Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-06T19:56:13.264Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Exclusion and Radicalization

The Role of Individual Differences in the Relation between Exclusion and Radicalization

from Part I - The Link between Exclusion and Extremism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

By
Emma A. Renström  and
Hanna Bäck
Edited by
Michaela Pfundmair ,
Andrew H. Hales  and
Kipling D. Williams
Michaela Pfundmair
Affiliation:
Federal University of Administrative Sciences, Germany
Andrew H. Hales
Affiliation:
University of Mississippi
Kipling D. Williams
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
Get access

Summary

Radicalization is most often seen as a gradual process that may or may not lead to radical or extreme behaviors such as terrorism. Theories on the radicalization process often highlight the potential role of social exclusion in the propensity for radicalization. We here present some of the major radicalization theories and discuss exclusion as a common denominator that could trigger a radicalization process. We then describe the research on personality and individual differences in relation to radicalization briefly, before discussing individual differences that are connected to exclusion in more depth. We go through the available empirical evidence supporting the notion that some individual level differences, such as rejection sensitivity, could moderate the effect of exclusion on radicalization. We further discuss other potential individual differences that relate to exclusion such as need to belong and entitlement.

Keywords

exclusionrejectionradicalizationrejection sensitivityindividual differences
Type
Chapter
Information
Exclusion and Extremism
A Psychological Perspective
 , pp. 27 - 50
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agius, C., Edney-Browne, A., Nicholas, L., & Cook, K. (2022). Anti-feminism, gender and the far-right gap in C/PVE measures. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 15(3), 681–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2021.1967299CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Ayduk, Ö., Gyurak, A., & Luerssen, A. (2008). Individual differences in the rejection–aggression link in the hot sauce paradigm: The case of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 775–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bäck, E. A., & Altermark, N. (2016). Gemenskap och utstötning: Socialpsykologiska perspektiv på politiskt våld. In Edling, C. & Rostami, A. (Eds.), Våldets sociala dimensioner. Studentlitteratur.Google Scholar
Bäck, E. A., Bäck, H., Altermark, N., & Knapton, H. M. (2018). The quest for significance: Attitude adaption to a radical group following social exclusion. International Journal of Developmental Science, 12(1–2), 25–36. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.3233/DEV-170230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bäck, E. A., Bäck, H., & Garcia Albacete, G. (2013). Protest activity, social incentives, and rejection sensitivity: Results from a survey experiment about tuition fees. Contention, 1, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3167/cont.2013.010101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bäck, E. A., Bäck, H., & Knapton, H. M (2015). Group belongingness and collective action: Effects of need to belong and rejection sensitivity on willingness to participate in protests activities. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(5), 537–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12225CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities.Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3),193–209. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, L. (2020) Men who hate women: From incels to pickup artists, the truth about extreme misogyny and how it affects us all. Simon & Schuster UK.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bélanger, J. J., Moyano, M., Muhammad, H., et al. (2019). Radicalization leading to violence: A test of the 3 N Model. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 42. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00042CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenson, K. R., Gyurak, A., Ayduk, Ö., et al. (2009). Rejection sensitivity and disruption of attention by social threat cues. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(6), 1064–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borum, R. (2011). Radicalization into violent extremism I: A review of social science theories. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(4), 7–36. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosson, J. K., Vandello, J. A., Burnaford, R. M., Weaver, J. R., & Arzu Wasti, S. (2009). Precarious manhood and displays of physical aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(5), 623–634. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208331161CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Volume 1: Attachment. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, Volume 3: Loss, sadness, and depression. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Burgess, E. O., Donnelly, D., Dillard, J., & Davis, R. (2001). Surfing for sex: Studying involuntary celibacy using the internet. Sexuality & Culture, 5, 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-001-1028-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(1), 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8301_04CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter-Sowell, A. R., Chen, Z., & Williams, K. D. (2008). Ostracism increases social susceptibility. Social Influence, 3(3), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510802204868CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, J., Jones, J. D., & Shaver, P. R. (2013). Contributions of attachment theory and research: A framework for future research, translation, and policy. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4, Pt 2), 1415–1434. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000692CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chabrol, H., Bronchain, J., Morgades Bamba, C. I., & Raynal, P. (2019). The Dark Tetrad and radicalization: Personality profiles in young women. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 12(3), 1–12. http://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2019.1646301.Google Scholar
Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities (2nd ed.). University of California Press.Google Scholar
