In Liaoning the myth of the large peasant household was a reality. The vast majority of the rural population lived in complex households with more than one conjugal family unit.

The hierarchical nature of such households defined the social and economic context of their daily life. Household structure determined the composition of the family work force. Household position determined access to family rights and resources. Household parentage determined the probability of rising to headship in their own right. All decisions from the commonplace—when they could eat, what they could wear—to the extraordinary—who they could marry, when they could have children—had to be negotiated within the household.

And yet with the exception of Arthur Wolfs pioneering analysis of nuptiality and fertility in Taiwan there has been little attempt to differentiate demographic patterns by specific family relationships.

In this chapter we reconstruct such patterns for the 2,000 unique peasant households (10,000 household observations) in our population. The chapter is divided into three sections. In section I, we summarize the formal structure and hierarchy of family relationships and outline the theoretical lines of authority within these multiple-family households.