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  • Cited by 2
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
September 2017
Print publication year:
2017
Online ISBN:
9781108182638

Book description

Based around the Pacific Islands Regiment, the Australian Army's units in Papua New Guinea had a dual identity: integral to Australia's defence, but also part of its largest colony, and viewed as a foreign people. The Australian Army in PNG defended Australia from threats to its north and west, while also managing the force's place within Australian colonial rule in PNG, occasionally resulting in a tense relationship with the Australian colonial government during a period of significant change. In Guarding the Periphery: The Australian Army in Papua New Guinea, 1951–75, Tristan Moss explores the operational, social and racial aspects of this unique force during the height of the colonial era in PNG and during the progression to independence. Combining the rich detail of both archival material and oral histories, Guarding the Periphery recounts a part of Australian military history that is often overlooked by studies of Australia's military past.

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Contents

Bibliography

Published records

Army List of Officers of the Australian Military Forces, 1950–88
Keeping the Peace (Duties in Support of the Civil Power), War Office, London, 1957, Part 2
Commonwealth of Australia, Territory of New Guinea Report for 1966–1967, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, 1967

Unpublished records

Australian Army History Unit, Canberra

  • Military Board Minutes, 1950–75

  • Military Board Secretariat Briefing Notes, 1950–75

  • Military Board Submissions, 1950–75

Australian Army Psychology Corps, Canberra

  • 1 Psychology Research Unit Reports, 1968–73

Australian War Memorial, Canberra

AWM78

Reports of Proceedings, HMA Ships and Establishments, 1939–

AWM90

Australian Service Canteens Organisation records, 1915–79

AWM113

Records of the Military History Section (Army), 1940–61

AWM121

Records of the Directorate of Military Operations and Plans (DMO&P), 1952–75

AWM122

Department of Defence, Joint Planning Committee records from joint military operations and plans, 1959–75

AWM125

Written records – Miscellaneous – South-East Asian conflicts, 1948–75

AWM292

Records of Assistant Director of Medical Services, Headquarters Australian Force Vietnam, 1962–72

National Archives of Australia, Brisbane

J2810

PNGVR, Correspondence files, multiple number series with ‘R’ prefix [PNG], 1963–73

J2818

HQ PNG Command, Correspondence files, multiple number series [PNG – Pacific Islands Regiment], 1954–66

National Archives of Australia, Canberra

A432

Attorney-General's Department, Correspondence files, annual single number series, 1929–

A452

Department of (External) Territories, Correspondence files, annual single number series, 1951–75

A471

Department of Defence, Courts-Martial files [including war crimes trials], single number series, 1901–

A518

Department of (External) Territories, Correspondence files, multiple number series with alphabetical prefix, 1928–56

A663

Department of Defence, Correspondence files, multiple number series with ‘O’ prefix (primary numbers 1–224), 1940–57

A703

Department of Air, Correspondence files, multiple number series with occasional alphabetical prefixes and infixes [Canberra], 1949–75

A1209

Prime Minister's Department, Correspondence files, annual single number series with occasional C [classified] suffix, 1957–

A1361

Commonwealth Office of Education, Correspondence files, multiple number series, 1947–60

A1838

Department of External Affairs/Foreign Affairs, Correspondence files, multiple number series, 1948–89

A1946

Department of Defence, Correspondence files, annual single number series, 1967–73

A2031

Defence Committee minutes, 1926–

A4087

Department of Defence, Correspondence files, multiple number series with ‘D’ prefix, 1973–74

A4940

Menzies and Holt Ministries – Cabinet files ‘C’ single number series, 1949–72

A5619

Cabinet files, single number series with ‘C’ [Cabinet] prefix, 1949–1972

A5799

Defence Committee agenda, annual single number series, 1932–

A5818

Seventh Menzies Ministry – copies of Cabinet submissions and associated decisions (first series), 1958–61

A5882

Gorton and McMahon Ministries – Cabinet files, ‘CO’ single number series, 1968–72

A5954

‘Shedden Collection’ [Records collected by Sir Frederick Shedden during his career with the Department of Defence and in researching the history of Australian Defence Policy], two number series, 1931–71

A6059

Department of the Army, Correspondence files, multiple number series [class 441] [classified], 1956–64

A6837

Department of the Army, Outward correspondence files of the Vice or Deputy Chief of the General Staff, 1963–

A6846

Department of the Army, Records of, or concerning, the Army in Papua/New Guinea, 1945–75

A6847

Department of the Army, Patrol reports of the Army in Papua/New Guinea, 1963–75

A6913

Military Board Instructions [functional/amended set], 1962–73

A8738

Reports of meetings of the Joint Planning Committee, 1940–

A10756

Fraser Ministries – Cabinet files, single number series with ‘LC’ prefix, 1975–83