Corner, E., Taylor, H., Van Der Vegt, I., et al. (2021) Reviewing the links between violent extremism and personality, personality disorders, and psychopathy. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 32(3), 378–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2021.1884736CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottee, S. (2022). Incel (e)motives: Resentment, shame and revenge. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 44(2), 93–114 https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1822589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70(6),1327–1343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downey, G., Khouri, H., & Feldman, S. (1997). Early interpersonal trauma and adult adjustment: The mediational role of rejection sensitivity. In Cicchetti, D. & Toth, S. (Eds.), Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology, Volume 8: The effects of trauma on the developmental process (pp. 85–114). University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Downey, G., Mugious, V., Ayduk, O., London, B., & Shoda, Y. (2004). Rejection sensitivity and the defensive motivational system: Insights from the startle response to rejection cues. Psychological Science, 15, 668–673. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00738.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dugas, M., Bélanger, J. J., Moyano, M., et al. (2016). The quest for significance motivates self-sacrifice. Motivation Science, 2(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duspara, B., & Greitemeyer, T. (2017). The impact of dark tetrad traits on political orientation and extremism: An analysis in the course of a presidential election. Heliyon, 3(10), e00425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00425CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Echterhoff, G., Higgins, E. T., & Levine, J. M. (2009). Shared reality: Experiencing commonality with others’ inner states about the world. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 496–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01161.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberger, N. I. (2013). Why rejection hurts: The neuroscience of social pain. In DeWall, C. N. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of social exclusion (pp. 152–162). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398700.013.0015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290–292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089134CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esses, V. M., Dovidio, J. F., Jackson, L. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (2001). The immigration dilemma: The role of perceived competition, ethnic prejudice, and national identity. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 389–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00220CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esses, V. M., Jackson, L. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (1998). Intergroup competition and attitudes toward immigrants and immigration: An instrumental model. Journal of Social Issues, 54(4), 699–724. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01244.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esses, V. M., Veenvliet, S., Hodson, G., & Milic, L. (2008). Justice, morality, and the dehumanization of refugees. Social Justice Research, 21, 4–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-007-0058-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, S., & Downey, G. (1994). Rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the impact of childhood exposure to family violence on adult attachment behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005976CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferber, A. L., & Kimmel, M. S. (2008). The gendered face of terrorism. Sociology Compass, 2(3), 870–887. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2008.00096.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrucati, F., & Bruno, F. (1981). Psychiatric aspects of terrorism in Italy. In Barak-Glanatz, I. & Huff, C. R. (Eds.), The mad, the bad and the different: Essays in honor of Simon Dinitz (pp. 199–213). Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Frederick, D. A., Shapiro, L. M., Williams, T. R., et al. (2017). Precarious manhood and muscularity: Effects of threatening men’s masculinity on reported strength and muscle dissatisfaction. Body Image, 22, 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.07.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The dark triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ging, D. (2019). Alphas, betas, and incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. Men and Masculinities, 22(4), 638–657. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/1097184X17706401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A., & Lantos, D. (2020). Collective narcissism and its social consequences: The bad and the ugly. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(3), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420917703CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grubbs, J. B., & Exline, J. J. (2016). Trait entitlement: A cognitive-personality source of vulnerability to psychological distress. Psychological Bulletin, 142(11), 1204–1226. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/bul0000063CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hales, A. H., & Williams, K. D. (2018). Marginalized individuals and extremism: The role of ostracism in openness to extreme groups. Journal of Social Issues, 74(1), 75–92. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/josi.12257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hales, A. H., & Williams, K. D. (2020). Extremism leads to ostracism. Social Psychology, 51(3), 149–156. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1027/1864-9335/a000406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardin, C. D., & Higgins, E. T. (1996). Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective. In Higgins, E. T. & Sorrentino, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (pp. 28–84). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hartgerink, C. H., van Beest, I., Wicherts, J. M., & Williams, K. D. (2015). The ordinal effects of ostracism: A meta-analysis of 120 Cyberball studies. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0127002. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, B., Ware, J., & Shapiro, E. (2020). Assessing the threat of incel violence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(7), 565–587. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1751459CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horgan, J. (2005). The psychology of terrorism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203496961Google Scholar
Horgan, J. (2008). From profiles to pathways and roots to routes: Perspectives from psychology on radicalization into terrorism. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 618(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716208317539CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horgan, J. G. (2014). The psychology of terrorism (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315882246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. Norton.Google Scholar
