Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl raises difficult tensions and issues that animate many reproductive justice cases – the rights of non-marital fathers versus non-marital mothers, the rights of biological parents versus adoptive parents, whether to privilege biological or genetic ties over non-biological ties to the child, and expectations regarding parenthood that reflect gender biases and stereotypes. But the case adds one other dimension that distinguishes it from conventional reproductive justice cases: it presents a conflict between the rights of an American Indian parent and/or Indian tribe versus non-Indian adoptive parents to raise an Indian child. Central to the resolution of this Indian versus non-Indian parent conflict is an understanding of the purpose of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), which created substantive and procedural protections to prevent the break-up of the Indian family.