopetz, C. H., Vallerand, R. J., & Pierro, A. (2021). On the psychology of extremism: How motivational imbalance breeds intemperance. Psychological Review, 128(2), 264289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lankford, A. (2013). A comparative analysis of suicide terrorists and rampage, workplace, and school shooters in the United States from 1990 to 2010. Homicide Studies, 17(3), 255274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lobato, R. M., García-Coll, J., & Moyano, M. (2023). Disconnected out of passion: relationship between social alienation and obsessive passion. Journal of interpersonal violence, 38(1–2), 19501969.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons-Padilla, S., Gelfand, M. J., Mirahmadi, H., Farooq, M., & Van Egmond, M. (2015). Belonging nowhere: Marginalization & radicalization risk among Muslim immigrants. Behavioral Science & Policy, 1(2), 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005). Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 131(2), 202223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAuley, J. (2020). France mandates masks to control the coronavirus. Burqas remain banned. Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/france-face-masks-coronavirus/2020/05/09/6fbd50fc-8ae6-11ea-80df-d24b35a568ae_story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Miller-Idriss, C. (2021). From 9/11 to 1/6: The War on Terror supercharged the far right. Foreign Affairs. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2021-08-24/war-on-terror-911-jan6Google Scholar
Milton, D., & Mines, A. (2021). “This is war”: Examining military experience among the Capitol Hill siege participants. Program on Extremism. https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs5746/files/This_is_War.pdfGoogle Scholar
Mitts, T. (2019). From isolation to radicalization: Anti-Muslim hostility and support for ISIS in the West. American Political Science Review, 113(1), 173194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moskalenko, S., González, J. F. G., Kates, N., & Morton, J. (2022). Incel ideology, radicalization and mental health: A survey study. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 4(3), 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohnuki-Tierney, E. (2007). Kamikaze diaries: Reflections of Japanese student soldiers. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Oyserman, D. (2017). Culture three ways: Culture and subcultures within countries. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 435463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pastore, N. (1952). The role of arbitrariness in the frustration-aggression hypothesis. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47(3), 728731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedahzur, A. (2005). Suicide terrorism. Polity.Google Scholar
Pfundmair, M., Hales, A., & Williams, K. D. (Eds.). (2024). Exclusion and extremism: A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pfundmair, M., & Wetherell, G. (2019). Ostracism drives group moralization and extreme group behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 159(5), 518530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piazza, J. A. (2011). Poverty, minority economic discrimination, and domestic terrorism. Journal of Peace Research, 48(3), 339353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ren, D., Hales, A. H., & Williams, K. D. (2017). Ostracism: Being ignored and excluded. In Williams, K. D. & Nida, S. A. (Eds.), Ostracism, exclusion, and rejection (pp. 2038). Routledge.Google Scholar
Renström, E. A., Bäck, H., & Knapton, H. M. (2020). Exploring a pathway to radicalization: The effects of social exclusion and rejection sensitivity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(8), 12041229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Resta, E., Ellenberg, M., Kruglanski, A. W., & Pierro, A. (2022). Marie Curie vs. Serena Williams: Ambition leads to extremism through obsessive (but not harmonious) passion. Motivation and Emotion, 46(3), 382393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saiya, N., & Manchanda, S. (2020). Do burqa bans make us safer? Veil prohibitions and terrorism in Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(12), 17811800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scaptura, M. N., & Boyle, K. M. (2020). Masculinity threat, “incel” traits, and violent fantasies among heterosexual men in the United States. Feminist Criminology, 15(3), 278298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanaah, S. (2022). Alienation or cooperation? British Muslims’ Attitudes to and engagement in counter-terrorism and counter-extremism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(1), 7192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, S., Sherman, D. K., MacLean, A., & Kay, A. C. (2021). The challenges of military veterans in their transition to the workplace: A call for integrating basic and applied psychological science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(3), 590613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simi, P., Bubolz, B. F., & Hardman, A. (2013). Military experience, identity discrepancies, and far right terrorism: An exploratory analysis. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 36(8), 654671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommer, K. L., Williams, K. D., Ciarocco, N. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001). When silence speaks louder than words: Explorations into the intrapsychic and interpersonal consequences of social ostracism. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23(4), 225243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sparks, B., Zidenberg, A. M., & Olver, M. E. (2023). One is the loneliest number: Involuntary celibacy (incel), mental health, and loneliness. Current Psychology, 115.Google Scholar
Speckhard, A. (2012). Talking to terrorists: Understanding the psycho-social motivations of militant jihadi terrorists, mass hostage takers, suicide bombers & “martyrs”. Advances Press.Google Scholar
Speckhard, A., & Ellenberg, M. (2022). The effects of Assad’s atrocities and the call to foreign fighters to come to Syria on the rise and fall of the ISIS Caliphate. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 14(2), 169185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speckhard, A., & Ellenberg, M. (2023). An analysis of active-duty and veteran military members involved in white supremacist and violent anti-government militias and groups: 2017–2022. International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism.Google Scholar
Speckhard, A., Ellenberg, M., & Garret, T. M. (2022a). The challenge of extremism in the military is not going away without a new perspective. International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism.Google Scholar
Speckhard, A., Ellenberg, M., & Garret, T. M. (2022b). White supremacists speak: Recruitment, radicalization & experiences of engaging and disengaging from hate groups. International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism.Google Scholar
Speckhard, A., Ellenberg, M., Morton, J., & Ash, A. (2021). Involuntary celibates’ experiences of and grievance over sexual exclusion and the potential threat of violence among those active in an online incel forum. Journal of Strategic Security, 14(2), 89121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, J. D. (2020). “Suspect categories,” alienation and counterterrorism: Critically assessing PREVENT in the UK. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(4), 851873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thau, S., Derfler-Rozin, R., Pitesa, M., Mitchell, M. S., & Pillutla, M. M. (2015). Unethical for the sake of the group: risk of social exclusion and pro-group unethical behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(1), 98113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torchinsky, R. (2022, February 9). 1 in 5 Patriot Front applicants say they have ties to the military. NPR. www.npr.org/2022/02/09/1079700404/1-in-5-patriot-front-applicants-say-they-have-ties-to-the-militaryGoogle Scholar
Trédaniel, M., & Lee, P. K. (2018). Explaining the Chinese framing of the “terrorist” violence in Xinjiang: insights from securitization theory. Nationalities Papers, 46(1), 177195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can’t join them, beat them: effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 10581069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Twenge, J. M., Catanese, K. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Social exclusion causes self defeating behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 606615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Bergen, D. D., Feddes, A. F., Doosje, B., & Pels, T. V. (2015). Collective identity factors and the attitude toward violence in defense of ethnicity or religion among Muslim youth of Turkish and Moroccan Descent. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 89100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Victoroff, J., Adelman, J. R., & Matthews, M. (2012). Psychological factors associated with support for suicide bombing in the Muslim diaspora. Political Psychology, 33(6), 791809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism: The kiss of social death. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 236247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, K. D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need‐threat model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 275314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, K. D., & Jarvis, B. (2006). Cyberball: A program for use in research on interpersonal ostracism and acceptance. Behavior Research Methods, 38, 174180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, K. D., & Nida, S. A. (2011). Ostracism: Consequences and coping. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(2), 7175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witt, T. (2020). “If i cannot have it, i will do everything i can to destroy it”: the canonization of Elliot Rodger: “Incel” masculinities, secular sainthood, and justifications of ideological violence. Social Identities, 26(5), 675689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 317334. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180403CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrams, D., Randsley de Moura, G., & Travaglino, G. A. (2013). A double standard when group members behave badly: Transgression credit to ingroup leaders. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 799815. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033600CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abrams, D., Travaglino, G. A., Marques, J. M., Pinto, I., & Levine, J. M. (2018). Deviance credit: Tolerance of deviant ingroup leaders is mediated by their accrual of prototypicality and conferral of their right to be supported. Journal of Social Issues, 74, 3655. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12255CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adelman, J. R., Hogg, M. A., & Levin, S. (2012). Uncertainty and extremism in the Middle East: The role of Israeli and Palestinian social identity dynamics. [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Claremont Graduate University.Google Scholar
Arkin, R. M., Oleson, K. C., & Carroll, P. J. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of the uncertain self. Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Barreto, N. B., & Hogg, M. A. (2017). Evaluation of and support for group prototypical leaders: A meta-analysis of twenty years of empirical research. Social Influence, 12, 4155. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2017.1316771CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, J. C., & Tausch, N. (2015). A dynamic model of engagement in normative and non-normative collective action: Psychological antecedents, consequences, and barriers. European Review of Social Psychology, 26, 4392. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2015.1094265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belavadi, S., & Hogg, M. A. (2018). We are victims! How observers evaluate a group’s claim of collective victimhood. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48, 651660. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12555CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belavadi, S., Rinella, M. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2020). When social identity-defining groups become violent: Collective responses to identity uncertainty, status erosion, and resource threat. In C. A. Ireland, M. Lewis, A. C., Lopez, & J. L. Ireland (Eds.), The Handbook of Collective Violence (pp. 1730). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biddlestone, M., Green, R., Cichocka, A., Douglas, K., & Sutton, R. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analytic synthesis of the motives associated with conspiracy beliefs. PsyArXiv Preprint. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rxjqcCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1996). The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 151. https://doi.org/S0065-2601(08)60235-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowes, S. M., Costello, T. H., & Tasimi, A. (2023). The conspiratorial mind: A meta-analytic review of motivational and personological correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 149, 259–293. