Aelvoet, Walter. 1962. “Rwanda et Burundi.” Vivante Afrique, 218: 45–46, 51–53.
Aguilar, Pilar, and Gonzalo Retamal. 1998. Rapid Educational Response in Complex Emergencies: A Discussion Document. Geneva: UNESCO/IBE.
Ali, Taisier, and Robert O. Matthews, eds. 1999. Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.
Amnesty International 2004. Durable Peace: Challenges for Peacebuilding in Africa. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Alidou, Hassana, Simon Gasibirege, and Joseph Muyango. 2007. Training in Active Pedagogy to Reinforce Peace Education at Schools: Peace Education Project, Rwanda 2003–2007 Evaluation Report. Bonn: Capacity Building International.
Allen, Tim, and John Eade. 2000. “The New Politics of Identity” in Poverty and Development into the 21st Century, eds. Tim Allen and Alan Thomas (pp. 485–508). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Allport, Gordon W. 1958. The Nature of Prejudice. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books.
Amnesty International. 2007. Amnesty International Report 2007: Rwanda. Amnesty International.
Amnesty International 2009. Amnesty International Report 2009: Rwanda. Amnesty International.
Anderson, Benedict. 2003. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso.
Ansoms, An. 2009a. “Faces of Rural Poverty in Contemporary Rwanda: Linking Livelihood Profiles and Institutional Processes.” PhD diss., University of Antwerp, Antwerp.
Ansoms, An. 2009b. “Re-Engineering Rural Society: The Visions and Ambitions of the Rwandan Elite.” African Affairs, 108(431): 289–340.
Apple, Michael W. 1979. Ideology and Curriculum. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Avery, Patricia G., David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson, and James M. Mitchell. 1999. “Teaching an Understanding of War and Peace through Structured Academic Controversies” in How Children Understand War and Peace: A Call for International Peace Education, eds. Amiram Raviv, Louis Oppenheimer, and Daniel Bar-Tal (pp. 261–277). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Avery, Patricia G., John L. Sullivan, and Sandra L. Wood. 1997. “Teaching for Tolerance of Diverse Beliefs.” Theory into Practice, 36(1): 32–38.
Azar, Fabiola, Étienne Mullet, and Geneviève Vinsonneau. 1999. “The Propensity to Forgive: Findings from Lebanon.” Journal of Peace Research, 36(2): 169–181.
Bamusanire, Emmanuel, Joseph Byiringiro, Augustine Munyakazi, and Johnson Ntagaramba. 2006a. Primary Social Studies 4: Pupil’s Book. Kigali: Macmillan Rwanda.
Bamusanire, Emmanuel, Joseph Byiringiro, Augustine Munyakazi, and Johnson Ntagaramba 2006b. Primary Social Studies 4: Teacher’s Book. Kigali: Macmillan Rwanda.
Bamusanire, Emmanuel, Joseph Byiringiro, Augustine Munyakazi, and Johnson Ntagaramba 2006c. Primary Social Studies 5: Pupil’s Book. Kigali: Macmillan Rwanda.
Bamusanire, Emmanuel, Joseph Byiringiro, Augustine Munyakazi, and Johnson Ntagaramba 2006d. Primary Social Studies 5: Teacher’s Book. Kigali: Macmillan Rwanda.
Bamusanire, Emmanuel, Joseph Byiringiro, Augustine Munyakazi, and Johnson Ntagaramba 2006e. Primary Social Studies 6: Pupil’s Book. Kigali: Macmillan Rwanda.
Bamusanire, Emmanuel, Joseph Byiringiro, Augustine Munyakazi, and Johnson Ntagaramba 2006f. Primary Social Studies 6: Teacher’s Book. Kigali: Macmillan Rwanda.
Bar-On, Dan, and Sami Adwan. 2006. “The Prime Shared History Project” in Educating toward a Culture of Peace, ed. Yaacov Iram (pp. 309–323). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Bar-Tal, Daniel. 1998. “The Rocky Road toward Peace: Beliefs on Conflict in Israeli Textbooks.” Journal of Peace Research, 35(6): 723–742.
Bar-Tal, Daniel, and Yigal Rosen. 2009. “Peace Education in Societies Involved in Intractable Conflicts: Direct and Indirect Models.” Review of Educational Research, 79(2): 557–575.
Baranyizigiye, Jeanne d’Arc, John Rutayisire, Méschac Bizimana, Clémentine Gafiligi, Marie Kankindi, and Yassini Maniraguha. 2004. A Guide to Civic Education: Life Skills for Rwanda Primary Schools, Upper Primary Level – P4 – P5 – P6. Kigali: National Curriculum Development Centre.
Barnett, Michael. 1999. “Culture, Strategy, and Foreign Policy Change: Israel’s Road to Oslo.” European Journal of International Relations, 5(1): 5–36.
Barnett, Michael 2003. Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Barsalou, Judy. 2005. “Unite or Divide? The Challenges of Teaching History in Societies Emerging from Violent Conflict,” paper presented at the USIP Grant Program Roundtable, United States Institute of Peace, November 21, Washington, DC.
Barton, Keith C., and Alan McCully. 2003. “History Teaching and the Perpetuation of Memories: The Northern Ireland Experience” in The Role of Memory in Ethnic Conflict, eds. Ed Cairns and Micheal D. Roe (pp. 107–124). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bertrand, Janet, ed. 2006. Early Learning for Every Child Today (ELECT): A Framework for Ontario Early Childhood Settings. Toronto: Best Start Expert Panel.
Bickmore, Kathy. 1999. “Teaching Conflict and Conflict Resolution in School: (Extra-) Curricular Considerations” in How Children Understand War and Peace: A Call for International Peace Education, eds. Amiram Raviv, Louis Oppenheimer, and Daniel Bar-Tal (pp. 233–259). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Bickmore, Kathy. 2005. “Foundations of Peacebuilding and Discursive Peacekeeping: Infusion and Exclusion of Conflict in Canadian Public School Curricula.” Journal of Peace Education, 2(2): 161–181.
Bickmore, Kathy. 2008. “Peace and Conflict Education” in The Sage Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Democracy, eds. James Arthur, Ian Davies, and Carole Hahn (pp. 438–454). London: Sage.
Bigirumwami, Aloy. 1958. “Les Problèmes Sociaux et Ethniques au Rwanda.” Témoignages Chrétiens (édition belge), 5(9).
Bird, Lindsay. 2003. Post Conflict Education: A Review of the CfBT Experience. Reading: Centre for British Teachers (CfBT) Research & Development.
Bird, Lindsay 2009. “Promoting Resilience: Developing Capacity within Education Systems Affected by Conflict” in Think Piece Prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011. Paris: UNESCO.
Biton, Yifat, and Gavriel Salomon. 2006. “Peace in the Eyes of Israeli and Palestinian Youths: Effects of Collective Narratives and Peace Education Program.” Journal of Peace Research, 43(2): 167–180.
Blackburn, Gilmer W. 1985. Education in the Third Reich: A Study of Race and History in Nazi Textbooks. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Bleck, Jaimie, and Boubacar Mody Guindo. 2010. “Education for All, Education for Whom? A Cautionary Tale from Mali.” Paper presented at International Studies Association Conference, February 17–20, New Orleans, LA.
Blum, Andrew. 2010. Improving Peacebuilding Evaluation: A Whole-of-Field Approach. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Borchgrevink, Kaja. 2008. “Book Note: The Madrassah Challenge: Militancy and Religious Education in Pakistan.” Journal of Peace Research, 45(6): 853.
Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. 1976. Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life. New York: Basic Books.
Brewer, Marilynn B. 1999. “The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love or Outgroup Hate?” Journal of Social Issues, 55(3): 429–444.
Brewer, Marilynn B. 2000. “Superordinate Goals versus Superordinate Identity as Bases of Intergroup Cooperation” in Social Identity Processes, eds. Dora Capozza and Rupert Brown (pp. 117–132). London: SAGE Publications.
Bridgeland, John, Stu Wulsin, and Mary McNaught. 2009. Rebuilding Rwanda: From Genocide to Prosperity through Education. Washington, DC: Civic Enterprises.
Brock-Utne, Birgit, and Halla B. Holmarsdottir. 2004. “Language Policies and Practices in Tanzania and South Africa: Problems and Challenges.” International Journal of Educational Development, 24(1): 67–83.
Brown, Graham K., and Arnim Langer. 2010. “Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: A Critical Review and Research Agenda.” Conflict, Security & Development, 10(1): 27–55.