A10857

Department of Defence, Establishment records, two number series with roman numeral prefix and occasional alphabetic suffix, 1937–71

National Archives of Australia, Melbourne

MP729/8

Department of the Army, Secret correspondence files, multiple number series, 1945–55

MP742/1

Department of the Army, General and civil staff correspondence files and Army personnel files, multiple number series, 1943–51

MP927/1

Department of the Army, General and civil staff correspondence files and Army personnel files, multiple number series, 1952–1962

MT1131/1

Department of the Army, General and civil staff correspondence files and Army personnel files, multiple number series, 1952–62

Papua New Guinean National Archives, Port Moresby

16

District Commission, Registry Files

55

District Commissioner's Department, Port Moresby Central Registry Files

82

Department of Administrator, Registry Files

245

Department of Administrator, Government House Files

247

Department of Administrator, Government Secretary's Files

405

Department of the Administrator, Registry Files

1008

Department of Central Province, Division of Rural Services and Circular Memorandum Instructions

1010

Department of Provincial Affairs (Margarida), Registry Files

1017

Department of Provincial Affairs (Aitape), Registry Files

National Archives, Kew, United Kingdom

FCO 24–1433

Commonwealth Office, Far East and Pacific Department and Foreign and Commonwealth Office, South West Pacific Department: Registered Files (H and FW Series)

University of Papua New Guinea Archives, Port Moresby

  • New Guinea Collection

Private papers and other sources in possession of the author

  • Flint, Dick, unpublished memoir, n.d.

  • Ivey, Greg, private papers, n.d.

  • Payne, Geoff, unpublished diary, May–June 1972

  • Sayce, Bob, private papers, n.d.

  • Stokes, Peter, unpublished memoir, n.d.

Films and photographs

‘RAAF aid to New Guinea famine areas’, 19 October 1972, 16mm film, AWM, F02822
‘RSM Osi in recruitment poster’, n.d. [c. 1970], <www.nashospng.com/taurama-barracks-soldiers>
Silk, , George, , untitled photograph, 25 December 1942, AWM, 014028
Trindall, , Raeburn, , ‘The Piper’, 1973, 16mm film, AWM, F03381