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000392CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this “we”? Levels of collective identity and self representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 8393. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J. K., Hohman, Z. P., Niedbala, E. M., & Stinnett, A. J. (2021). Sweating the big stuff: Arousal and stress as functions of self‐uncertainty and identification. Psychophysiology, 58, e13836. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13836CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioral Science, 3, 1426. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830030103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V., & Bourguignon, D. (2003). We are one and I like it: The impact of ingroup entitativity on ingroup identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 735754. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.175CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V., Bourguignon, D., & Seron, E. (2002). Who may enter? The impact of in-group identification on in-group/out-group categorization. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 315322. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2001.1512CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, E. U., & Hogg, M. A. (2020). Self-uncertainty and group identification: A meta-analysis. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23, 483501. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219846990CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, G. L., & Sherman, D. K. (2014). The psychology of change: Self-affirmation and social psychological intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 333371. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowling, M. M., Anderson, J. R., & Ferguson, R. (2019). Prejudice-relevant correlates of attitudes towards refugees: A meta-analysis. Journal of Refugee Studies, 32, 502524. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey062CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, M. T., & Salaman, L. (2012). Entitativity, identity, and the fulfilment of psychological needs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 726730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuddy, A. J., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 61149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, J. (1929/2005). The quest for certainty: A study of the relation of knowledge and action. Kessinger Publishing.Google Scholar
Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2018). Why conspiracy theories matter: A social psychological analysis. European Review of Social Psychology, 29, 256298. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2018.1537428CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., & Cichoka, A. (2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 538542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417718261CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Saguy, T. (2008). Another view of “we”: Majority and minority group perspectives on a common ingroup identity. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 296330. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280701726132CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erisen, C., Guidi, M., Martini, S., et al. (2021). Psychological correlates of populist attitudes. Political Psychology, 42, 149171. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12768CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinberg, M., Willer, R., & Kovacheff, C. (2020). The activist’s dilemma: Extreme protest actions reduce popular support for social movements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119, 10861111. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000230CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forgas, J. P., & Crano, W. D. (2021). The psychology of populism: The tribal challenge to liberal democracy. In Forgas, J. P., Crano, W. D., & Fielder, K. (Eds.), The psychology of populism (pp. 119). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frings, D., Hurst, J., Cleveland, C., Blascovich, J., & Abrams, D. (2012). Challenge, threat, and subjective group dynamics: Reactions to normative and deviant group members. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16, 105121. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027504CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Goldman, L., & Hogg, M. A. (2016). Going to extremes for one’s group: The role of prototypicality and group acceptance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 46, 544553. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12382CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gøtzsche-Astrup, O. (2019). Personality moderates the relationship between uncertainty and political violence: Evidence from two large US samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 102109. https://doi.org/j.paid.2018.11.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gøtzsche-Astrup, O. (2021a). Dark triad, partisanship and violent intentions in the United States. Personality and Individual Differences, 173, 110633. https://doi.org/j.paid.2021.110633CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gøtzsche-Astrup, O. (2021b). Pathways to violence: Do uncertainty and dark world perceptions increase intentions to engage in political violence? Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 13, 142159. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2020.1714693CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gøtzsche-Astrup, O., & Hogg, M. A. (2023). Let the people’s will prevail: Self-uncertainty and authoritarianism predict support for populism. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302231211291CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grieve, P. G., & Hogg, M. A. (1999). Subjective uncertainty and intergroup discrimination in the minimal group situation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 926940. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillén, L., Jacquart, P., & Hogg, M. A. (2023). To lead, or to follow? How self-uncertainty and the dark triad of personality influence leadership motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 49, 1043–1057. https://doi.org/01461672221086771CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, I. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2014). The uncertainty paradox: Perceived threat moderates the effect of uncertainty on political tolerance. Political Psychology, 35, 291302. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12035CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review, 103, 336355. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.336CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han, J., & Kim, Y. (2020). Defeating merchants of doubt: Subjective certainty and self-affirmation ameliorate attitude polarization via partisan motivated reasoning. Public Understanding of Science, 29, 729744. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662520939315CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassan, B., Khattak, A. Z., Qureshi, M. S., & Iqbal, N. (2021). Development and validation of extremism and violence risk identification scale. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 36, 5170. https://doi.org/10.33824/PJPR.2021.36.1.04CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A. (2001). A social identity theory of leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 184200. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0503_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A. (2007). Uncertainty-identity theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 69126. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(06)39002-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A. (2021a). Self-uncertainty and group identification: Consequences for social identity, group behavior, intergroup relations, and society. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 64, 263316. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2021.04.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A. (2021b). Uncertain self in a changing world: A foundation for radicalisation, populism, and autocratic leadership. European Review of Social Psychology, 32, 235268. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1827628CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A., & Gøtzsche-Astrup, O. (2021). Self-uncertainty and populism: Why we endorse populist ideologies, identify with populist groups, and support populist leaders. In Forgas, J. P., Crano, W. D., & Fiedler, K. (Eds.), The psychology of populism: The tribal challenge to liberal democracy (pp. 197218). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A., & Grieve, P. (1999). Social identity theory and the crisis of confidence in social psychology: A commentary, and some research on uncertainty reduction. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 7993. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A., & Mahajan, N. (2018). Domains of self‐uncertainty and their relationship to group identification. Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology, 2, 6775. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts5.20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A., Meehan, C., & Farquharson, J. (2010). The solace of radicalism: Self-uncertainty and group identification in the face of threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 10611066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A., & RastIII, D. E. (2022). Intergroup leadership: The challenge of successfully leading fractured groups and societies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 31, 564571. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214221121598CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A., Sherman, D. K., Dierselhuis, J., Maitner, A. T., & Moffitt, G. (2007). Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A., van Knippenberg, D., & Rast III, D. E. (2012). The social identity theory of leadership: Theoretical origins, research findings, and conceptual developments. European Review of Social Psychology, 23, 258304. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2012.741134CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hohman, Z. P., Gaffney, A. M., & Hogg, M. A. (2017). Who am I if I am not like my group? Self-uncertainty and feeling peripheral in a group. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 125132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp/2017.05.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornsey, M. J., Bierwiaczonek, K., Sassenberg, K., & Douglas, K. M. (2023). Individual, intergroup and nation-level influences on belief in conspiracy theories. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2, 8597. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00133-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornsey, M. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2000). Assimilation and diversity: An integrative model of subgroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 143156. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_03CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., & Spears, R. (2002). On being peripheral: Effects of identity insecurity on personal and collective self‐esteem. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 105123. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, A. L., Crawford, M. T., Sherman, S. J., et al. (2006). A functional perspective on group memberships: Differential need fulfillment in a group typology. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 707719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.08.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jung, J., Hogg, M. A., & Choi, H. S. (2016). Reaching across the DMZ: Identity uncertainty and reunification on the Korean peninsula. Political Psychology, 37, 341350. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jung, J., Hogg, M. A., & Lewis, G. J. (2018). Identity uncertainty and UK–Scottish relations: Different dynamics depending on relative identity centrality. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21, 861873. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216678329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kappes, A., Nussberger, A. M., Faber, N. S., et al. (2018). Uncertainty about the impact of social decisions increases prosocial behaviour. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 573580. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0372-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kende, A., & Krekó, P. (2020). Xenophobia, prejudice, and right-wing populism in East-Central Europe. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 2933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.11.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kershaw, C., RastIII, D. E., Hogg, M. A., & van Knippenberg, D. (2021a). Divided groups need leadership: A study of the effectiveness of collective identity, dual identity, and intergroup relational identity rhetoric. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 51, 5362. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12715CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kershaw, C., RastIII, D. E., Hogg, M. A., & van Knippenberg, D. (2021b). Battling ingroup bias with effective intergroup leadership. British Journal of Social Psychology, 60, 765785. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12445CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khumalo, N., Dumont, K. B., & Waldzus, S. (2022). Leaders’ influence on collective action: An identity leadership perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 33, 101609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2022.101609CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lickel, B., Hamilton, D. L., Wieczorkowska, G., et al. (2000). Varieties of groups and the perception of group entitativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 223246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.223CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A., Panayiotou, O., Castellanos, K., & Batayneh, J. (2018). Populism as identity politics: Perceived in-group disadvantage, collective narcissism, and support for populism. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9, 151162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617732393CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mastandrea, S., Wagoner, J. A., & Hogg, M. A. (2021). Liking for abstract and representational art: National identity as an art appreciation heuristic. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 15, 241249. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000272CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGregor, I., Prentice, M., & Nash, K. (2013). Anxious uncertainty and reactive approach motivation (RAM) for religious, idealistic, and lifestyle extremes. Journal of Social Issues, 69, 537563. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12028CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullin, B. A., & Hogg, M. A. (1998). Dimensions of subjective uncertainty in social identification and minimal intergroup discrimination. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 345365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01176.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mutallimzada, K., & Steiner, K. (2023). Fighters’ motivations for joining extremist groups: Investigating the attractiveness of the Right Sector’s Volunteer Ukrainian Corps. European Journal of International Security, 8, 4769. https://doi.org/10.1017/eis.2022.11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedbala, E. M., & Hohman, Z. P. (2019). Retaliation against the outgroup: The role of self-uncertainty. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22, 708723. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218767027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollack, H. N. (2003). Uncertain science … uncertain world. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RastIII, D. E., Gaffney, A. M., Hogg, M. A., & Crisp, R. J. (2012). Leadership under uncertainty: When leaders who are non-prototypical group members can gain support. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 646653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RastIII, D. E., Hogg, M. A., & Giessner, S. R. (2013). Self-uncertainty and support for autocratic leadership. Self and Identity, 12, 635649. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2012.718864CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RastIII, D. E., Hogg, M. A., & van Knippenberg, D. (2018). Intergroup leadership across distinct subgroups and identities. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44, 10901103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757466CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RastIII, D. E., van Knippenberg, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2020). Intergroup relational identity: Development and validation of a scale and construct. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23, 943966. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219883350CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, S. A., & Hogg, M. A. (2005). Uncertainty reduction, self-enhancement, and ingroup identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 804817. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271708CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rios, K., Sosa, N., & Osborn, H. (2018). An experimental approach to intergroup threat theory: Manipulations, moderators, and consequences of realistic vs. symbolic threat. European Review of Social Psychology, 29, 212255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2018.1537049CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggieri, S., Gagliano, M., Servidio, R., Pace, U., & Passanisi, A. (2023). The effects of leader self-sacrifice in virtual teams on prosocial behavior: The mediational role of team identification and self-efficacy. Sustainability, 15, 6098. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076098CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheepers, D. (2009). Turning social identity threat into challenge: Status stability and cardiovascular reactivity during inter-group competition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 228233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.09.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., Luke, M. A., O’Mara, E. M., & Gebauer, J. E. (2013). A three-tier hierarchy of self-potency: Individual self, relational self, collective self. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 235295. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407188-9.00005-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyranian, V. (2014). Social identity framing communication strategies for mobilizing social change. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 468486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherman, D. K., Hogg, M. A., & Maitner, A. T. (2009). Perceived polarization: Reconciling ingroup and intergroup perceptions under uncertainty. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12, 95109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430208098779CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2008). Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 248279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308319226CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steffens, N. K., Munt, K. A., van Knippenberg, D., Platow, M. J., & Haslam, S. A. (2017). Advancing the social identity theory of leadership: A meta-analytic review of leader group prototypicality. Organizational Psychology Review, 11, 3572. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386620962569CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. In Worchel, S. & Austin, W. G. (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 724). Nelson-Hall.Google Scholar
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Blackwell.Google Scholar
van der Stoep, J., Sleebos, E., van Knippenberg, D., & van de Bunt, G. (2020). The empowering potential of intergroup leadership: How intergroup leadership predicts psychological empowerment through intergroup relational identification and resources. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 50, 709719. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12707CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Prooijen, J. W. (2016). Sometimes inclusion breeds suspicion: Self‐uncertainty and belongingness predict belief in conspiracy theories. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 267279. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Prooijen, J. W., & Jostmann, N. B. (2013). Belief in conspiracy theories: The influence of uncertainty and perceived morality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 109115. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1922CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Zomeren, M., Kutlaca, M., & Turner-Zwinkels, F. (2018). Integrating who “we” are with what “we” (will not) stand for: A further extension of the social identity model of collective action. European Review of Social Psychology, 29, 122160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2018.1479347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagoner, J. A., Antonini, M., Hogg, M. A., Barbieri, B., & Talamo, A. (2018). Identity‐centrality, dimensions of uncertainty, and pursuit of subgroup autonomy: The case of Sardinia within Italy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48, 582589. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12549CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagoner, J. A., Belavadi, S., & Jung, J. (2017). Social identity uncertainty: Conceptualization, measurement, and construct validity. Self and Identity, 16, 505530. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2016.1275762CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagoner, J. A., & Chur, M. (2024). Domains of uncertainty, identification processes, and exit intentions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302231215043CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagoner, J. A., & Hogg, M. A. (2016a). Uncertainty and group identification: Moderation by warmth and competence as cues to inclusion and identity validation. Self and Identity, 15, 525535. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2016.1163284CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagoner, J. A., & Hogg, M. A. (2016b). Normative dissensus, identity-uncertainty, and subgroup autonomy. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 20, 310322. https://doi.org/10.1037/gdn0000057CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagoner, J. A., Rinella, M. J., & Barreto, N. B. (2021). “It was rigged”: Different types of identification predict activism and radicalism in the US 2020 election. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 21, 189209. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12270CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenzel, M., Waldzus, S., & Steffens, M. C. (2016). Ingroup projection as a challenge of diversity: Consensus about and complexity of superordinate categories. In Sibley, C. G. & Barlow, F. K. (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice (pp. 6589). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316161579.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wichman, A. L. (2010). Uncertainty and religious reactivity: Uncertainty compensation, repair, and inoculation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 3542. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.712CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, T. D., Centerbar, D. B., Kermer, D. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2005). The pleasures of uncertainty: Prolonging positive moods in ways people do not anticipate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 521. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, R., Long, L., & Hao, P. (2016). Positive affect, environmental uncertainty, and self-sacrificial leadership influence followers’ self-sacrificial behavior. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 44, 15151524. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.9.1515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596612. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (2016). Moral disengagement: How people do harm and live with themselves. Worth.Google Scholar
Betus, A., Kearns, E. M., & Lemieux, A. (2019). Who’s a terrorist and who’s mentally ill? We looked at 10 years of news coverage to find out. Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/08/08/whos-terrorist-whos-mentally-ill-we-looked-years-news-coverage-find-out/Google Scholar
Caniglia, M., Winkler, L., & Métais, S. (2020). The rise of the right-wing violent extremism threat in Germany and its transnational character. European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center. www.esisc.org/publications/analyses/the-rise-of-the-right-wing-violent-extremism-threat-in-germany-and-its-transnational-characterGoogle Scholar
Cooper, H. H. A. (1978). Psychopath as terrorist: A psychological perspective. Legal Medical Quarterly, 2, 253262. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/medquar2&i=253Google Scholar
Corner, E., Gill, P., & Mason, O. J. (2016). Mental health disorders and the terrorist: A research note probing selection effects and disorder prevalence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 39, 560568. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1120099CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, M. (1981). The causes of terrorism. Comparative Politics, 13(4), 379399. https://doi.org/10.2307/421717CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Graaf, B., & Van den Bos, K. (2021). Religious radicalization: Social appraisals and finding redemption in extreme beliefs. Current Opinions in Psychology, 40, 5660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doosje, B., Loseman, A., & Bos, K. (2013). Determinants of radicalization of Islamic youth in the Netherlands: Personal uncertainty, perceived injustice, and perceived group threat. Journal of Social Issues, 69, 586604. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F. M., Kruglanski, A. W., et al. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 7984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doosje, B., Van Der Veen, J., & Klaver, L. (2018). Can societies experience post-traumatic growth after a terror attack? The influence of terror attacks on political, institutional, and social trust in European countries. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 12, 119. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.645Google Scholar