Brown, Michael E. 1996. “The Causes and Regional Dimensions of Internal Conflict” in The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, ed. Michael E. Brown (pp. 571–601). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Brown, Michael E. 1996. “Introduction” in The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, ed. Michael E. Brown (pp. 1–31). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Brown, Roger. 1986. Social Psychology: The Second Edition. New York: Free Press.
Brown, Rupert. 2000. “Social Identity Theory: Past Achievements, Current Problems, and Future Challenges.” European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(6): 745–778.
Buckley-Zistel, Susanne. 2006. “Remembering to Forget: Chosen Amnesia as a Strategy for Local Coexistence in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” Africa, 76(2): 131–150.
Burde, Dana, Amy Kapit-Spitalny, Rachel Wahl, and Ozen Guven. 2010. Education in Emergencies: A Literature Review of What Works, What Does Not, and Why. Oslo: Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation.
Burde, Dana, Amy Kapit-Spitalny, Rachel Wahl, and Ozen Guven 2011. Education and Conflict Mitigation: What the Aid Workers Say. Washington, DC: USAID.
Burnet, Jennie E. 2009. “Whose Genocide? Whose Truth? Representations of Victim and Perpetrator in Rwanda” in Genocide : Truth, Memory, and Representation, eds. Alexander Laban Hinton and Kevin Lewis O’Neill (pp. 80–110). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Burnet, Jennie E. 2012. Genocide Lives in Us: Women, Memory and Silence in Rwanda. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Bush, Kenneth D., and Diana Saltarelli. 2000. The Two Faces of Education in Ethnic Conflict: Towards a Peacebuilding Education for Children. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.
Byrne, Sean. 2000. “Conflict and Children: Integrated Education in the Segregated Society of Northern Ireland” in Social Conflicts and Collective Identities, eds. Patrick G. Coy and Lynne M. Woehrle (pp. 91–112). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Capozza, Dora, and Rupert Brown. 2000. Social Identity Processes. London: SAGE Publications.
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Nils B. Weidmann, and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. 2010. “Horizontal Inequalities and Ethno-Nationalist Civil War: A Global Comparison.” American Political Science Review, 105(3): 478–495.
Centre for Conflict Management. 2002. “Peuplement Du Rwanda: Enjeux Et Perspectives” in Cahiers du Centre de Gestion des Conflits. Butare: Centre for Conflict Management, National University of Rwanda.
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre. 2003. The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History. Translated by Scott Straus. New York: Zone Books.
Christie, Pam. 2009. “Peace, Reconciliation, and Justice: Delivering the Miracle in Post-Apartheid Education” in Peace Education in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies: Comparative Perspectives, eds. Claire McGlynn, Michalinos Zembylas, Zvi Bekerman, and Tony Gallagher (pp. 75–88). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cilliers, Jaco. 2006. “Transforming Post-Accord Education Systems: Local Reflections from Bosnia-Herzegovina” in Troublemakers or Peacemakers? Youth and Post-Accord Peace Building, ed. Siobhán McEvoy-Levy (pp. 173–194). South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Clark-Kazak, Christina. 2011. “Politicizing Age: Where are the Children in International Studies?” Paper presented at the International Studies Association Conference, March 16–19, Montreal.
Classe, Leon. Undated. Instructions Pastorales: 1922–1932. Kabgayi: Vicariat apostolique.
Classe, Leon 1935. “Un Pays De Trois Races.” Grands Lacs 51e année (5–6 numéro spécial): 135–139.
Clifford, Paul. 2006. “Peacebuilding in Sierra Leone.” Committee for Conflict Transformation Report (CCTS) Review, 26: 1–3.
Cole, Elizabeth A. 2007a. “Reconciliation and History Education” in Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation, ed. Elizabeth A. Cole (pp. 1–30). New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
Cole, Elizabeth A. 2007b. “Transitional Justice and the Reform of History Education.” International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1(1): 115–137.
Cole, Elizabeth A., and Judy Barsalou. 2006. “Unite or Divide? The Challenges of Teaching History in Societies Emerging from Violent Conflict”. Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace.
Coleman, Peter T., Robin R. Vallacher, Andrzej Nowak, and Lan Bui-Wrzosinska. 2008. “Rethinking Intractable Conflict: The Perspective of Dynamical Systems.” American Psychology, 65(4): 262–278.
Colletta, Nat J., and Michelle L. Cullen. 2000. Violent Conflict and the Transformation of Social Capital: Lessons from Cambodia, Rwanda, Guatemala, and Somalia. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Colletta, Nat J., Teck Ghee Lim, and Anita Kelles-Viitanen, eds. 2001. Social Cohesion and Conflict Prevention in Asia: Managing Diversity through Development. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 2004. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4): 563–595.
Coloroso, Barbara. 2007. Extraordinary Evil: A Brief History of Genocide. Toronto: Penguin Group.
Crisp, Richard J., and Miles Hewstone. 2000. “Multiple Categorization and Social Identity” in Social Identity Processes, eds. Dora Capozza and Rupert Brown (pp. 149–166). London: SAGE Publications.
Crisp, Richard J., and Miles Hewstone eds. 2006. Multiple Social Categorization: Processes, Models and Applications. New York: Psychology Press.
Crokaert, Paul. 1931. Rapport présenté par le Gouvernement Belge au Conseil de la Société des Nations au Sujet de l’Administration du Ruanda-Urundi pendant l’Année 1930. Brussels: Établissements Émile Bruylant.
Dallaire, Romeo. 2003. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. Toronto: Vintage Canada.
Dance, E. H. 1960. History the Betrayer: A Study in Bias. London: Hutchinson.
Davies, Lynn. 2004. Education and Conflict: Complexity and Chaos. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
Davies, Lynn. 2005. “Evaluating the Link between Conflict and Education.” Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 2(2): 42–58.
Davies, Lynn. 2006. “Understanding the Education-War Interface.” Forced Migration Review, 13: 13.
de Lacger, Louis. 1939. Ruanda: Le Ruanda Ancien. Paris: Grands Lacs.
de Lame, Danielle. 2005. A Hill among a Thousand: Transformations and Ruptures in Rural Rwanda. Translated by Helen Arnold. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Dei, George J. Sefa, Alireza Asgharzadeh, Sharon Eblaghie Bahador, and Riyad Ahmed Shahjahan. 2006. Schooling and Difference in Africa: Democratic Challenges in a Contemporary Context. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Des Forges, Alison. 1995. “The Ideology of Genocide.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 23(2): 44–47.
Des Forges, Alison 1999. Leave None to Tell the Story. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Deutscher, Irwin. 2002. Accommodating Diversity: National Policies That Prevent Ethnic Conflict. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Devine-Wright, Patrick. 2003. “A Theoretical Overview of Memory and Conflict” in The Role of Memory in Ethnic Conflict, eds. Ed Cairns and Michael D. Roe (pp. 9–33). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Diamond, Jared. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Penguin Group.
Dolan, Janice. 2007. Last in Line, Last in School: How Donors Are Failing Children in Conflict-Affected Fragile States. London: Save the Children International.
Dovidio, John F., Samuel L. Gaertner, Gordon Hodson, Blake M. Riek, Kelly M. Johnson, and Missy Houlette. 2006. “Recategorization and Crossed Categorization: The Implications of Group Salience and Representations for Reducing Bias” in Multiple Social Categorization: Processes, Models and Applications, eds. Richard J. Crisp and Miles Hewstone (pp. 65–89). New York: Psychology Press.
Dubuisson-Brouha, M., E. Natalis, and J. Paulus. 1958. Le Problème de l’Enseignement dans le Ruanda-Urundi: Rapport d’une Mission d’Étude. Liège: Fondation de l’Université de Liège pour les Recherches Scientifiques au Congo Belge et au Ruanda-Urundi.
Duflo, Esther, Pascaline Dupas, and Michael Kremer. 2009. Additional Resources versus Organizational Changes in Education: Experimental Evidence from Kenya. Cambridge, MA: Abdul Latif Jameel – Poverty Action Lab.
Dunn, Seamus, and Valerie Morgan. 1999. “A Fraught Path: Education as a Basis for Developing Improved Community Relations in Northern Ireland.” Oxford Review of Education, 25(1/2): 141–153.
Dupuy, Kendra E. 2008. “Education in Peace Agreements: 1989–2005.” Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 26(2): 149–166.