Oral history, questionnaires and correspondence

Conducted by Tristan Moss

Adam, Sergeant Phil, Brisbane, 3 May 2011
Agwi, Major General Francis, conversation, Murray Barracks, PNG, 25 August 2011
Aibo, Warrant Officer George, Port Moresby, PNG, 30 July 2013
Ainaka, Sergeant Thomas, Moem Barracks, PNG, 6 August 2013
Armstrong, Major Dennis, telephone interview (Melbourne), 16 December 2011
Beazley, Roy, telephone interview (Sydney), 7 December 2011
Boddington, Sergeant Richard, Brisbane, 4 May 2011
Brock, Major Cliff, Canberra, 15 March 2013; questionnaire received 13 March 2013
Brock, Rosemary, Canberra, 15 March 2013
Chalapan, , Warrant Officer Tom Levi, Taurama Barracks, PNG, 31 July 2013
Clark, Lieutenant Ted, telephone interview (Adelaide), 15 May 2011
Claxton, Dr Karl, conversation, Port Moresby, PNG, 25 August 2011
Coppa, Sergeant Robert, questionnaire received 15 November 2012
Dalziel, Sergeant Andrew, Melbourne, 13 July 2011
Daura, Corporal Rodney, Taurama Barracks, PNG, 31 July 2013
Dennis, Lieutenant Colonel Michael, Adelaide, 15 February 2012
Dinji, Warrant Officer Barney, Taurama Barracks, PNG, 31 July 2013
Diro, Brigadier Ted, Port Moresby, PNG, 31 July 2013
Eastgate, Anne, Gold Coast, 14 April 2012
Eastgate, Major Ross, Gold Coast, 14 April 2012
Edwinsmith, Sergeant Terry, Brisbane, 5 May 2011
Farr, Sergeant Greg, Brisbane, 2 May 2011
Garrett, Richard, correspondence, 10 November 2012
Gewa, Corporal Gapi, Port Moresby 30 July 2013
Gibson, Sergeant John, Brisbane, 3 May 2011
Gillies, Major Don, telephone interview (Sydney), 7 December 2011
Gollings, Lieutenant Ian, telephone interview, 3 November 2011; correspondence, received 25 October 2011
Gration, General Peter, Canberra, 15 July 2013
Gwamse, Sergeant Nadu, Moem Barracks, PNG, 6 August 2013
Hartwig, Lieutenant Commander Beverly, Adelaide, 16 February 2012
Haui, Brigadier Tony, Port Moresby, PNG, 29 August 2011
Holland, Brigadier Terry, questionnaire received 26 November 2013
Holloway, Sir Barry, Port Moresby, PNG, 24 August 2011
Horton, Sergeant Kevin, Brisbane, 1 May 2011
Horton, Lynette, Brisbane, 1 May 2011
Howard, Major General Brian (Hori), Canberra, 16 May 2011; questionnaire received 29 March 2012
Hunter, Sergeant Norm, Brisbane, 17 April 2012
Iselin, Sergeant Brian, telephone interview (Sunshine Coast), 12 December 2011; correspondence, 21 December 2011 and 7 January 2012
Ivey, Sergeant Greg, Brisbane, 1 May 2011
James, Major Don, Gold Coast, 14 April 2012; correspondence, 19 December 2011
Jeffery, Major General Michael, Canberra, 16 November 2010
Johnson, Sergeant Graeme, telephone interview (Perth), 27 June 2011
Kairi, Private Moses, Port Moresby, PNG, 2 August 2013
Kakar, Corporal Caspar Nasson, Wewak, PNG, 6 August 2013
Kearney, Colonel George, telephone interview (Brisbane), 19 September 2011
Kelly, Major John, telephone interview (Queensland), 2 August 2012
Kilby, Warrant Officer Alan, Brisbane, 2 May 2011
Knight, Sergeant Richard, Port Moresby, PNG, 23 July 2013
Kombukun, Sergeant Jim, Taurama Barracks, PNG, 31 July 2013
Kukuma, Colonel Jack, Port Moresby, PNG, 3 August 2013
Lange, Colonel Ron, telephone interview (Noosa), 15 May 2012
Lewis, Diane, Adelaide, 14 July 2012
Lewis, Brigadier Laurie, Adelaide, 14 July 2012
McCann, Brigadier Ray, Bowral, NSW, 16 February 2013; questionnaire received 2 March 2013
MacCullum, Major Malcolm, questionnaire received 28 December 2013
McDaniel, Lieutenant Colonel Dan, telephone interview (Perth), 13 August 2012
McDougall, Colonel Peter, questionnaire received 19 November 2013
McFarlane, Major Brian, Bowral, NSW, 16 February 2013
Manning, Lieutenant Colonel Graeme, questionnaire received 27 March 2012
Marsden, Major John, telephone interview (Sydney), 18 November 2011
Miasa, Colonel Sia, Port Moresby, PNG, 3 August 2013
Moripi, Major Frank, Port Moresby, PNG, 3 August 2013
Murray, Lieutenant Colonel Peter, Canberra, 7 and 14 October 2011
Nockels, Jim, Canberra, 26 September 2011
Norrie, Lieutenant Colonel Ben, Canberra, 10 March 2011
Ogston, Sergeant Ian, Canberra, 8 March 2010
Oiwelo, Sergeant Ronnie, Taurama Barracks, PNG, 31 July 2013
Olimomo, Sergeant Patrick, Taurama Barracks, PNG, 31 July 2013
Payne, Lieutenant Colonel Geoff, telephone interview (Sydney), 13 March 2013
Pears, Lieutenant Colonel Maurie, Gold Coast, 14 April 2012
Porteous, Sergeant Peter, questionnaire received 24 November 2013
Posi-tute, Warrant Officer Thomas, Port Moresby, PNG, 30 July 2013
Rauleta, Sergeant Lincoln, Moem Barracks, PNG, 6 August 2013
Renagi, Colonel Reginald, Port Moresby, PNG, 22 and 23 August 2011
Saese, Warrant Officer Valentine, Moem Barracks, PNG, 6 August 2013
Sayce, Colonel Bob, Canberra, 8 November 2012
Singirok, Major General Jerry, Port Moresby, PNG, 29 August 2011 and 25 July 2013
Smith, Sergeant Kevin, Brisbane, 4 May 2011
Suat, Sergeant John, Moem Barracks, PNG, 6 August 2013
Swadling, Captain Ken, questionnaire received 1 August 2011
Takoin, Warrant Officer Martin, Port Moresby, PNG, 30 July 2013
Trei, Private Sammy Joe, Port Moresby, PNG, 8 August 2013
Urr, Captain Tom, conversation, Murray Barracks, PNG, 24 July 2013
Wansley, Colonel Bert, telephone interview (Noosa), 27 May 2013
Watut, Corporal Mutuaina, Taurama Barracks, PNG, 31 July 2013
Wease, Warrant Officer Grahame, telephone interview (Tewantin, Qld), 2 October 2011
Winkel, Warrant Officer Dan, Brisbane, 13 April 2012
Wupu, Warrant Officer Anthony, Moem Barracks, PNG, 6 August 2013