Doosje, B., Zebel, S., Scheermeier, M., & Mathyi, P. (2007). Attributions of responsibility for terrorist attacks: The role of group membership and identification. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 1, 127141. https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-2749Google Scholar
Fadhlia, T. N., Sauter, D. A., & Doosje, B. (under review). A systematic review of the socio-ecological factors affecting resilience in refugees. University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Feddes, A. R., Nickolson, L., Mann, L., & Doosje, B. (2020). Psychological perspectives on radicalization. Routledge.Google Scholar
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, P., Clemmow, C., Hetzel, F., et al. (2021). Systematic review of mental health problems and violent extremism. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 32(1), 5178. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2020.1820067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Global Terrorism Database (n.d.). University of Maryland. www.start.umd.edu/gtd/Google Scholar
Hardy, K. (2019). Countering right-wing extremism: Lessons from Germany and Norway. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 14(3), 262279. https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2019.1662076CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haslam, N., & Loughnan, S. (2014). Dehumanization and infrahumanization. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 399423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogg, M. A. (2021). Uncertain self in a changing world: A foundation for radicalisation, populism, and autocratic leadership. European Review of Social Psychology, 32(2), 235268. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1827628CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A., & Mullin, B. A. (1999). Joining groups to reduce uncertainty: Subjective uncertainty reduction and group identification. In Abrams, D. & Hogg, M. A. (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 249279). Blackwell.Google Scholar
Holt, L. (2019). Radicalisation in the laboratory: The role of injustice, need for justice and contempt. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Haslam, S. A., et al. (2015). Having a lot of a good thing: Multiple important group memberships as a source of self-esteem. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0124609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruglanski, A. W., Molinario, E., Jasko, K., et al. (2022). Significance-quest theory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(4), 10501071. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211034825CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 202214. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.10061CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415433. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550802073367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mogan, R., Fischer, R., & Bulbulia, J. A. (2017). To be in synchrony or not? A meta-analysis of synchrony’s effects on behavior, perception, cognition and affect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.03.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moghaddam, F. M. (2018). Mutual radicalization: How groups and nations drive each other to extremes. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000089-000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obaidi, M., Bergh, R., Akrami, N., & Anjum, G. (2019). Group-based relative deprivation explains endorsement of extremism among Western-born Muslims. Psychological Science, 30(4), 596-605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619834879CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quarmley, M., Feldman, J., Grossman, H., et al. (2022). Testing effects of social rejection on aggressive and prosocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 48, 529545. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22026CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schubert, T. W., & Otten, S. (2002). Overlap of self, ingroup, and outgroup: Pictorial measures of self-categorization. Self and Identity, 1(4), 353376. https://doi.org/1529-8868/2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shukla, N. (2019). Escalation to joining a radical group: The role of social exclusion. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Worchel, S. & Austin, W. G. (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 724). Nelson-Hall.Google Scholar
Tausch, N., Becker, J. C., Spears, R., et al. (2011). Explaining radical group behavior: Developing emotion and efficacy routes to normative and nonnormative collective action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 129148. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022728CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, D. M., Wright, S. C., Moghaddam, F. M., & Lalonde, R. N. (1990). The personal/group discrimination discrepancy: Perceiving my group, but not myself, to be a target for discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(2), 254262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167290162006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UN (2015). Analysis and recommendations with regard to the global threat from foreign terrorist fighters. www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2015_358.pdfGoogle Scholar
Van Bergen, D. D., Feddes, A. F., Doosje, B., & Pels, T. V. M. (2015). Collective identity factors and the attitude toward violence in defense of ethnicity or religion among Muslim youth of Turkish and Moroccan descent. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 89100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, S. C., Taylor, D. M., & Moghaddam, F. M. (1990). Responding to membership in a disadvantaged group: From acceptance to collective protest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 9941003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.994CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

ACLU (2023, July 21). Mapping attacks on LGBTQ rights in U.S. state legislatures. American Civil Liberties Union. www.aclu.org/legislative-attacks-on-lgbtq-rightsGoogle Scholar
Aichholzer, J., & Zandonella, M. (2016). Psychological bases of support for radical right parties. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 185190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.072CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alcantara, R., Shortway, K. M., & Prempeh, B. A. (2019). The relationship between social dominance orientation and child sexual abuse credibility assessment. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 28(4), 400416. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2019.1592271CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism. Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Amnesty International (2022, July 22). Poland: Authorities must stop hateful rhetoric against LGBTI people and act to protect them from violence and discrimination. www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/07/poland-authorities-must-stop-hateful-rhetoric-against-lgbti-people-and-act-to-protect-them-from-violence-and-discrimination/Google Scholar
Aptheker, H. (1943). American Negro slave revolts. Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Assche, van, J., Dhont, K., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2019). The social-psychological bases of far-right support in Europe and the United States. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 29, 385401. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2407Google Scholar
Bartusevičius, H., van Leeuwen, F., & Petersen, M. B. (2020). Dominance-driven autocratic political orientations predict political violence in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) and non-WEIRD samples. Psychological Science, 31(12), 15111530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620922476CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bélanger, J. J., Moyano, M., Muhammad, H., et al. (2019). Radicalization leading to violence: A test of the 3 N model. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00042CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, S. (2021). The causes of populism in the West. Annual Review of Political Science, 24(1), 7188. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berntzen, L. E., & Sandberg, S. (2014). The collective nature of lone wolf terrorism: Anders Behring Breivik and the anti-Islamic social movement. Terrorism and Political Violence, 26(5), 759779. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2013.767245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besta, T., Szulc, M., & Jaśkiewicz, M. (2015). Political extremism, group membership and personality traits: Who accepts violence? / Extremismo político, pertenencia al grupo y rasgos de personalidad: ¿Quién acepta la violencia? Revista de Psicologia Social, 30(3), 563585. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2015.1065085CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumer, H. (1958). Race prejudice as a sense of group position. The Pacific Sociological Review, 1(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388607CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bondü, R., Schwemmer, F., & Pfetsch, J. (2021). Justice sensitivity is positively and negatively related to prejudice and discrimination. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 15. https://doi.org/10.11576/IJCV-4463Google Scholar
Braithwaite, J. (2014). Limits on violence; limits on responsive regulatory theory. Law & Policy, 36(4), 432456. https://doi.org/10.1111/lapo.12026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. (2023). Verfassungsschutzbericht 2022. Bundesministerium des Inneren und für Heimat.Google Scholar
Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung. (2017). Verbreitung demokratischer Staaten. www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/zahlen-und-fakten/globalisierung/52838/verbreitung-demokratischer-staaten/Google Scholar
Byman, D. L. (2023, May 16). Countering organized violence in the United States. Testimony provided to the US House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security’s Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations, and Accountability. www.brookings.edu/articles/countering-organized-violence-in-the-united-states/Google Scholar
Campbell, B. B. (2000). Death squads: Definition, problems, and historical context. In Campbell, B. B., & Brenner, A. D. (Eds.), Death squads in global perspective: Murder with deniability (pp. 126). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230108141_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Z., Poon, K.-T., DeWall, C. N., & Jiang, T. (2020). Life lacks meaning without acceptance: Ostracism triggers suicidal thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(6), 14231443. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000238CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chirumbolo, A., Leone, L., & Desimoni, M. (2016). The interpersonal roots of politics: Social value orientation, socio-political attitudes and prejudice. Personality and Individual Differences, 91, 144153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choma, B. L., & Hanoch, Y. (2017). Cognitive ability and authoritarianism: Understanding support for Trump and Clinton. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 287291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.054CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, T. H., Bowes, S. M., Stevens, S. T., et al. (2022). Clarifying the structure and nature of left-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 122(1), 135170. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000341CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2014). On the precipice of a “majority-minority” America. Psychological Science, 25(6), 11891197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614527113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R., & Jayawickreme, N. (2009). Collective narcissism and its social consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 10741096. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016904CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deiwiks, C. (2009). Populism. Living Reviews in Democracy, 1, 19.Google Scholar
Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F. M., Kruglanski, A. W., et al. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 7984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DPIC. (2023, June 1). Uganda’s controversial “anti-homosexuality act” includes possibility of death sentence. Death Penalty Information Center. https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/ugandas-controversial-anti-homosexuality-act-includes-possibility-of-death-sentenceGoogle Scholar