Education for All Global Monitoring Report team. 2004. “Education for All: The Quality Imperative” in EFA Global Monitoring Reports. Paris: UNESCO.
Education for All Global Monitoring Report team 2011. “The Hidden Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education” in EFA Global Monitoring Reports. Paris: UNESCO.
Eller, Jack David. 1999. From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict: An Anthropological Perspective on International Ethnic Conflict. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Eltringham, Nigel. 2004. Accounting for Horror: Post-Genocide Debates in Rwanda. London: Pluto Press.
Erny, Pierre. 1994. Rwanda 1994: Clés pour Comprendre le Calvaire d’un Peuple. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Erny, Pierre 2001. L’École Coloniale au Rwanda (1900–1962). Paris: L’Harmattan.
Eyoh, Dickson. 1999. “Community, Citizenship and the Politics of Ethnicity in Post-Colonial Africa” in Sacred Spaces and Public Quarrels, eds. Paul Zeleza and Ezekiel Kalipeni (pp. 37–54). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” The American Political Science Review, 97(1): 75–90.
Fein, Helen. 1993. “Accounting for Genocide after 1945: Theories and Some Findings.” International Journal on Group Rights, 1: 88–92.
Festinger, Leon. 1959. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Fiske, Susan T., and Steven C. Neuberg. 1990. “A Continuum Model of Impression Formation: From Category-Based to Individuating Processes as a Function of Information, Motivation, and Attention” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Mark P. Zanna (pp. 1–74). San Diego, CA: Academic.
Frayha, Nemer. 2004. “Developing Curriculum as a Means to Bridging National Divisions in Lebanon” in Education, Conflict and Social Cohesion, eds. Sobhi Tawil and Alexandra Harley (pp. 159–205). Paris: UNESCO-IBE.
Freedman, Sarah Warshauer, Harvey M. Weinstein, Karen Murphy, and Timothy Longman. 2008. “Teaching History after Identity-Based Conflicts: The Rwanda Experience.” Comparative Education Review, 52(4): 663–690.
Freedom House International. 2006. Freedom in the World: Country Report: Rwanda. Washington, DC: Freedom House International.
Fujii, Lee Ann. 2009. Killing Neighbors: Webs of Violence in Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko, Maximillian Ashwill, Elizabeth Chiappa, and Carol Messineo. 2008. “The Conflict-Development Nexus: A Survey of Armed Conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa 1980–2005.” Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, 4(1): 6–22.
Fuller, Bruce. 1990. Growing Up Modern: The Western State Builds Third-World Schools. New York: Routledge.
Gaertner, Samuel L., John F. Dovidio, Brenda S. Banker, Missy Houllette, Kelly M. Johnson, and Elizabeth A. McGlynn. 2000a. “Reducing Intergroup Conflict: From Superordinate Goals to Decategorization, Recategorization, and Mutual Differentiation.” Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(1): 98–114.
Gaertner, Samuel L., John F. Dovidio, Jason A. Nier, Brenda B. Banker, Christine M. Ward, Melissa Houlette, and Stephanie Loux. 2000b. “The Common Ingroup Identity Model for Reducing Intergroup Bias: Progress and Challenges” in Social Identity Processes, eds. Dora Capozza and Rupert Brown (pp. 133–148). London: SAGE Publications.
Gaertner, Samuel L., Jeffrey Mann, Audrey Murrell, and John F. Dovidio. 1989. “Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Benefits of Recategorization.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2): 239–249.
Gallagher, Anthony. 1998. “Religious Divisions in Schools in Northern Ireland.” Paper presented at the British Education Research Association Annual Conference, August 27–30, Queen’s University, Belfast.
Gasanabo, Jean-Damascène. 2004. “Mémoires et Histoire Scolaire: Le Cas du Rwanda de 1962 à 1994.” PhD diss., Université de Genève.
Gehlbach, Hunter. 2004. “Social Perspective Taking: A Facilitating Aptitude for Conflict Resolution, Historical Empathy, and Social Studies Achievement.” Theory and Research in Social Education, 32(1): 39–55.
Gell-Mann, Murray. 1997. “The Simple and the Complex” in Complexity, Global Politics and National Security, eds. David Alberts and Thomas Czerwinski (pp. 2–12). Washington, DC: National Defense University.
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. New York: Cornell University Press.
Geltman, Paul, and Eric Stover. 1997. “Genocide and the Plight of Rwanda’s Children: Letter from Kigali.” Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(4): 289–294.
Geschière, Peter. 2009. The Perils of Belonging: Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa & Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gibson, Christopher, and Michael Woolcock. 2008. “Empowerment, Deliberative Development and Local Level Politics in Indonesia: Participatory Projects as a Source of Countervailing Power.” Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(2): 151–180.
Gourevitch, Philip. 1998. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families. New York: Picador USA.
Gourevitch, Philip 2009. “The Life After: Fifteen Years after the Genocide in Rwanda, the Reconciliation Defies Expectations.” The New Yorker, 85(12): 37–49.
Green, Andy, John Preston, and Jan Germen Janmaat. 2006. Education, Equality and Social Cohesion: A Comparative Analysis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gurr, Ted Robert. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hanf, Theodor. 1974. Education et Développement au Rwanda: Problèmes, Apories, Perspectives. Materialien Zu Entwicklung Und Politik 7. Munchen: Weltforum Verlag.
Harber, Clive. 1996. “Educational Violence and Education for Peace in Africa.” Peabody Journal of Education, 71(3): 151–169.
Harber, Clive 2004. Schooling as Violence: How Schools Harm Pupils and Societies. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Harff, Barbara, and Ted Robert Gurr. 1998. “Systematic Early Warning of Humanitarian Emergencies.” Journal of Peace Research, 35(5): 551–579.
Hart, Jason. 2006. “Putting Children in the Picture.” Forced Migration Review, July (Supplement): 9–10.
Hayes, Bernadette C., Ian McAllister, and Lizanne Dowds. 2006. “In Search of the Middle Ground: Integrated Education and Northern Ireland Politics.” Research Update: ARK Social and Political Archive, 42: 1–4.
Hayes, Bernadette C., Ian McAllister, and Lizanne Dowds 2007. “Integrated Education, Intergroup Relations, and Political Identities in Northern Ireland.” Social Problems, 54(4): 454–482.
Heremans, Père Roger. 1971. Introduction à l’Histoire du Rwanda. Kigali: Éditions Rwandaises.
Hewstone, Miles, and Rupert Brown, eds. 1986. Contact and Conflict in Intergroup Encounters. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Hewstone, Miles, Rhiannon N. Turner, Jared B. Kenworthy, and Richard J. Crisp. 2006. “Multiple Social Categorization: Integrative Themes and Future Research Priorities” in Multiple Social Categorization: Processes, Models and Applications, eds. Richard J. Crisp and Miles Hewstone (pp. 271–310). New York: Psychology Press.
Heyneman, Stephen P. 2003. “Education, Social Cohesion and the Future Role of International Organizations.” Peabody Journal of Education, 78(3): 25–38.
Hiebert, Maureen. 2008. “Theorizing Destruction: Reflections on the State of Comparative Genocide Theory.” Journal of Genocide Studies and Prevention, 3(3): 309–339.
Hintjens, Helen M. 2001. “When Identity Becomes a Knife: Reflecting on the Genocide in Rwanda.” Ethnicities, 1(1): 25–55.
Hinton, Alexander Laban. 2005. Why Did They Kill? Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hinton, Alexander Laban 2008. “Truth, Representation, and the Politics of Memory after the Cambodian Genocide” in People of Virtue: Reconfiguring Religion, Power and Moral Order in Cambodia Today, eds. Alexandra Kent and David Chandler (pp.62–81). Washington, DC: NAIS Press.
Hirsch, Herbert. 1995. Genocide and the Politics of Memory: Studying Death to Preserve Life. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Hoben, Susan J. 1989. School, Work, and Equity: Educational Reform in Rwanda. Boston: African Studies Center.
Holtman, Zelda, Johann Louw, Colin Tredoux, and Tara Carney. 2005. “Prejudice and Social Contact in South Africa: A Study of Integrated Schools Ten Years after Apartheid.” South African Journal of Psychology, 35(3): 473–493.
Hopken, Wolfgang. 1996. “History Education and Yugoslav (Dis)-Integration” in Oil on Fire? Textbooks, Ethnic Stereotypes and Violence in South-Eastern Europe, ed. Wolfgang Hopken (pp. 99–124). Hannover: Verlag Hahnsche Buchhandlung.
Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Houlette, Melissa, Samuel L. Gaertner, Kelly M. Johnson, Brenda S. Banker, and Blake M. Riek. 2004. “Developing a More Inclusive Social Identity: An Elementary School Intervention.” Journal of Social Issues, 60(1): 35–55.
Houser, Neil O. 1996. “Negotiating Dissonance and Safety for the Common Good: Social Education in the Elementary Classroom.” Theory and Research in Social Education, 24(3): 294–313.
Hughes, Joanne, and Caitlin Donnelly. 2007. “Is the Policy Sufficient? An Exploration of Integrated Education in Northern Ireland and Bilingual/Binational Education in Israel” in Addressing Ethnic Conflict through Peace Education: International Perspectives, eds. Zvi Bekerman and Claire McGlynn (pp. 121–133). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2004. Rwanda: Parliament Seeks to Abolish Rights Group. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Humphreys, Macartan, and Jeremy Weinstein. 2008. “Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(2): 436–455.
Hutchison, Sharon E. 2009. “Perilous Outcomes: International Monitoring and the Perpetuation of Violence in Sudan” in Genocide: Truth, Memory, and Representation, eds. Alexander Laban Hinton and Kevin Lewis O’Neill (pp. 54–79). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Ingelaere, Bert. 2009. Do We Understand Life after Genocide? Centre and Periphery in the Knowledge Construction in/on Rwanda. Antwerp: Institute of Development Policy and Management.
Inspection Générale de l’Enseignement. 1929. Instructions pour les Inspecteurs Provinciaux Relatives aux Programmes à Suivre dans les Différentes Écoles et à leur Interpretation.
Institut de Recherche et de Dialogue pour la Paix. 2005. Histoire et Conflits au Rwanda. Kigali: Institut de Recherche et de Dialogue pour la Paix.
Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies. Undated. Understanding Education’s Role in Fragility: Synthesis of Four “Situational Analyses of Education and Fragility”: Afghanistan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cambodia, Liberia – Policy Brief. INEE.
Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies 2004. Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies, Chronic Crises and Early Reconstruction. Paris: INEE & UNESCO.
Jackson, Tony. 2000. Equal Access to Education: A Peace Imperative for Burundi. London: International Alert.
Jefremovas, Villia. 1997. “Contested Identities: Power and the Fictions of Ethnicity, Ethnography and History in Rwanda.” Anthropologica, 39(1/2): 91–104.
Jelin, Elizabeth. 2003. State Repression and the Labors of Memory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Jervis, Robert. 1977. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Jervis, Robert 1997. “Complex Systems: The Role of Interactions” in Complexity, Global Politics and National Security, eds. David Alberts and Thomas Czerwinski (pp. 20–31). Washington, DC: Department of National Defense.
Johnson, David W., and Roger T. Johnson. 1994. “Constructive Conflict in Schools.” Journal of Social Issues, 50(1): 117–137.
Johnson, Lucy, and Miles Hewstone. 1992. “Cognitive Models of Stereotype Change: Subtyping and the Perceived Typicality of Disconfirming Group Members.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28: 360–386.
Jones, Adele. 2009. “Curriculum and Civil Society in Afghanistan.” Harvard Educational Review, 79(1): 113–122.
Jones, Bruce. 2001. Peacemaking in Rwanda: The Dynamics of Failure. London: Lynne Rienner.
Kagame, Alexis. 1958. Histoire du Rwanda. Leverville: Bibliothèque de l’Étoile.
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kanyarukiga, Sam, Esther van der Meer, Maria Paalman, Derek Poate, and Ted Schrader. 2006. Evaluation of DFID Country Programmes: Country Study Rwanda 2000–2005. London: Department for International Development.
Karangwa, Jean Bosco. 1988. “Study on the Realisation of UNESCO Guidelines. The Reformation of Primary Education in Rwanda.” MA diss., Université Nationale du Rwanda, Ruhengeri.
Kaufman, Stuart. 2001. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Kaufman, Stuart 2006. “Escaping the Symbolic Politics Trap: Reconciliation Initiatives and Conflict Resolution in Ethnic Wars.” Journal of Peace Research, 43(2): 201–218.
Kaufmann, Chaim. 1996. “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars.” International Security, 20(4): 136–175.
Kawano-Chiu, Melanie. 2011. Starting on the Same Page: A Lessons Report from the Peacebuilding Evaluation Project. Washington, DC: Alliance for Peacebuilding.
Kelman, Herbert C. 1999. “Transforming the Relationship between Former Enemies: A Social-Psychological Analysis” in After the Peace: Resistance and Reconciliation, ed. Robert L. Rothstein (pp. 193–205). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
King, Charles. 2004. “Review: The Micropolitics of Social Violence.” World Politics, 56(3): 431–455.
King, Elisabeth. 2009. “From Data Problems to Data Points: Challenges and Opportunities of Research in Postgenocide Rwanda.” African Studies Review, 52(3): 127–148.
King, Elisabeth 2010. “Memory Controversies in Post-Genocide Rwanda: Implications for Peacebuilding.” Journal of Genocide Studies and Prevention, 5(3): 293–309.
King, Elisabeth, Cyrus Samii, and Birte Snilstveit. 2010. “Interventions to Promote Social Cohesion in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of Development Effectiveness, 2(3): 336–370.
Kinzer, Stephen. 2008. A Thousand Hills: Rwanda’s Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, John and Sons.
Korostelina, Karina V. 2007. Social Identity and Conflict: Structures, Dynamics, and Implications. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kuhn, Thomas. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Kumar, Krishna. 2001. Prejudice and Pride: School Histories of the Freedom Struggle in India and Pakistan. New Delhi: Penguin Books.
Kuppermitz, Haggai, and Gavriel Salomon. 2005. “Lessons to Be Learned from Research on Peace Education in the Context of Intractable Conflict.” Theory into Practice, 44(4): 293–302.
Lai, Brian, and Clayton Thyne. 2007. “The Effect of Civil War on Education, 1980–97.” Journal of Peace Research, 44(3): 277–292.
Lake, Anthony. 1993. “From Containment to Enlargement” Dispatch Magazine, 4(39).
Lake, David A., and Donald Rothchild. 1998. “Spreading Fear: The Genesis of Transnational Ethnic Conflict” in The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation, eds. David A. Lake and Donald Rothchild (pp. 3–32). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Leaning, Jennifer. 2002. “Identifying Precursors” in Will Genocide Ever End?, eds. Carol Rittner, John K. Roth, and James M. Smith (pp. 117–122). St. Paul, MN: Aegis/Paragon House.
Lederach, John Paul. 1997. Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Lee, Peter. 2004. “Understanding History” in Theorizing Historical Consciousness, ed. Peter Seixas (pp. 129–164). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Lema, Antoine. 1993. Africa Divided: The Creation of ‘Ethnic Groups’. Lund: Lund University Press.
Lemarchand, René. 1970. Rwanda and Burundi. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Lemarchand, René 1994. Burundi: Ethnocide as Discourse and Practice. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Levine, Robert, and Donald Campbell, eds. 1972. Ethnocentrism: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes, and Group Behaviour. New York: John Wiley.
Levy, Jack S. 2000. “Loss Aversion, Framing Effects, and International Conflict: Perspectives from Prospect Theory” in Handbook of War Studies II, ed. Manus I Midlarsky (pp. 193–221). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Linden, Ian. 1999. Christianisme et Pouvoirs au Rwanda (1900–1990). Translated by Paulette Gérard. Paris: Éditions Karthala.
Linden, Ian, and Jane Linden. 1977. Church and Revolution in Rwanda. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Longman, Timothy. 2010. Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Longman, Timothy, and Théonèste Rutagengwa. 2004. “Memory, Identity and Community in Rwanda” in My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity, eds. Eric Stover and Harvey M. Weinstein (pp. 162–182). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lund, Michael. 2003. What Kind of Peace Is Being Built? Taking Stock of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and Charting Future Directions. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
Machel, Graça. 2001. The Impact of War on Children: A Review of Progress since the 1996 United Nations Report on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Children. London: C. Hurst & Company.
Majstorovic, Staven. 1997. “Ancient Hatreds or Elite Manipulation?: Memory and Politics in the Former Yugoslavia.” World Affairs, 159(4): 170–182.
