Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of figures
- List of tables
- List of contributors
- Introduction
- PART 1 Setting the stage
- PART 2 Explanation of cross-cultural differences
- PART 3 Methods for studying culture
- PART 4 The role of development
- PART 5 Concepts of culture
- 16 Cross-cultural differences as meaning systems
- 17 Ulysses returns: lessons from the logbook of a cross-cultural wayfarer
- 18 Values: cultural and individual
- 19 The cultural contexts of organisational behaviour
- 20 Rethinking culture and the self: some basic principles and their implications
- PART 6 Conclusion
- Index
- References
18 - Values: cultural and individual
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of figures
- List of tables
- List of contributors
- Introduction
- PART 1 Setting the stage
- PART 2 Explanation of cross-cultural differences
- PART 3 Methods for studying culture
- PART 4 The role of development
- PART 5 Concepts of culture
- 16 Cross-cultural differences as meaning systems
- 17 Ulysses returns: lessons from the logbook of a cross-cultural wayfarer
- 18 Values: cultural and individual
- 19 The cultural contexts of organisational behaviour
- 20 Rethinking culture and the self: some basic principles and their implications
- PART 6 Conclusion
- Index
- References
Summary
During the past two decades, I have developed, validated and applied two separate theories of value related constructs. The first concerns the basic human values on which individual people in all societies differ (e.g., security, achievement, hedonism, concern for others). Basic individual values are an aspect of personality. The second theory deals with normative value orientations on which cultures differ (e.g., hierarchy, egalitarianism, harmony). These orientations underlie and justify the functioning of societal institutions.
Are two value theories really necessary? Could the same value constructs or dimensions serve at both individual and cultural levels of analysis? It would certainly be more parsimonious to do with one theory. Logically, one theory would suffice if we could assume that culture is simply personality writ large or that individual values are culture writ small. Sadly – for accepting either assumption would make life easier – I find them both unacceptable. In addressing the question of the relationship between individual and culture levels, I hold that we need separate theories of values.
This chapter presents and contrasts my individual-level and culture-level theories and suggests how to apply them fruitfully together. It is structured as follows. First, I explicate each theory, specifying its constructs and the relations among them and citing evidence to support them.
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- Information
- Fundamental Questions in Cross-Cultural Psychology , pp. 463 - 493Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2011
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