Huddy, L., Feldman, S., & Cassese, E. (2007). On the distinct political effects of anxiety and anger. In Neuman, W. R., Marcus, G. E., Crigler, A. N., & MacKuen, M. (Eds.), The affect effect: Dynamics of emotion in political thinking and behavior (pp. 202–230). University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jane, E. A. (2018). Systemic misogyny exposed: Translating rapeglish from the manosphere with a random rape threat generator. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 21, 661–680. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877917734042CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jasko, K., LaFree, G., & Kruglanski, A. (2017). Quest for significance and violent extremism: The case of domestic radicalization. Political Psychology, 38(5), 815–831. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/pops.12376CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, C., Trott, V., & Wright, S. (2020). Sluts and soyboys: MGTOW and the production of misogynistic online harassment. New Media & Society, 22(10), 1903–1921. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819887141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Machiavellianism. In Leary, M. R. & Hoyle, R. H. (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 93–108). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Jost, J. T., Ledgerwood, A., & Hardin, C. D. (2008). Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 171–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00056.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalish, R., & Kimmel, M. (2010). Suicide by mass murder: Masculinity, aggrieved entitlement, and rampage school shootings. Health Sociology Review, 19(4), 451–464. https://doi.org/10.5172/hesr.2010.19.4.451CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kebbell, M. R., & Porter, L. (2012). An intelligence assessment framework for identifying individuals at risk of committing acts of violent extremism against the West. Security Journal, 25(3), 212–228. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2011.19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimmel, M. (2018). Healing from hate: How young men get into – and out of – violent extremism. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520966086CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapton, H. M., Bäck, H., & Bäck, E. A. (2015). The social activist: Conformity to the ingroup following rejection as a predictor of political participation. Social Influence, 10(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2014.966856CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapton, H., Renström, E. A., & Bäck, H. (2022). Outgroup exclusion, identity, and collective action in the Brexit context. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 52(9), 912–927. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12898CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2018). The narcissism spectrum model: A synthetic view of narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(1), 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316685018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., & Gunaratna, R. (2019). The three pillars of radicalization: Needs, narratives, and networks. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851125.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Chen, X., Dechesne, M., Fishman, S., & Orehek, E. (2009). Fully committed: Suicide bombers’ motivation and the quest for personal significance. Political Psychology, 30(3), 331–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00698.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., & Fishman, S. (2009). Psychological factors in terrorism and counterterrorism: Individual, group, and organizational levels of analysis. Social Issues and Policy Review, 3(1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01009.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M. J., Bélanger, J. J., et al. (2014). The psychology of radicalization and deradicalization: How significance quest impacts violent extremism. Political Psychology, 35, 69–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Pierro, A., Mannetti, L., & De Grada, E. (2006). Groups as epistemic providers: Need for closure and the unfolding of group-centrism. Psychological Review, 113, 84–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.1.84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruglanski, A. W., & Webber, D. (2014). The psychology of radicalization. Zeitschrift für Internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik 9, 379–388. https://zis-online.com/dat/artikel/2014_9_843.pdfGoogle Scholar
Lange, J., Redford, L., & Crusius, J. (2019). A status-seeking account of psychological entitlement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(7), 1113–1128. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0146167218808501CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leary, M. R. (2013). Need to belong scale (NTBS). APA PsycTests.Google Scholar
Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maner, J. K., DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., & Schaller, M. (2007). Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the “porcupine problem.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maslow, A. (1987). Motivation and personality (3rd ed.). Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, D., Hwang, H., & Frank, M. (2012). The role of emotion in predicting violence. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 81(1), 1.Google Scholar
McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550802073367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model. American Psychologist, 72(3), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000062CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Međedović, J., & Knežević, G. (2019). Dark and peculiar. Journal of Individual Differences, 40(2), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000280CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J. D., Campbell, W. K., Young, D. L., et al. (2009). Examining the relations among narcissism, impulsivity, and self-defeating behaviors. Journal of Personality, 77(3), 761–794. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00564.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moeller, S. J., Crocker, J., & Bushman, B. J. (2009). Creating hostility and conflict: Effects of entitlement and self-Image goals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(2), 448–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.11.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moghaddam, F. M. (2005). The staircase to terrorism: A psychological exploration. American Psychologist, 60(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.161CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgades-Bamba, C. I., Raynal, P., & Chabrol, H. (2018). Exploring the radicalization process in young women. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(7), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1481051Google Scholar