Malkki, Liisa. 1995. Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. “From Conquest to Consent as the Basis of State Formation: Reflections on Rwanda.” New Left Review, 1(216): 3–36.
Mamdani, Mahmood 2001. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Mamdani, Mahmood 2004. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror. New York: Three Leaves Press.
Maney, Gregory M., Ibtisam Ibrahim, Gareth I. Higgins, and Hanna Herzog. 2006. “The Past’s Promise: Lessons from Peace Processes in Northern Ireland and the Middle East.” Journal of Peace Research, 43(2): 181–200.
Mann, Erika. 1938. School for Barbarians. New York: Modern Age Books.
Maquet, Jean Jacques. 1952. “Le Problème de la Domination Tutsi.” Zaire, 4(10): 1011–1016.
Marshall, T. H. 1965. “Citizenship and Social Class” in Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (pp. 71–134). Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Matrai, Zsuzsa. 2002. “National Identity Conflicts and Civic Education: A Comparison of Five Countries” in New Paradigms and Recurring Paradoxes in Education for Citizenship, eds. Gita Steiner-Khamsi, Judith Torney-Purta, and John Schwille (pp. 85–104). Amsterdam: JAI/Elsevier Science.
Mbonimana, Gamaliel. 1978. “Christianisation Indirecte et Cristallisation des Clivages Ethniques au Rwanda (1925–1931).” PhD diss., Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve.
McCauley, Clark. 2002. “Head-First Versus Feet-First in Peace Education” in Peace Education: The Concept, Principles, and Practices around the World, eds. Gavriel Salomon and Baruch Nevo (pp. 247–258). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
McGlynn, Claire. 2009. “Negotiating Cultural Difference in Divided Societies: An Analysis of Approaches to Integrated Education in Northern Ireland” in Peace Education in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies: Comparative Perspectives, eds. Claire McGlynn, Michalinos Zembylas, Zvi Bekerman, and Tony Gallgher (pp. 9–25). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
McLean Hilker, Lyndsay. 2009. “Everyday Ethnicities: Identity and Reconciliation among Rwandan Youth.” Journal of Genocide Research, 11(1): 81–100.
McLean Hilker, Lyndsay 2011. “The Role of Education in Driving Conflict and Building Peace: The Case of Rwanda.” Prospects, 41(2): 267–282.
Meisel, John. 1999. Si Je Me Souviens Bien/As I Recall. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy.
Merelman, Richard M. 1990. “The Role of Conflict in Children’s Political Learning” in Political Socialization, Citizenship Education, and Democracy, ed. Orit Ichilov (pp. 47–65). New York: Teachers College Press.
Milligan, Jeffrey Ayala. 2003. “Teaching between the Cross and the Crescent Moon: Islamic Identity, Postcoloniality, and Public Education in the Southern Philippines.” Comparative Education Review, 47(4): 468–492.
Ministère des Colonies. 1925. Rapport sur l’Administration Belge du Ruanda-Urundi pendant l’Année 1925. Brussels: Société des Nations.
Moreau, Joseph. 2003. Schoolbook Nation: Conflicts over Textbooks from the Civil War to the Present. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Morill, Constance. 2004. “Reconciliation and the Gacaca: The Perceptions and Peace-Building Potential of Rwandan Youth Detainees.” The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution, 6(1): 1–66.
Mortenson, Greg. 2009. Stones into Schools: Promoting Peace with Books, Not Bombs, in Afghanistan and Pakistan. New York: Viking.
Mortenson, Greg, and David Oliver Relin. 2006. Three Cups of Tea: One Man’s Mission to Promote Peace … One School at a Time. New York: Penguin.
Muhimpundu, Félicité. 2002. Education et Citoyenneté au Rwanda. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Munyantwali, Eustache. 1991. “La Politique d’Équilibre dans l’Enseignement” in Les Relations Interethniques au Rwanda à la Lumière de l’Agression d’Octobre 1990: Genèse, Soubassements et Perspectives, eds. Francois-Xavier Bangamwabo, Maniragaba-Baributsa, Eustache Munyantwali, Jean Damascène Nduwayezu, Antoine Nyagahene, Emmanuel Rukiramakuba, Jean Gualbert Rumiya, and Laurien Uwizeyimana (pp. 300–307). Ruhengeri: Éditions Universitaires du Rwanda.
Munyas, Burcu. 2008. “Genocide in the Minds of Cambodian Youth: Transmitting (Hi)Stories of Genocide to Second and Third Generations in Cambodia.” Journal of Genocide Research, 10(3): 413–439.
Musabimana, Jean Baptiste. Undated. Le Coût de l’Efficacité et de l’Équité: l’Éducation au Rwanda. Kigali.
Musolff, Andreas. 2007. “What Role Do Metaphors Play in Racial Prejudice? The Function of Antisemitic Imagery in Hitler’s Mein Kampf.” Patterns of Prejudice, 41(1): 21–43.
Ndura, Elavie. 2006. “Transcending the Majority Rights and Minority Protection Dichotomy through Multicultural Reflective Citizenship in the African Great Lakes Region.” Intercultural Education, 17(2): 195–205.
Nevo, Baruch, and Iris Brem. 2002. “Peace Education Programs and the Evaluation of Their Effectiveness” in Peace Education: The Concept, Principles, and Practices around the World, eds. Gavriel Salomon and Baruch Nevo (pp. 271–282). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Newbury, Catharine. 1980. “Ubureetwa and Thangata: Catalysts to Peasant Political Consciousness in Rwanda and Malawi.” Canadian Journal of African Studies, 14(1): 97–111.
Newbury, Catharine 1983. “Colonialism, Ethnicity, and Rural Political Protest: Rwanda and Zanzibar in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics, 15(3): 253–280.
Newbury, Catharine 1988. The Cohesion of Oppression. New York: Columbia University Press.
Newbury, Catharine 1998. “Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda.” Africa Today, 45(1): 7–24.
Newbury, Catharine 1992. “Rwanda: Recent Debates over Governance and Rural Development” in Governance and Politics in Africa, eds. Goran Hyden and Michael Bratton (pp. 193–219). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Newbury, Catharine, and David Newbury. 1995. “Identity, Genocide and Reconstruction in Rwanda” in Les Racines de la Violence dans la Région des Grands Lacs. Brussels: European Parliament.
Ngendahimana, Aloys. 1981. “Study of the General Public’s Participation in the Rwandan Education System 1900–1972: Contributing to Understanding the Evolution of the School System in Rwanda.” MA diss., Institut Pédagogique National, Lyon.
Nicolai, Susan, and Carl Tripplehorn. 2003. The Role of Education in Protecting Children in Conflict. London: Humanitarian Practice Network.
Niyonzima, Maximilien, Grégoire Kayibanda, Claver Ndahayo, Isidore Nzeyimana, Calliope Mulindaha, Godefroy Sentama, Sylvestre Munyambonera, Joseph Sibomana, and Joseph Habyarimana. 1957. “Le Manifeste Des Bahutus” in Rwanda Politique 1958–1960, eds. F. Nkundabagenzi (pp. 20–30). Brussels: Centre de Recherche et d’Information Socio-Politique.
Njoroge, George K. 2007. “The Reconstruction of the Teacher’s Psyche in Rwanda: The Theory and Practice of Peace Education at the Kigali Institute of Education” in Addressing Ethnic Conflict through Peace Education: International Perspectives, eds. by Zvi Bekerman and Claire McGlynn (pp. 215–229). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nkomo, Mokubung, Carolyn McKinney, and Linda Chisholm. 2004. Reflections on School Integration: Colloquium Proceedings. Cape Town: HSRC Publishers.
No author. 1929. Rapport Présenté par le Gouvernement Belge au Conseil de la Société des Nations.
No author. 1966. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
Nolan, Paul. 2009. “From Conflict Society to Learning Society: Lessons from the Peace Process in Northern Ireland” in Peace Education in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies: Comparative Perspectives, eds. Claire McGlynn, Michalinos Zembylas, Zvi Bekerman, and Tony Gallgher (pp. 59–74). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Novelli, Mario, and Mieke T.A. Lopes Cardozo. 2008. “Conflict, Education and the Global South: New Critical Directions.” International Journal of Educational Development, 28(4): 473–488.
O’Malley, Brendan. 2010. Education under Attack 2010. Paris: UNESCO.
Obura, Anna. 2003. Never Again. Educational Reconstruction in Rwanda. Paris: International Institute for Education Planning.