Duckitt, J., Wagner, C., du Plessis, I., & Birum, I. (2002). The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice: Testing a dual process model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 7593. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.75CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2014). An Indigenous peoples’ history of the United States. Beacon Press. https://books.google.de/books?id=btpmDwAAQBAJGoogle Scholar
Dunwoody, P. T., & Funke, F. (2016). The aggression-submission-conventionalism scale: Testing a new three factor measure of authoritarianism. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 4(2), 571600. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v4i2.168CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckhardt, W. (1991). Authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 12, 97124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089134CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelhardt, A. M., Feldman, S., & Hetherington, M. J. (2021). Advancing the measurement of authoritarianism. Political Behavior, 45, 537560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-021-09718-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faludi, S. (1991). Backlash: The undeclared war against women. Chatto & Windus.Google Scholar
Feagin, J. R. (2013). The white racial frame: Centuries of racial framing and counter-framing (2nd ed.). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feather, N. T. (2015). Analyzing relative deprivation in relation to deservingness, entitlement and resentment. Social Justice Research, 28(1), 726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-015-0235-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Federico, C. M., & de Zavala, A. G. (2018). Collective narcissism and the 2016 US presidential vote. Public Opinion Quarterly, 82(1), 110121. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx048CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Florida Senate. (2022). Parental rights in education. CS/ CS/ HB 1557 Florida Statute § 1001.42,8 c. www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2022/1557/BillText/er/PDFGoogle Scholar
Foner, P. S. (Ed.). (1999). The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro: A speech given at Rochester, New York, July 5, 1852. In Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings (pp. 188205). Lawrence Hill Books.Google Scholar
Franco, A. B., & Pound, N. (2022). The foundations of Bonsonaro’s support: Exploring the psychological underpinnings of political polarization in Brazil. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 32, 846859. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2599CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grünhage, T., & Reuter, M. (2020). Personality’s influence on political orientation extends to concrete stances of political controversy in Germany – Cross-Nationally and Consistently. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 8, 686707. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v8i2.1133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harnish, R. J., Bridges, K. R., & Gump, J. T. (2018). Predicting economic, social, and foreign policy conservatism: The role of right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, moral foundations orientation, and religious fundamentalism. Current Psychology, 37(3), 668679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9552-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, P. J., Sidanius, J., Levin, S., & Pratto, F. (2005). Social dominance orientation, authoritarianism, and support for intergroup violence between the Middle East and America. Political Psychology, 26, 569584. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00432.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernandez, M. (2020). Impact of unemployment and lack of education in Kenya on Al- Shabab recruitment. Walden University.Google Scholar
Hess, C. A., Gray, J. M., & Nunez, N. L. (2012). The effect of social dominance orientation on perceptions of corporal punishment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(13), 27282739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512436392CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, A. K., Kteily, N. S., & Chen, J. M. (2017). “You’re one of us”: Black Americans’ use of hypodescent and its association with egalitarianism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(5), 753768. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000107CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isemann, S. D., & Walther, E. (2019, June). Die AfD – psychologisch betrachtet. In Walther, E., & Isemann, S. D. (Eds.), Die AfD – psychologisch betrachtet. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25579-4Google Scholar
Jasko, K., LaFree, G., & Kruglanski, A. (2016). Quest for significance and violent extremism: The case of domestic radicalization. Political Psychology, 38, 815831. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12376CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jasko, K., LaFree, G., Piazza, J., & Becker, M. H. (2022). A comparison of political violence by left-wing, right-wing, and Islamist extremists in the United States and the world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119, 19. www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2122593119CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, E. J. (2019, August 26). A hero has fallen. World Without Genocide. http://worldwithoutgenocide.org/a-hero-has-fallenGoogle Scholar
Knetsch, J. L. (1989). The endowment effect and evidence of nonreversible indifference curves. The American Economic Review, 79, 12771284.Google Scholar
Kteily, N. S., & Bruneau, E. (2017). Darker demons of our nature: The need to (re)focus attention on blatant forms of dehumanization. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(6), 487494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417708230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landau, P. S. (2012). The ANC, MK, and “the turn to violence” (1960–1962). South African History Journal, 3, 538563. https://doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2012.660785CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lantos, D., & Forgas, J. P. (2021). The role of collective narcissism in populist attitudes and the collapse of democracy in Hungary. Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology, 5(2), 6578. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts5.80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leary, M. R. (2005). Sociometer theory and the pursuit of relational value: Getting to the root of self-esteem. European Review of Social Psychology, 16(1), 75111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280540000007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, I.-C., Pratto, F., & Johnson, B. T. (2011). Intergroup consensus/disagreement in support of group-based hierarchy: An examination of socio-structural and psycho-cultural factors. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 10291064. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025410CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levin, S., Roccas, S., Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (2015). Personal values and intergroup outcomes of concern for group honor. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 374384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.047CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lobato, R. M., Moya, M., & Trujillo, H. M. (2020). Minority- versus majority-status group intentions to transgress the law when oppression is perceived. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 20(1), 397416. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Major, B. (1994). From social inequality to personal entitlement: The role of social comparisons, legitimacy appraisals, and group membership. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 293355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60156-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makwana, A. P., Dhont, K., De keersmaecker, J., et al. (2018). The motivated cognitive basis of transphobia: The roles of right-wing ideologies and gender role beliefs. Sex Roles, 79(3–4), 206217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0860-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masci, D. (2008, April 24). An argument against same-sex marriage: An interview with Rick Santorum. Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/04/24/an-argument-against-same-sex-marriage-an-interview-with-rick-santorum/Google Scholar
McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model. American Psychologist, 72(3), 205216. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000062CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, G., & Campbell, L. (2011). The social economy of excluded families. Child & Family Social Work, 16(4), 422433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2011.00757.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moghaddam, F. M. (2005). The staircase to terrorism: A psychological exploration. American Psychologist, 60(2), 161169. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.161CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monkman, L. (2020, December 15). 5 years after report, Truth and Reconciliation commissioners say progress is “moving too slow.” CBC. www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/trc-5-years-final-report-1.5841428Google Scholar
Moskalenko, S. (2021). Zip-tie guys: Military-grade radicalization among Capitol Hill insurrectionists. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide, 14(2), 179191. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2021.1912374CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naik, D. B. A., & Kamble, D. V. S. (2015). Social dominance orientation among different social groups leads to caste discrimination attitude and communal violence in India. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research, 4, 7780.Google Scholar
Noor, M., Shnabel, N., Halabi, S., & Nadler, A. (2012). When suffering begets suffering: The psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(4), 351374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oosterhoff, B., Poppler, A., & Palmer, C. A. (2022). Early adolescents demonstrate peer-network homophily in political attitudes and values. Psychological Science, 33(6), 874888. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976211063912CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, R. D. (2011). Western intervention in the Balkans. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511862564CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peto, A., & Grzebalska, W. (2016). How Hungary and Poland have silenced women and stifled human rights. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/how-hungary-and-poland-have-silenced-women-and-stifled-human-rights–66743Google Scholar
Pettigrew, T. F. (2015). Samuel Stouffer and relative deprivation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 78(1), 724. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272514566793CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfeifer, M. J. (2004). Rough justice: Lynching and American society, 1874–1947. University of Illinois Press. https://books.google.de/books?id=zAGwb3G6soMCGoogle Scholar
Pfundmair, M., Wood, N. R., Hales, A., & Wesselmann, E. D. (2022, June). How social exclusion makes radicalism flourish: A review of empirical evidence. Journal of Social Issues. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12520CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratto, F., Çidam, A., Stewart, A. L., et al. (2013). Social dominance in context and in individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(5), 587599. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612473663CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratto, F., Glasford, D. E., & Hegarty, P. J. (2006). Weighing the prospects of war. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 9, 219233. http://doi.org/10.1177/1368430206062078CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratto, F., Lee, I., Tan, J., & Pitpitan, E. (2011). Power basis theory: A psycho-ecological approach to power. In Dunning, D. (Ed.), Social motivation (pp. 191222). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Pratto, F., Lemieux, A. F., Glasford, D. E., & Henry, P. J. (2003). American and Lebanese college students’ responses to the events of September 11, 2001: The relation of hopes and fears to the psychology of group positions. Psicología Política, 27, 1335.Google Scholar
Pratto, F., Levin, S., & Ruscowicz, A. (2023). When empathy predicts greater support for intergroup violence counter-dominance against the U.S. in Syria and Lebanon [Unpublished manuscript]. University of Connecticut.Google Scholar