Morris, K. L., Goldenberg, J., & Boyd, P. (2018). Women as animals, women as objects: Evidence for two forms of objectification. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(9), 1302–1314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218765739CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2009). Measuring political mobilization: The distinction between activism and radicalism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 21(2), 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550902765508CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouwerkerk, J. W., Kerr, N. L., Gallucci, M., & van Lange, P. A. M. (2005). Avoiding the social death penalty: Ostracism and cooperation in social dilemmas. In Williams, K. D., Forgas, J. P., & von Hippel, W. (Eds.), The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying (pp. 321–332). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00505-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavlović, T., & Wertag, A. (2021). Proviolence as a mediator in the relationship between the dark personality traits and support for extremism. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110374CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfundmair, M., Aßmann, E., Kiver, E., et al. (2022). Path-ways toward Jihadism in Western Europe: An empirical exploration of a comprehensive model of terrorist radicalization. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1663828CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfundmair, M., & Lefort-Besnard, J. (2020). An attempt to identify predictive features among Islamist radicals: Evidence from machine learning. https://hal.science/hal-03042809/Google Scholar
Pfundmair, M., & Wetherell, G. (2019) Ostracism drives group moralization and extreme group behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 159(5), 518–530. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/00224545.2018.1512947CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renström, E. A., Aspernäs, J., & Bäck, H. (2021). The young protester: The impact of, belongingness needs on political engagement. Journal of Youth Studies, 24(6), 781–798. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2020.1768229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renström, E. A., & Bäck, H. (2021a). Anxiety, compassion and pride: How emotions elicited by the government’s handling of Covid-19 influences health-promoting behaviors. Psychologica Belgica, 61(1), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.1053CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renström, E. A., & Bäck, H. (2021b). Emotions during the Covid-19 pandemic: Fear, anxiety and anger as mediators between threats and policy support and political actions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 51(8), 861–877. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12806CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renström, E. A., Holm, K., Plume, M., & Bäck, H. (2024). Becoming misogynistic. The role of entitlement and negative emotions in men’s adaption to misogynistic ideas and actions. [Manuscript in preparation].Google Scholar
Renström, E. A., Bäck, H., & Knapton, H. M. (2018). Conforming to collective action: The impact of rejection, personality and norms on participation in protest activity. Social Psychological Bulletin, 13(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.v13i4.26427CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renström, E. A., Bäck, H., & Knapton, H. M. (2020). Exploring a pathway to radicalization: The effects of social exclusion and rejection sensitivity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(8), 1204–1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220917215CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riker, W. H., & Ordeshook, P. C. (1968). A theory of the calculus of voting. American Political Science Review, 62(1), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/1953324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O., & Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and the rejection–hostility link in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality, 78, 119–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00611.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, A. J. (2002). Co-rumination in the friendships of girls and boys. Child Development, 73(6), 1830–1843. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00509CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, A. J., Glick, G. C., Smith, R. L., Schwartz-Mette, R. A., & Borowski, S. K. (2017). Co-rumination exacerbates stress generation among adolescents with depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45(5), 985–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0205-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silber, M. D., & Bhatt, A. K. (2007). Radicalization in the west: The homegrown threat. NYPD Intelligence Division.Google Scholar
Staub, E. (1989). The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Morrison, K. R. (2009). Intergroup threat theory. In Nelson, T. D. (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 43–59). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Stone, M. H., & Brucato, G. (2019). The new evil: Understanding the emergence of modern violent crime. Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Vandello, J. A., & Bosson, J. K. (2013). Hard won and easily lost: A review and synthesis of theory and research on precarious manhood. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(2), 101–113. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0029826CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandello, J. A., Bosson, J. K., Cohen, D., Burnaford, R. M., & Weaver, J. R. (2008). Precarious manhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1325–1339. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0012453CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webber, D., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2018). The social psychological makings of a terrorist. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weber, H. (2004). Explorations in the social construction of anger. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MOEM.0000032314.29291.d4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willer, R., Rogalin, C. L., Conlon, B., & Wojnowicz, M. T. (2013). Overdoing gender: A test of the masculine overcompensation thesis. American Journal of Sociology, 118(4), 980–1022. https://doi.org/10.1086/668417CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425–452. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, K. D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need–threat model. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 275–314). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00406-1Google Scholar
Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748–762. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.748CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, K. D., & Zadro, L. (2005). Ostracism: The indiscriminate early detection system. In Williams, K. D., Forgas, J. P., & von Hippel, W. (Eds.), The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying (pp. 19–34). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, W., Levordashka, A., Ruff, J. R., et al. (2015). Ostracism Online: A social media ostracism paradigm. Behavior Research Methods, 47(2), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0475-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zadro, L., Williams, K. D., & Richardson, R. (2004). How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(4), 560–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×