Obura, Anna 2004. Peace, Reconciliation and Conflict Resolution: Framework Proposal – Rwanda (Proposal for DFID). Kigali: UK Department for International Development.
Obura, Anna 2005. Planning a Systemic Response to the Needs of Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Rwanda: Draft Report. Kigali: MINEDUC.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. “Whole of Government Approach to Fragile States” in DAC Guidelines and Reference Series. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Oesterreich, Lesia. 1995. “Ages and Stages” in Iowa Family Child Care Handbook, eds. Lesia Oesterreich, Bess Gene Holt, and Shirley Karas (pp. 209–234). Ames: Iowa State University.
Østby, Gudrun. 2008. “Polarization, Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Civil Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research, 45(2): 143–162.
Østby, Gudrun, Ragnhild Nordås, and Jan Ketil Rød. 2009. “Regional Inequalities and Civil Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa.” International Studies Quarterly, 53(2): 301–324.
Oyefusi, Aderoju. 2008. “Oil and the Probability of Rebel Participation among Youths in the Niger Delta of Nigeria.” Journal of Peace Research, 45(4): 539–555.
Pagès, Père. 1930. Un Royaume Hamite au Centre de l’Afrique. Brussels: IRCB.
Paluck, Elizabeth Levy, and Donald P. Green. 2009a. “Deference, Dissent and Dispute Resolution: An Experimental Intervention Using Mass Media to Change Norms and Behavior in Rwanda.” American Political Science Review, 103(4): 622–644.
Paluck, Elizabeth Levy, and Donald P. Green 2009b. “Prejudice Reduction: What Works? A Review and Assessment of Research and Practice.” Annual Review of Psychology, 60: 339–367.
Patrick, Stewart, and Kaysie Brown. 2007. Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts: Assessing ‘Whole-of-Government’ Approaches to Fragile States. New York: International Peace Academy.
Paulson, Julia, ed. 2008. “Special Issue: The Two Faces of Education in Conflict.” Research in Comparative and International Education, 3(1).
Payne, Rodger A. 2001. “Persuasion, Frames and Norm Construction.” European Journal of International Relations, 7(1): 37–61.
Pells, Kirrily. 2011. “Building a Rwanda ‘Fit for Children’” in Remaking Rwanda: State Building and Human Rights after Mass Violence, eds. Scott Straus and Lars Waldorf (pp. 79–86). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Penal Reform International. 2004. “From Camp to Hill, the Reintegration of Released Prisoners” in Research Report on the Gacaca, 112. Kigali and Paris: Penal Reform International.
Perry, Valery. 2003. Reading, Writing and Reconciliation: Educational Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues.
Pettigrew, Thomas F. 1998. “Intergroup Contact Theory.” Annual Review of Psychology, 49: 65–85.
Pigozzi, Mary Joy. 1999. Education in Emergencies and for Reconstruction: A Developmental Approach. New York: UNICEF Education Section, Programme Division.
Pingel, Falk. 2008. “Can Truth Be Negotiated? History Textbook Revision as a Means to Reconciliation.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 617: 181–198.
Population Reference Bureau (PRB). 2012. 2012 World Population Data Sheet. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau.
Posner, Daniel N. 2004. “The Political Salience of Cultural Difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas Are Allies in Zambia and Adversaries in Malawi.” American Political Science Review, 98(4): 529–545.
Pottier, Johan. 2002. Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Prunier, Gérard. 1997. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide 1959–1994. London: C. Hurst and Company.
Republic of Rwanda (RoR). Undated. La Scolarisation Féminine. Edited by Ministère Rwandais de la Santé Publique et des Affaires Sociales. Kigali: Direction de la Promotion Féminine.
Republic of Rwanda 1979a. “Discours d’Ouverture de son Excellence Monsieur le Ministre de l’Éducation Nationale, Militant Mutemberezi Pierre-Claver.” Education et Culture, 4(Spéciale Réforme): 40–41.
Republic of Rwanda 1979b. “La Réforme Scolaire.” Education et Culture, 4(Spécial Réforme): 46–50.
Republic of Rwanda 1983. Amateka: Umwaka Wa 5. Kigali: Ministère de l’Enseignement Primaire et Secondaire.
Republic of Rwanda 1985. Amateka: Umwaka Wa 6. Kigali: Ministère de l’Enseignement Primaire et Secondaire.
Republic of Rwanda 1986. Des Disparités Ethniques et Régionales dans l’Enseignement Secondaire Rwandais. Kigali: Ministère de l’Enseignement Primaire et Secondaire.
Republic of Rwanda 1987. Histoire Du Rwanda, Iière Partie. Kigali: Ministère de l’Enseignement Primaire et Secondaire, Direction Générale des Études et Recherches Pédagogiques.
Republic of Rwanda 1989. Histoire Du Rwanda, IIième Partie. Kigali: Ministère de l’Enseignement Primaire et Secondaire, Direction Générale des Études et Recherches Pédagogiques.
Republic of Rwanda 1991. Travail Préparatoire à la Mise en Place d’un Programme de Prise en Charge des Frais de Scolarité des Enfants Issus de Familles Pauvres au Rwanda. Kigali: Ministère du Plan.
Republic of Rwanda 1995. “Document Final Provisoire: Conférence sur la Politique et la Planification de l’Éducation au Rwanda” in Conférence sur la Politique et la Planification de l’Éducation au Rwanda. Kigali: Ministère de l’Enseignement Primaire et Secondaire & Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche Scientifique et de la Culture.
Republic of Rwanda 1997. Study of the Education Sector in Rwanda. Kigali: Ministry of Education, UNESCO, and UNDP.
Republic of Rwanda 1998. Consultation Sectorielle sur l’Éducation au Rwanda.Kigali: Ministry of Education.
Republic of Rwanda 1999. The Unity of Rwandans: Before the Colonial Period and under the Colonial Rule and under the First Republic. Kigali: Office of the President of the Republic.
Republic of Rwanda 2000. Rwanda Vision 2020. Kigali: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning.
Republic of Rwanda 2002a. Curriculum in the Service of National Development. Kigali: Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Scientific Research.
Republic of Rwanda 2002b. Education Sector Policy. Kigali: Ministry of Education.
Republic of Rwanda 2002c. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). Kigali: International Monetary Fund.
Republic of Rwanda 2002d. Report on the Evaluation of National Unity and Reconciliation, 23 November 2001. Kigali: National Unity and Reconciliation Commission.
Republic of Rwanda 2002e. Results in Brief: The Rwanda 2002 Census of Population and Housing. Kigali: National Census Service.
Republic of Rwanda 2003a. Education Sector Policy. Kigali: Ministry of Education.
Republic of Rwanda 2003b. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda.
Republic of Rwanda 2004a. 3rd National Summit Report on Unity and Reconciliation. Kigali: National Unity and Reconciliation Commission.
Republic of Rwanda 2004b. Children’s Summit Report. Kigali: National Unity and Reconciliation Commission.
Republic of Rwanda 2004c. The Process of Decentralization and Democratization in Rwanda: Opinion Survey. Kigali: National Unity and Reconciliation Commission.
Republic of Rwanda 2006a. Rwanda Genocide Ideology and Strategies for Its Eradication. Kigali: Senate of Rwanda.
Republic of Rwanda 2006b. The Teaching of History of Rwanda: A Participatory Approach. Kigali: National Curriculum Development Centre.
Republic of Rwanda 2006c. The Teaching of History of Rwanda: A Participatory Approach (for Secondary Schools in Rwanda, a Reference Book for the Teacher). Kigali: National Curriculum Development Centre.
Republic of Rwanda 2007a. Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, 2008–2012. Kigali: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning.
Republic of Rwanda 2007b. Social Cohesion in Rwanda: An Opinion Survey Results 2005–2007. Kigali: National Unity and Reconciliation Commission.
Republic of Rwanda 2008. History Program for Ordinary Level. Kigali: National Curriculum Development Centre.
Republic of Rwanda 2010a. Education Sector Strategic Plan: 2010–2015. Kigali: Ministry of Education.
Republic of Rwanda 2010b. History Program for Advanced Level Secondary School. Kigali: National Curriculum Development Centre.
Republic of Rwanda 2011a. National Social Protection Strategy. Kigali: Ministry of Local Affairs.
Republic of Rwanda 2011b. Strategic Plan for the Integrated Child Rights Policy in Rwanda. Kigali: Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion.
