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Chapter 5 develops a ‘hierarchy/privilege’ ideal-type model of global international society (GIS). The chapter sets out the assumptions of the model, and gives a short sketch of how the world looks through the lens of the model. This is done in both static (what the GIS looks like now) and dynamic (how has history unfolded to bring us to where we are) modes. On this basis, we set out the criteria within the model by which one might judge whether an international society viewed in these terms is getting weaker or stronger. The chapter then turns to a critical assessment of the model, asking how well or badly it captures the units, the structures, and the binding forces of GIS.
This chapter outlines the rationale of the book. The core objective is to provide some clarity to what is meant by phrases such as ‘international society at the global level’ or ‘global international society’ (GIS). Our starting assumption is that the answer to this question is far from clear. And without being able to specify the composition and characteristics of GIS in some concrete way, it is not really possible to answer questions either about how GIS was and is composed, and whether it was and is getting stronger or weaker. The chapter situates these questions in broader International Relations and social science debates, outlines our approach to the questions and discusses how this approach builds on our previous research. It then discusses the aims of the book in detail and closes with a summary of the book’s contents.
Chapter 7 combines the four ideal-type models from previous chapters into an attempted representation of the contemporary global international society (GIS) in all of its complexity and contradiction. It starts by attempting to allocate the relative weight of the four component models across four historical eras from classical times to the present. It then turns to the question of whether, and in what ways GIS is getting stronger or weaker. This is done by aggregating the criteria identified in the four models, and asking how this complex and often messy GIS is evolving, and how its different layers play into each other in co-constituting ways.
Chapter 4 develops a ‘regional/subglobal’ ideal-type model of global international society (GIS). The chapter sets out the assumptions of the model, and gives a short sketch of how the world looks through the lens of the model. This is done in both static (what the GIS looks like now) and dynamic (how has history unfolded to bring us to where we are) modes. On this basis, we set out the criteria within the model by which one might judge whether an international society viewed in these terms is getting weaker or stronger. The chapter then turns to a critical assessment of the model, asking how well or badly it captures the units, the structures, and the binding forces of GIS.
Chapter 6 develops a ‘functional differentiation’ ideal-type model of global international society (GIS). The chapter sets out the assumptions of the model, and gives a short sketch of how the world looks through the lens of the model. This is done in both static (what the GIS looks like now) and dynamic (how has history unfolded to bring us to where we are) modes. On this basis, we set out the criteria within the model by which one might judge whether an international society viewed in these terms is getting weaker or stronger. The chapter then turns to a critical assessment of the model, asking how well or badly it captures the units, the structures, and the binding forces of GIS.
Chapter 2 focuses on how the formative process of global international society (GIS) over the past few centuries explains the differentiation we find both among states and within GIS. The formative process is framed in the form of two general models: polycentric (where several separate civilizational cores merge into a single international society) and monocentric (where one local civilizational core rises to dominate all the others). The monocentric model is the one that fits most closely with the expansion story, and the chapter explores four sub-models within that of how both the states and some of the other substructures of GIS came into being: unbroken creation, repopulation, colonization/decolonization, and encounter/reform. The analysis concentrates on how these models generated marked differentiations among the types of states that became members of contemporary GIS and sometimes distributed these differences in patterned ways.
Chapter 1 argues that international society at the global level is inadequately theorised. It sets up a differentiation approach as a way to rectify this shortcoming, and applies that both to the units that comprise the membership of global international society (GIS), and to the structures of GIS itself. It also considers how to theorise the binding forces that hold social structures together. This two-level framework of differentiation – of the types of members, and of the substructures – of GIS, alongside the issue of binding forces, forms the basic approach of the book.
Chapter 3 develops a ‘like units’ ideal-type model of global international society (GIS). The chapter sets out the assumptions of the model, and gives a short sketch of how the world looks through the lens of the model. This is done in both static (what the GIS looks like now) and dynamic (how has history unfolded to bring us to where we are) modes. On this basis, we set out the criteria within the model by which one might judge whether an international society viewed in these terms is getting weaker or stronger. The chapter then turns to a critical assessment of the model, asking how well or badly it captures the units, the structures, and the binding forces of GIS.
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