Pratto, F., Liu, J. H., Levin, S., et al. (2000). Social dominance orientation and the legitimization of inequality across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(3), 369409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022100031003005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Bou Zeineddine, F., Kteily, N., & Levin, S. (2014). When domestic politics and international relations intermesh: Subordinated publics’ factional support within layered power structures. Foreign Policy Analysis, 10(2), 127148. https://doi.org/10.1111/fpa.12023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratto, F., Stallworth, L. M., & Conway-Lanz, S. (1998). Social dominance orientation and the ideological legitimization of social policy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(20), 18531875. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01349.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiter, J., Doosje, B., & Feddes, A. R. (2021). Radicalization and deradicalization: A qualitative analysis of parallels in relevant risk factors and trigger factors. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 27(2), 268283. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000493CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Repucci, S., & Slipowitz, A. (2022). The global expansion of authoritarian rule. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/FITW_World_2022_digital_abridged_FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
Rudert, S. C., Möring, J. N. R., Kenntemich, C., & Büttner, C. M. (2023). When and why we ostracize others: Motivated social exclusion in group contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 125(4), 803826. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000423CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruisch, B. C., & Ferguson, M. J. (2023). Did Donald Trump’s presidency reshape Americans’ prejudices? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 27(3), 207209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.12.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schnepf, J. (2020). “Heimatliebe statt Marokkaner-Diebe!”: Rechtspopulistische Rhetorik und ihre Effekte auf In- und Out-Group-Ebene. Conflict & Communication Online, 19(1), 19.Google Scholar
Schuurman, B., Lindekilde, L., Malthaner, S., et al. (2019). End of the lone wolf: The typology that should not have been. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 42(8), 771778. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1419554CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidanius, J., Liu, J., Pratto, F., & Shaw, J. (1994). Social dominance orientation, hierarchy-attenuators and hierarchy-enhancers: Social dominance theory and the criminal justice system. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 338366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, E. R., Seger, C. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2007). Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(3), 431446. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.431CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, A. L., Pratto, F., Bou Zeineddine, F., et al. (2016). International support for the Arab uprisings: Understanding sympathetic collective action using theories of social dominance and social identity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(1), 626. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430214558310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, W. F. (1980). The myth of left-wing authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 2, 319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information, 13(2), 6593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 3347). Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Taspinar, Ö. (2009). Fighting radicalism, not “terrorism”: Root causes of an international actor redefined. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 29, 7586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timberman, D. G. (2019). Philippine politics under Duterte: A midterm assessment. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/01/10/philippine-politics-under-duterte-midterm-assessment-pub-78091Google Scholar
Track Trans Legislation. (2023). 2023 anti-trans bills. www.tracktranslegislation.com/Google Scholar
Trotta, D. (2022, March 15). U.S. report identifies misogynist “incels” as violence threat. Reuters. www.reuters.com/world/us/us-report-identifies-misogynist-incels-violence-threat-2022-03-15/Google Scholar
Türk, V. (2023, April 5). Comment by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk on Afghanistan. OHCHR. www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2023/04/comment-un-high-commissioner-human-rights-volker-turk-afghanistanGoogle Scholar
Turner, J. C., Brown, R. J., & Tajfel, H. (1979). Social comparison and group interest in ingroup favouritism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 9(2), 187204. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420090207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, J. H., Singleton, R., & Musick, D. (1984). Oppression: A socio-history of Black–white relations in America. Wadsworth Publishing Company.Google Scholar
UNESCO (2017). Literacy rates continue to rise from one generation to the next. UNESDOC (FS/2017/LIT/45). https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000258942Google Scholar
United Nations (n.d.). The 17 goals. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/goalsGoogle Scholar
van Zomeren, M., Kutlaca, M., & Turner-Zwinkels, F. (2018). Integrating who “we” are with what “we” (will not) stand for: A further extension of the social identity model of collective action. European Review of Social Psychology, 29(1), 122160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2018.1479347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincheckar, M. (2019). Social dominance orientation and sexual violence against Dalit women in India. Think India, 22, 512.Google Scholar
Vorsina, M., Manning, M., Sheppard, J., & Fleming, C. M. (2019). Social dominance orientation, fear of terrorism and support for counter-terrorism policies. Australian Journal of Political Science, 54(1), 99113. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2018.1552920CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vukčević Marković, M., Nicović, A., & Živanović, M. (2021). Contextual and psychological predictors of militant extremist mindset in youth. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.622571CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wahl, S., Trauntschnig, M., Hoffmann, L., & Schwab, S. (2022). Peer acceptance and peer status in relation to students’ special educational needs, migration biography, gender and socio-economic status. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 22(3), 243253. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12562CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, L. E. (1996). Iran-Contra: The final report. Random House.Google Scholar
Williams, K. D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need-threat model. In Zanner, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 41, pp. 275314). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00406-1Google Scholar
World Population Review. (2023). Countries where women cannot vote 2023. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-where-women-cant-voteGoogle Scholar
Young, J. R. (1879). Around the world with General Grant: A narrative of the visit of General US Grant, ex-president of the United States, to various countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa, in 1877, 1878, 1879: To which are added certain conversations with General Grant on questions connected with American politics and history (Vol. 2). American News Company.Google Scholar
Zhirkov, K., Ponarin, E., & Rivera, S. W. (2023). The child-rearing scale as a measure of authoritarianism in a non-Western context: Evidence from mass and elite surveys in Russia, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 35, 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Algan, Y., & Cahuc, P. (2013). Trust and growth. Annual Review of Economics, 5(1), 521549. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081412-102108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atran, S., Axelrod, R., & Davis, R. (2007). Sacred barriers to conflict resolution. Science, 317(5841), 10391040. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1144241CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atran, S., & Medin., D. L. (2008). The native mind and the cultural construction of nature. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlow, F. K., Paolini, S., Pedersen, A., et al. (2012). The contact caveat: Negative contact predicts increased prejudice more than positive contact predicts reduced prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(12), 16291643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212457953CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrele, K. (2015). Pro-integration: Disengagement from and life after extremism. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 7(2), 129142. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2014.988165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bélanger, J. J. (2017). The rise and fall of violent extremism. In Kopetz, C. E., & Fishbach, A. (Eds.), The motivation–cognition interface (pp. 152177). RoutledgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, J. J., Murphy-Berman, V., & Singh, P. (1985). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in perceptions of fairness. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 16, 5567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002185016001005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, L. M., Fryberg, S. A., & Shoda, Y. (2018). Expanding the interpretive power of psychological science by attending to culture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45), 1140611413. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803526115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 135149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chinchilla, J., Vázquez, A., & Gómez, Á. (2022). Strongly fused individuals feel viscerally responsible to self-sacrifice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(4), 10671085. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12526CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clegg, J. M., Wen, N. J., & Legare, C. H. (2017). Is non-conformity WEIRD? Cultural variation in adults’ beliefs about children competency and conformity. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 146, 428441. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000275CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, D., & Gunz, A. (2002). As seen by the other … : Perspectives on the self in the memories and emotional perceptions of Easterners and Westerners. Psychological Science, 13, 5559. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00409CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CREST (2017). Introductory Guide: Countering Violent Extremism. Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats. https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/88097/1/17_008_01.pdfGoogle Scholar
Crisp, R. J., & Abrams, D. (2008). Improving intergroup attitudes and reducing stereotype threat: An integrated contact model. European Review of Social Psychology, 19(1), 242284. https://doi.org/10.1080/14463280802547171CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doosje, B., Loseman, A., & van den Bos, K. (2013). Determinants of radicalization of Islamic youth in the Netherlands: Personal uncertainty, perceived injustice, and perceived group threat. Journal of Social Issues, 69(3), 586604. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebner, J., Kavanagh, C., & Whitehouse, H. (2022). Is there a language of terrorists? A comparative manifesto analysis. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2109244CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Efron, D., Markus, H. R., Jackman, L. M., Muramoto, Y., & Muluk, H. (2018). Hypocrisy and culture: Failing to practice what you preach receives harsher interpersonal reactions in independent (vs. interdependent) cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 76(5), 371384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.12.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
English, T., & Chen, S. (2011). Self-concept consistency and culture: The differential impact of two forms of consistency. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(6), 838849. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211400621CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Commission (2016). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic Committee and the Committee of the Regions supporting the prevention of radicalisation leading to violent extremism. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0379&from=ETGoogle Scholar
Feddes, A. R., Nickolson, L., Mann, L., & Doosje, B. (2020). Psychological perspectives on radicalization. Routledge.Google Scholar
Fehr, E., Fischbacher, U., von Rosenbladt, B., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2002). A nation-wide laboratory: Examining trust and trustworthiness by integrating behavioral experiments into representative surveys. Journal of Contextual Economics-Schmollers Jahrbuch (4), 529542. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.385120Google Scholar