Republic of Rwanda 2012. The Evolution of Poverty in Rwanda 2000–2011: Results from Household Surveys (EICV). Kigali: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda.
Reyntjens, Filip. 1996. “Rwanda: Genocide and Beyond.” Journal of Refugee Studies, 9(3): 3–18.
Reyntjens, Filip 2004. “Rwanda, Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship.” African Affairs, 103(411): 177–210.
Reyntjens, Filip 2006. “Post-1994 Politics in Rwanda: Problematising ‘Liberation’ and ‘Democratisation’.” Third World Quarterly, 27(6): 1103–1117.
Roberts-Schweitzer, Eluned, VincentGreaney, and Kreszentia Duer. 2006. Promoting Social Cohesion through Education. Washington, DC: World Bank Publishers.
Rombouts, Heidy. 2004. Victim Organisations and the Politics of Reparation: A Case Study on Rwanda. Antwerp and Oxford: Intersentia.
Rosenau, James. 1997. “Many Damn Things Simultaneously: Complexity Theory and World Affairs” in Complexity, Global Politics and National Security, eds. David Alberts and Thomas Czerwinski (pp. 32–41). Washington, DC: Department of National Defense.
Ross, Marc Howard. 1993. The Management of Conflict. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Ross, Marc Howard 2002. “The Political Psychology of Competing Narratives: September 11 and Beyond” in Understanding September 11, eds. Craig Calhoun, Paul Price, and Ashley Timmer (pp. 303–320). New York: The New Press.
Ross, Marc Howard 2007. Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rotberg, Robert. 2007. Ibrahim Index of African Governance. Boston: Mo Ibrahim Foundation.
Roy, Beth. 1994. Some Trouble with Cows: Making Sense of Social Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rubbens, E. 1936. Rapport sur l’Administration Belge du Ruanda-Urundi pendant l’Année 1935. Brussels: Établissements Généraux d’Imprimerie.
Rutayisire, John. 2004. “Education for Social and Political Reconstruction – the Rwandan Experience from 1994 to 2004.” Paper presented at the British Association for International and Comparative Education Conference at the University of Sussex, September 3–5.
Ryckmans, Pierre. 1931. Dominer Pour Servir. Brussels: Librarie Albert Dewit.
Salmi, Jamil. 2000. “Violence, Democracy, and Education: An Analytical Framework” in Human Development Department LCSHD Paper Series, 21. Washington, DC: The World Bank Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office.
Salomon, Gavriel. 2002. “The Nature of Peace Education: Not All Programs Are Created Equal” in Peace Education: The Concept, Principles, and Practices around the World, eds. Gavriel Salomon and Baruch Nevo (pp. 3–13). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Samoff, Joel. 1990. “‘Modernizing’ a Socialist Vision: Education in Tanzania” in Education and Social Transition in the Third World, eds. Martin Carnoy and Joel Samoff (pp. 209–273). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Samuels, Shirley C. 1977. Enhancing Self-Concept in Early Childhood: Theory and Practice. New York: Human Sciences Press.
Samuelson, Beth, and Sarah Warshauer Freedman. 2010. “Language Policy, Multilingual Education and Power in Rwanda.” Language Policy, 9(3): 191–215.
Sandrapt, Georges. 1939. Cours de Droit Coutumier (Section des Candidats-Chefs). Astrida: Groupe Scolaire d’Astrida.
Savedoff, William D., Ruth Levine, and Nancy Birdsall. 2006. When Will We Ever Learn? Improving Lives through Impact Evaluation. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
Schabas, William A. 2008. “Post-Genocide Justice in Rwanda: A Spectrum of Options” in After Genocide: Transitional Justice, Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Rwanda and Beyond, eds. Phil Clark and Zachary D. Kaufman (pp. 207–227). London: Hurst.
Schendel, Rebecca, Jolly Mazimhaka, and Chika Ezeanya. 2013. “Higher Education for Development in Rwanda.” International Higher Education, 70: 19–21.
Scott, James. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Scrase, Timothy J. 1993. Image, Ideology and Inequality: Cultural Domination, Hegemony and Schooling in India. New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
Sebahara, Pamphile. 1998. “La Construction du Clivage Ethnique au Rwanda.” Courrier ACP-UE, 168: 86–87.
Sen, Amartya. 2006. Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Sherif, Muzafer. 1967. Group Conflict and Co-Operation: Their Social Psychology. London: Routledge.
Shyaka, Anasthase. Undated. The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies. Kigali: National Unity and Reconciliation Commission.
Simonsen, Sven Gunnar. 2005. “Addressing Ethnic Divisions in Post-Conflict Institution-Building: Lessons from Recent Cases.” Security Dialogue, 36(3) : 297–318.
Simpenzwe, Gaspard. 1988. Epitome de l’Enseignement Libre Subsidié au Rwanda. Kigali: Régie de l’Imprimerie Scolaire.
Smith, Alan. 2001. “Segregation and the Emergence of Integrated Schools in Northern Ireland.” Oxford Review of Education, 27(4): 559–575.
Smith, Alan, and Tony Vaux. 2003. Education, Conflict and International Development. London: UK Department for International Development.
Sommers, Marc. 2005. Islands of Education: Schooling, Civil War, and the Southern Sudanese (1983–2004). Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning.
Sommers, Marc 2012. Stuck: Rwandan Youth and the Struggle for Adulthood. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Sommers, Marc, and Peter Buckland. 2005. “Negotiating Kosovo’s Educational Minefield.” Forced Migration Review, 22: 38–39.
Sowell, Thomas. 2004. Affirmative Action around the World: An Empirical Study. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Spink, Jeaniene. 2005. “Education and Politics in Afghanistan: The Importance of an Education System in Peacebuilding and Reconstruction.” Journal of Peace Education, 2(2): 195–207.
Stabback, Philip. 2004. “Curriculum Development, Diversity and Division in Bosnia and Herzegovina” in Education, Conflict, and Social Cohesion, eds. Sobhi Tawil and Alexandra Harley (pp. 37–83). Paris: UNESCO, IBE.
Stanton, Gregory H. 1998. The Eight Stages of Genocide. New Haven CT: Yale Center for International and Area Studies.
Starrett, Gregory, and Eleanor Abdella Doumato. 2007. “Textbook Islam, Nation Building, and the Question of Violence” in Teaching Islam: Textbooks and Religion in the Middle East, eds. Eleanor Abdella Doumato and Gregory Starrett (pp. 1–25). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Staub, Ervin. 1989. The Roots of Evil: The Psychological and Cultural Origins of Genocide and Other Forms of Group Violence. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Staub, Ervin 2003. The Psychology of Good and Evil: Why Children, Adults, and Groups Help and Harm Others. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Staub, Ervin, Laurie Anne Pearlman, Alexandra Gubin, and Athanase Hagengimana. 2005. “Healing, Reconciliation, Forgiving and the Prevention of Violence after Genocide.” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(3): 297–334.
Staub, Ervin, Laurie Anne Pearlman, and Vachel W. Miller. 2003. “Healing the Roots of Genocide in Rwanda.” Peace Review, 15(3): 287–294.
Stephan, Walter. 1999. Reducing Prejudice and Stereotyping in Schools. New York: Teachers College Press.
Stewart, Frances. 2000. “Crisis Prevention: Tackling Horizontal Inequalities.” Oxford Development Studies, 28(3): 245–262.
Stewart, Frances 2002. “Horizontal Inequalities: A Neglected Dimension of Development” in Queen Elizabeth House Working Paper Series. Oxford: University of Oxford.
Stewart, Frances 2007. “Conflict Prevention and Peaceful Development: Policies to Reduce Inequality and Exclusion.” Oxford: Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, Oxford University.
Stewart, Frances, and Graham Brown. 2007. “Motivations for Conflict: Groups and Individuals” in Leashing the Dogs of War, eds. Chester Crocker, Fen Hampson, and Pamela Aall (pp. 219–241). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Straus, Scott. 2006. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Suchenski, Micki. 2001. A Comparative Look at Bilingual-Bicultural Education in Mexico and Guatemala. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
Sullivan, Daniel P. 2007. “Tinder, Spark, Oxygen, and Fuel: The Mysterious Rise of the Taliban.” Journal of Peace Research, 44(1): 93–108.
Swidler, Ann. 1986. “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies.” American Sociological Review, 51(3): 273–286.