Fiske, A. P. (1992). The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review, 99(4), 689723. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.99.4.689CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiske, A. P., & Rai, T. S. (2015). Virtuous violence. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gerber, J., & Wheeler, L. (2009). On being rejected: A meta-analysis of experimental research on rejection. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(5), 468488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01158.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerstein, I. H., Blom, L. C., Banerjee, A., Farello, A., & Crabb, L. (2021). Sport for social change: An action-oriented peace education curriculum. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 27(2), 160169. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000518CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginges, J., & Atran, S. (2008). Humiliation and the inertia effect: Implications for understanding violence and compromise in intractable intergroup conflicts. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 8(3–4), 281294. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853708X358182CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginges, J., & Atran, S. (2013). Sacred values and cultural conflict. Advances in Culture and Psychology, 4, 273301. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199336715.003.0006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginges, J., Atran, S., Medin, D., & Shikaki, K. (2007). Sacred bound on rational resolution of violent political conflict. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(18), 73577360. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701768104CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez, A. (2002). If my group stereotypes others, others stereotype my group … and we know. Concept, research lines and future perspectives of meta-stereotypes. International Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 253282. https://doi.org/10.1174/02134740260372982Google Scholar
Gómez, A., Atran, S., Chinchilla, J., et al. (2022). Willingness to sacrifice among convicted Islamist terrorists versus violent gang members and other criminals. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06590-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez, Á., Bélanger, J. J., Chinchilla, J., et al. (2021). Admiration for Islamist groups encourages self-sacrifice through identity fusion. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, 8, 54. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00734-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, Á., Brooks, M. L., Buhrmester, M. D., et al. (2011). On the nature of identity fusion: Insights into the construct and a new measure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 918933. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022642CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, A., Chiclana, S., Chinchilla, J., et al. (2022). The mirage of the jihad: Disenchantment as the pathway to disengagement of female jihadists: A case study about radicalization in Spanish prisons. International Journal of Social Psychology, 37(3), 586617. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2022.2096254Google Scholar
Gómez, A., Chinchilla, J., Vázquez, A., et al. (2020). Recent advances, misconceptions, untested assumptions and future research agenda for identity fusion theory. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 14(6), e12531. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12531CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, A., López-Rodríguez, L., Sheikh, H., et al. (2017). The devoted actor’s will to fight and the spiritual dimension of human conflict. Nature Human Behavior, 1(9), 673679. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0193-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, Á., Martínez, M., Martel, F. A., et al. (2021). Why people enter and embrace violent groups. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 614657. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.614657CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez, Á., Morales, J. F., Hart, S, Vázquez, A., & Swann, W. B. Jr. (2011). Rejected and excluded forevermore, but even more devoted: Irrevocable ostracism intensifies loyalty to the group among identity fused persons. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 15741586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211424580CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, Á, Vázquez, A., & Atran, S. (2023). Transcultural pathways to the will to fight. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 120(24), e2303614120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2303614120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, Á., Vázquez, A., Chinchilla, J., et al. (2023). Why is it so difficult to investigate violent radicalization? Spanish Journal of Psychology, 26, e7. https://doi.org/10.1017/SJP.2023.2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, L., Tamborini, R., Novotni, E., Grall, C., & Klebig, B. (2019). Applying moral foundations theory to identify terrorist group motivations. Political Psychology, 40(3), 507522. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12525CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: How good people are divided by politics and religion. Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Hales, A. H., & Williams, K. D. (2018). Marginalized individuals and extremism: The role of ostracism in openness to extreme groups. Journal of Social Issues, 74(1), 7592. https:///doi.org/10.1111/josi.12257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252264. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heejung, K., & Markus, H. R. (1999). Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(4), 785800. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.785Google Scholar
Heine, S. J. (2010). Cultural psychology. In Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., & Lindzey, G. (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 14231464). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Heine, S. J., & Hamamura, T. (2007). In search of East Asian self-enhancement. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(1), 427. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868306294587CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heine, S. J., Kitayama, S., Lehman, D. R., et al. (2001). Divergent consequences of success and failure in Japan and North America: An investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 599615. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.599CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henrich, J. (2021). The weirdest people in the world. How the West became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous. Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 6183. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0999152xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogg, M. A. (2021). Uncertain self in a changing world: A foundation for radicalization, populism, and autocratic leadership. European Review of Social Psychology, 32(2), 235268. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1827628CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A., Meehan, C., & Farquharson, J. (2010). The solace of radicalism: Self-uncertainty and group identification in the face of threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 10611066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M., & Wagoner, J. A. (2016). Normative exclusion and attraction to extreme groups: Resolving identity-uncertainty. In Williams, K. D., & Nida, S. A. (Eds.), Ostracism, exclusion, and rejection (pp. 1831). Routledge.Google Scholar
Horgan, J. (2008). From profiles to pathways and roots to routes: Perspectives from psychology on radicalization into terrorism. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 618, 8094. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716208317539CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horgan, J. (2011). Interviewing the terrorists: Reflections on fieldwork and implications for future research. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 4(3), 195211. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2011.594620CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horgan, J. (2014). The psychology of terrorism (2nd ed.). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IEP (2023). Global Terrorism Index 2023. Institute for Economics and Peace. www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/GTI-2023-web.pdfGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, S. S., & Leeper, M. R. (2002). Choice and its consequences: On the costs and benefits of self-determination. In Tesser, A., Stapel, D. A., & Wood, J. V. (Eds.), Self and motivation: Emerging psychological perspectives (pp. 7196). American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K., & Solheim, E. (2009) To identify or not to identify? National disidentification as an alternative reaction to perceived ethnic discrimination. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 58(1), 105128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00384.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, E. S., & Josephs, R. A. (2016). Acute and chronic physiological consequences of social rejection. In Williams, K. D., & Nida, S. A. (Eds.), Ostracism, exclusion, and rejection (pp. 8194). Routledge.Google Scholar
Jones, E. E., Carter-Sowell, A. R., Kelly, J. R., & Williams, K. D. (2009). “I’m out of the loop”: Ostracism through information exclusion. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12(2), 157174. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430208101054CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamans, E. E. H., Gordjin, E. H., Oldenhuis, H., & Otten, S. (2009). What I think you see is what you get: Influence of prejudice on assimilation to meta-stereotypes among Dutch Moroccan teenagers. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(5), 842851. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.593CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashima, Y., Siegal, M., Tanaka, K., & Isaka, H. (1988). Universalism in lay conceptions of distributive justice: A cross-cultural examination. International Journal of Psychology, 23, 5164. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598808247752CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, H. S., & Markus, H. R. (1999). Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 785800. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.785CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, L. A., & Geise, A. C. (2011). Being forgotten: Implications for the experience of meaning in life. The Journal of Social Psychology, 15(16), 696709. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2010.522620CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapton, H. M., Bäck, H., & Bäck, E. A. (2015). The social activist: Conformity to the ingroup following rejection as a predictor of political participation. Social Influence, 10(2), 97108. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2014.966856CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koomen, W., & van der Plight, J. (2016). The psychology of radicalization and terrorism. Routledge.Google Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., & Gunaratna, R. (2019). The three pillars of radicalization: Needs, narratives, and networks. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M. J., Bélanger, J. J., et al. (2014). The psychology of radicalization and deradicalization: How significance quest impacts violent extremism. Advances in Political Psychology, 35, 6993. https://10.1111/pops.12163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruglanski, A., Webber, D., & Koehler, D. (2020). The radical’s journey: How German neo-Nazis voyaged to the edge and back. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lorde, A. (1984). Sister outsider: Essays and Speeches. Crossing Press.Google Scholar
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways towards terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415433. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550802073367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesquita, B. (2001). Emotions in collectivist and individualist contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 6874. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.68CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milla, M. N., Yustisia, W., Shadiqi, M. A., & Arifin, H. H. (2022). Mechanisms of 3 N model on radicalization: Testing the mediation by group identity and ideology of the relationship between need for significance and violent extremism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 115. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2034231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moghaddam, F. M. (2005). The staircase to terrorism: A Psychological exploration. American Psychologist, 60(2), 161169. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.161CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molinario, E., Jasko, K., Webber, D., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2021). The social psychology of violent extremism. In Kruglanski, A. W., Kopetz, K., & Szumowska, E. (Eds.), The psychology of extremism: A motivational perspective (pp. 259279). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2020). Radicalization to terrorism: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mousa, S. (2020). Building social cohesion between Christians and Muslims through soccer in post-ISIS Iraq. Science, 369(6505), 866870. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb3153CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moyano, M., Lobato, R. M., Blaya-Burgo, M., et al. (2023). Preventing violent extremism in youth through sports: An intervention from the 3 N model. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 63, 102283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102283CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South. Boulder.Google Scholar
Obaidi, M., Anjum, G., Bierwiaczonek, K., et al. (2023). Cultural threat perceptions predict violent extremism via need for cognitive closure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(20), e2213874120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2213874120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Obaidi, M., Anjum, G., Lindström, J., et al. (2020). The role of Muslim identity in predicting violent behavioural intentions to defend Muslims. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(8), 12671282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220920929CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obaidi, M., Kunst, J. R., Kteily, N., Thomsen, L., & Sidanius, J. (2018). Living under threat: Mutual threat perception drives anti-Muslim and anti-Western hostility in the age of terrorism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(5), 567584. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2362CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obaidi, M., Thomsen, L., & Bergh, R. (2018). “They think we are a threat to their culture”: Meta-cultural threat fuels willingness and endorsement of extremist violence against the cultural outgroup. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 12(12), 113. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.647Google Scholar
Ozer, S., Obaidi, M., & Pfattheicher, S. (2020). Group membership and radicalization: A cross-national investigation of collective self-esteem underlying extremism. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(8), 12301248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220922901CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfundmair, M. (2019). Ostracism promotes a terrorist mindset. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 11(2), 134148. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2018.1443965CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfundmair, M., & Mahr, K. A. M. (2022). How group processes push excluded people into a radical mindset: An experimental investigation. Group Processes & Intergroup Relationships, 26(6), 12891309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13684302221107782CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfundmair, M., & Wetherell, G. (2019). Ostracism drives group moralization and extreme group behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 159(5), 518530. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2018.1512947CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pretus, C., Hamid, N., Sheikh, H., et al. (2019). Ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal interactions underlie will to fight and die for a cause. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(6), 569577. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz034CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabasa, A., Pettyjohn, S. L., Ghez, J. J., & Boucek, C. (2010). Deradicalizing Islamist extremists. RAND Corporation. www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG1053.pdfGoogle Scholar
Riva, P., & Eck, J. (2016). The many faces of social exclusion. In Riva, P., & Eck, J. (Eds.), Social exclusion: Psychological approaches to understanding and reducing its impact (pp. ixxv). Springer International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saheed, A. (2021). Countering Islamophobia/anti-Muslim hatred to eliminate discrimination and intolerance based on religion or beliefs. Human Rights Council. www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/03/un-expert-says-anti-muslim-hatred-rises-epidemic-proportions-urges-statesGoogle Scholar
Santana, N. S., Inman, M., & Birnir, J. K. (2013). Religion, government coalitions, and terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 25(1), 2952. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2013.733250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, J. F., Bahrami-Rad, D., Beauchamp, J. P., & Henrich, J. (2019). The church, intensive kinship, and global psychological variation. Science, 366(6466). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5141Google Scholar
Schuurman, B. (2020). Research on terrorism, 2007–2016: A review of data, methods, and authorship. Terrorism and Political violence, 32(5), 10111026. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1439023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheikh, H., Gómez, Á., & Atran, S. (2016). Empirical evidence for the devoted actor model. Current Anthropology, 57(13), S204S209. https://doi.org/10.1086/686221CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shweder, R. A., Munch, N. C., Mahaparta, M., & Park, L. (1997). The “big three” of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the “big three” explanations of suffering. In Brandt, A. M., & Rozin, P. (Eds.), Morality and health (pp. 119172). Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Levin, S., Pratto, F., & Obaidi, M. (2016). Support for asymmetric violence among Arab populations: The clash of cultures, social identity, or counterdominance? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(3), 343359. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215577224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silke, A. (2009). Contemporary terrorism studies: Issues in research. In Jackson, R., Smyth, M. B., & Gunning, J. (Eds.), Critical terrorism studies: A field research agenda (pp. 3448). Routledge.Google Scholar
Silke, A., Morrison, J., Maiberg, G., Slay, C., & Stewart, R. (2021). The phoenix model of disengagement and deradicalization from terrorism and violent extremism. Monatsschrift Fur Kriminologie and Strafrechtsreform, 104(3), 310320. https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2021-0128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R. (2009). Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: A multimotive model. Psychological Review, 116(2), 365383. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015250CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, H. J., Pettigrew, T. F., Pippin, G. M., & Bialosiewicz, S. (2012). Relative deprivation: A theoretical and meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(3), 203232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311430825CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In Oskamp, S. (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 2345). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Swann, W. B. Jr., Buhrmester, M. D., Gómez, A., et al. (2014). What makes a group worth dying for? Identity fusion fosters perception of familial ties, promoting self-sacrifice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(6), 912926. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0035809CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swann, W. B. Jr., Gómez, Á., Buhrmester, M. D., et al. (2014). Contemplating the ultimate sacrifice: Identity fusion channels pro-group affect, cognition, and moral decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(5), 713727. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035809CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swann, W. B. Jr., Gómez, Á., Seyle, D. C., Morales, J. F., & Huici, C. (2009). Identity fusion: The interplay of personal and social identities in extreme group behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 9951011. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013668CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swann, W. B. Jr., Jetten, J., Gómez, Á., Whitehouse, H., & Bastian, B. (2012). When group membership gets personal: A theory of identity fusion. Psychological Review, 119(3), 441456. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028589CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trompenaars, F., & Hampden-Turner, C. (1998). Riding the waves of culture: Understanding cultural diversity in global business (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
UN (2006). The United Nations global counter-terrorism strategy. United Nations: Office of Counter-Terrorism. www.un.org/counterterrorism/un-global-counter-terrorism-strategyGoogle Scholar
UN (2016). Leaving no one behind: The imperative of inclusive development. Report on the world social situation 2016. United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2016/full-report.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNODC (2015). Preventing violent extremism through sport. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/UNODC_Combating_Violence_against_Migrants.pdfGoogle Scholar
Uskul, A. K., Cross, S. E., Gunsoy, G., & Gul, P. (2019). Cultures of honor. In Kitayama, S., & Cohen, D. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 793821). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Uskul, A. K., Kirchner-Häusler, A., Vignoles, V. L., et al. (2023). Neither Eastern nor Western: Patterns of independence and interdependence in the Mediterranean societies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 125(3), 471495. https://doi.org/10.1037pspa0000342CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Bergen, A. P. L., Wolf, J. R. L. M., Badou, M., et al. (2018). The association between social exclusion or inclusion and health in EU and OECD countries: A systematic review. The European Journal of Public Health, 29(3), 575582. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky143CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Bergen, D. D., Feddes, A. F., Doosje, B., & Pels, T. V. M. (2015). Collective identity factors and the attitude toward violence in defense of ethnicity or religion among Muslim youth of Turkish and Moroccan descent. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 89100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van den Boss, K. (2018). Why people radicalize. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vergani, M., Iqbal, M., Ilbahar, E., & Barton, G. (2018). The three Ps of radicalization: Push, pull and personal. A systematic scoping review of the scientific evidence about radicalization into violent extremism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 43(10), 854. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1505686CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vignoles, V. L., Owe, E., Becker, M., et al. (2016). Beyond the “east–west” dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(8), 9661000. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000175CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webber, D., Chernikova, M., Kruglanski, A. W., et al. (2018). Deradicalizing detained terrorists. Political Psychology, 39(3), 539556. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12428CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, C. M., Ran, S., & Halperin, E. (2023). Educating for inclusion: Diversity Education programs can reduce prejudice towards outgroups in Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(16), e2218621120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2218621120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wesselmann, E. D., Bradley, E., Taggart, R. S., & Williams, K. D. (2022). Exploring social exclusion: Were we are and where we’re going. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 17, e12714. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12714CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehouse, H., Jong, J., Buhrmester, M., et al. (2017). The evolution of extreme cooperation via shared dysphoric experiences. Scientific Reports, 7, 44292. https://doi.org/10.1038/sreo44292CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittaker, J. (2020). The online behaviors of Islamic state terrorists in the United States. Criminology & Public Policy, 20, 177203. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12537CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, K. D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need-threat model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 275314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00406-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfovicz, M., Litmanovitz, Y., Weisburd, D., & Hasisi, B. (2020a). Cognitive and behavioral radicalization: A systematic review of the putative risk and protective factors. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 17, e1174. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfovicz, M., Litmanovitz, Y., Weisburd, D., & Hasisi, B. (2020b). A field-wide systematic review and meta-analysis of putative risk and protective factors for radicalization outcomes. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 36, 407447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-019-09439CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, Y., & Tsai, J. (2007). Cultural models of shame and guilt. In Tracy, L., Robins, R. W., & Tagney, J. P. (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 209223). Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×