Tajfel, Henri. 1981. Human Groups and Social Categories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tajfel, Henri 1982. Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tajfel, Henri, Michael Billig, R. P. Bundy, and Claude Flament. 1971. “Social Categorization and Intergroup Behaviour.” European Journal of Social Psychology, 1(2): 149–178.
Tal-Or, Nurit, David Boninger, and Faith Gleicher. 2002. “Understanding the Conditions and Processes Necessary for Intergroup Contact to Reduce Prejudice” in Peace Education: The Concept, Principles, and Practices around the World, eds. Gavriel Salomon and Baruch Nevo (pp. 89–107). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tawil, Sobhi, and Alexandra Harley, eds. 2004. Education, Conflict, and Social Cohesion. Paris: UNESCO, IBE.
Tent, James F. 1982. Mission on the Rhine: Reeducation and Denazification in American-Occupied Germany. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Thomson, Susan. 2009. “‘That Is Not What We Authorised You to Do …’: Access and Government Interference in Highly Politicised Research Environments” in Surviving Field Research: Working in Violent and Difficult Situations, eds. Chandra Lekha Sriram, John C. King, Julie A. Mertus, Olga Martin-Ortega, and Johanna Herman (pp. 108–123). London: Routledge.
Thyne, Clayton L. 2006. “ABC’s, 123’s, and the Golden Rule: The Pacifying Effect of Education on Civil War, 1980–1999.” International Studies Quarterly, 50(4): 733–754.
Tiemessen, Alana. 2004. “After Arusha: Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” African Studies Quarterly, 8(1): 57–76.
Tomlinson, Kathryn, and Pauline Benefield. 2005. Education and Conflict: Research and Research Possibilities. Berkshire: National Foundation for Educational Research.
Torney-Purta, Judith, Rainer Lehmann, Hans Oswald, and Wolfram Schulz. 2001. Citizenship and Education in Twenty-Eight Countries: Civic Knowledge and Engagement at Age Fourteen. Amsterdam: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.
Torney-Purta, Judith, John Schwille, and Jo-Ann Amadeo. 1999. “Mapping the Distinctive and Common Features of Civic Education in Twenty-Four Countries” in Civic Education across Countries: Twenty-Four National Case Studies from the IEA Civic Education Project, eds. Judith Torney-Purta, John Schwille and Jo-Ann Amadeo (pp. 11–35). Amsterdam: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.
Torsti, Pilvi, and Sirkka Ahonen. 2009. “Deliberative History Classes for a Post-Conflict Society: Theoretical Development and Practical Implication through International Education in United World College in Bosnia and Herzegovina” in Peace Education in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies: Comparative Perspectives, eds. Claire McGlynn, Michalinos Zembylas, Zvi Bekerman, and Tony Gallgher (pp. 215–229). New York City: Palgrave Macmillan.
Turner, John C. 1975. “Social Comparison and Social Identity: Some Prospects for Intergroup Behaviour.” European Journal of Social Psychology, 5(1): 5–34.
Turner, John C. 1999. “Some Current Issues in Research on Social Identity and Self-Categorization Theories” in Social Identity, eds. Naomi Ellemers, Russell Spears, and Bertjan Doosje (pp. 6–34). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Ukiwo, Ukoha. 2007. “Education, Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnic Relations in Nigeria.” International Journal of Educational Development, 27(3): 266–281.
Umutesi, Marie Béatrice. 2004. Surviving the Slaughter: The Ordeal of a Rwandan Refugee in Zaire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 1997. Human Development Index 1997. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
United Nations Development Programme 2007a. Millennium Development Goals: 2007 Progress Chart.
United Nations Development Programme 2007b. Turning Vision 2020 into Reality: Addendum – Corrigendum. Kigali: United Nations Development Programme.
United Nations Development Programme 2007c. Turning Vision 2020 into Reality: From Recovery to Sustainable Human Development. Kigali: United Nations Development Programme.
United Nations Development Programme 2011. “HDI Rankings.” In Human Development Report 2011. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 1990. Jomtien Declaration: World Declaration on Education for All. Jomtien: UNESCO.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2000. Dakar Framework for Action. Dakar: World Education Forum.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2003a. “Curriculum Change and Social Cohesion in Conflict-Affected Societies.” In Colloquium Report. Geneva: IBE.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2003b. “Textbooks and Learning Materials Respecting Diversity: Components of Quality Education That Can Foster Peace, Human Rights, Mutual Understanding and Dialogue. An Overview of UNESCO’s Role in the Revision and Review of Textbooks and Learning Materials.” Paris: UNESCO.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2009. Factsheet: Sub-Saharan Africa – Education for All Global Monitoring Report. Paris: UNESCO.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2010a. Education Profile – Rwanda. Paris: UNESCO.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2010b. Protecting Education from Attack. Paris: UNESCO.
United Nations General Assembly. 2011. Children and Armed Conflict, Report of the Secretary-General. New York: United Nations.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2010. Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1993–2003. New York: United Nations.
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). 2009. The State of the World’s Children. New York: United Nations Childrens’ Fund.
United Nations Security Council. 2012. Letter dated 26 June 2012 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004) concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo addressed to the President of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.
Uvin, Peter. 1996. Development, Aid and Conflict: Reflections from the Case of Rwanda. Helsinki: UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/WIDER).
Uvin, Peter 1998. Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
Van Evera, Stephen. 1994. “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War.” International Security, 18(4) : 5–39.
Van Hove, J. 1953. “L’Oeuvre d’Éducation au Congo Belge et au Ruanda-Urundi” in Encyclopédie du Congo Belge (pp. 749–789). Brussels: Editions Bieleveld.
Vansina, Jan. 1962. L’Évolution du Royaume Rwanda des Origines à 1900. Brussels: Académie des Sciences d’Outre-Mer.
Vansina, Jan 2004. Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Vidal, Claudine. 2001. “Les Commémorations du Génocide au Rwanda.” Les Temps Modernes, 613: 1–46.
Vinck, Honoré. 1995. “The Influence of Colonial Ideology on Schoolbooks in the Belgian Congo.” Paedagogica Historica, 23(2): 355–406.
Volkan, Vamik. 1997. Blood Lines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Wallach, John. 2000. The Enemy Has a Face: The Seeds of Peace Experience. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Wegner, Gregory. 2002. Anti-Semitism and Schooling under the Third Reich. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Weiner, Myron. 1983. “The Political Consequences of Preferential Policies: A Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics, 16(1): 35–52.
Weinstein, Harvey M. 2011.” The Myth of Closure, the Illusion of Reconciliation: Final Thoughts on Five Years as Co-Editor-in-Chief.” International Journal of Transitional Justice, 5(1): 1–10.
Weinstein, Harvey M., Sarah Warshauer Freedman, and Holly Hughson. 2007. “School Voices: Challenges Facing Education Systems after Identity-Based Conflicts.” Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 2(1): 41–71.
Weisskopf, Thomas E. 2004. Affirmative Action in the United States and India: A Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge.
Wigny, P. 1941. Rapport Annuel du Ruanda-Urundi, 1940. Brussels: Établissements Généraux d’Imprimérie.
Williams, James. 2004. “Civil Conflict, Education, and the Work of Schools: Twelve Propositions.” Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 21(4): 471–481.
Williams, Sue, and Paul McGill. 2004. “Education: Part of the Problem, Essential for the Solution.” The New Courier (UNESCO), Special Issue: 26–28.
Wimmer, Andreas, Lars-Erik Cederman, and Brian Min. 2009. ”Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict: A Configurational Analysis of a New Global Data Set.” American Sociological Review, 74(2): 316–337.
Windel, Aaron. 2009. “British Colonial Education in Africa: Policy and Practice in the Era of Trusteeship.” History Compass, 7(1): 1–21.
Winthrop, Rebecca. 2010. Punching Below Its Weight: The U.S. Government Approach to Education in the Developing World. Washington, DC: Center for Universal Education at Brookings.
World Bank. 2005. Reshaping the Future: Education and Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Wurmser, Meyrav. 2003. “Reading, Writing and De-Baathification.” The Weekly Standard, 8(34): 15–17.
Zasloff, Barbara, Adina Shapiro, and A. Heather Coyne. 2009. An Education Track for the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Ziemer, Gregor Athalwin. 1972. Education for Death, the Making of the Nazi. New York: Octagon Books.
Zorbas, Eugenia. 2009. “What Does Reconciliation after Genocide Mean? Public Transcripts and Hidden Transcripts in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” Journal of Genocide Research, 11(1): 127–147.