Australians at War Film Archive

  • Adamson, Colin, Archive No. 1171

  • Blake, Murray, Archive No. 1850

  • Bowden, Antony, Archive No. 2443

  • Butler, David, Archive No. 1034

  • Clunies-Ross, Adrian, Archive No. 0795

  • Cruickshank, James, Archive No. 0770

  • Dihm, Jack, Archive No. 1698

  • Fearn, Norman, Archive No. 1421

  • Guest, William, Archive No. 0588

  • Jordan, Albert, Archive No. 2154

  • Morison, Robin, Archive No. 1921

  • Morrison, Michael, Archive No. 1928

  • Tilbrook, Francis, Archive No. 2354

  • Warfe, Peter, Archive No. 2487

Secondary sources

Official histories

Dennis, Peter, and Grey, Jeffrey, Emergency and Confrontation: Australian Military Operations in Malaya and Borneo 1950–1966, vol. 5, Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts, 1948–1975, Allen & Unwin in association with Australian War Memorial, Sydney, 1996
Edwards, P.G., and Pemberton, Gregory, Crises and Commitments: The Politics and Diplomacy of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1965, vol. 1, Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975, Allen & Unwin in association with Australian War Memorial, Sydney, 1992
Ekins, Ashley, and McNeill, Ian, Fighting to the Finish: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War, 1968–1975, vol. 9, Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975, Allen & Unwin in association with Australian War Memorial, Sydney, 2012
McCarthy, Dudley, South-West Pacific Area First Year, vol. V, Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1959
O'Neill, Robert John, Australia in the Korean War 1950–53, vol. 1, Strategy and Diplomacy, Australian War Memorial and AGPS, Canberra, 1981

Books

Alvah, Donna, Unofficial Ambassadors: American Military Families Overseas and the Cold War, 1946–1965, New York University Press, New York, 2007
Andrews, Eric, The Department of Defence, vol. 5, The Australian Centenary History of Defence, OUP, Melbourne, 2001
Desmond, Ball (ed.), Aborigines in the Defence of Australia, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1991
Beale, Pat, Operation Orders: The Experiences of an Infantry Officer, Australian Military History Publications, Loftus, NSW, 2003
Beaumont, Joan, Australian Defence: Sources and Statistics, vol. 6, The Australian Centenary History of Defence, OUP, Melbourne, 2001
Blaxland, J.C., The Australian Army from Whitlam to Howard, CUP, Melbourne, 2013
Bradley, Phillip, To Salamaua, CUP, Melbourne, 2010
Byrnes, G.M., Green Shadows: A War History of the Papuan Infantry Battalion, 1 New Guinea Infantry Battalion, 2 New Guinea Infantry Battalion, 3 New Guinea Infantry Battalion, G.M. Byrnes, New Market, Qld, 1989
Claxton, Karl, Bougainville 1988–98: Five Searches for Security in the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 1998
Clayton, Anthony, and Killingray, David, Khaki and Blue: Military and Police in British Colonial Africa, Research in International Studies, Africa Series, Ohio University Press, Athens, 1989
Coulthard-Clark, C.D. Australia's Military Map-makers: The Royal Australian Survey Corps 1915–96, OUP, Melbourne, 2000
Dennis, Peter, Grey, Jeffrey, Morris, Ewan and Prior, Robin (eds), The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History, 2nd edn, OUP, Melbourne, 2008
Denoon, Donald, A Trial Separation: Australia and the Decolonisation of Papua New Guinea, Pandanus Books, Canberra, 2005
Dinnen, Sinclair, Law, Order and the State in Papua New Guinea, State Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper 97/1, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Canberra, 1997
Dinnen, Sinclair, May, R.J. and Regan, A.J., Challenging the State: The Sandline Affair in Papua New Guinea, Pacific Policy Papers no. 30, Australian National University, Canberra, 1997
Doran, Stuart, (ed.), Australia and Papua New Guinea, 1966–1969, vol. 26, Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Barton, ACT, 2006
Dorney, Sean, Papua New Guinea: People, Politics and History Since 1975, rev. edn, ABC Books, Sydney, 2000
Downer, Alexander, The Bougainville Crisis: An Australian Perspective, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra, 2001
Downs, Ian, The Australian Trusteeship, Papua New Guinea, 1945–75, AGPS, Canberra, 1980
Dymock, Darryl R., The Chalkies: Educating an Army for Independence, Australian Scholarly Publishing, North Melbourne, 2016
Enloe, Cynthia H., Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in a Divided Society, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1980
Fischer, Steven R., A History of the Pacific Islands, Palgrave, New York, 2002
French, David, The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967, OUP, Oxford/New York, 2011
Frühling, Stephan, A History of Australian Strategic Policy Since 1945, Australian Department of Defence, Canberra, 2009
Goldsworthy, David, Losing the Blanket: Australia and the End of Britain's Empire, MUP, Melbourne, 2002
Granter, N.E.W., Yesterday and Today: An Illustrated History of the Pacific Islands Regiment from Its Formation on 19th June 1940 until the Present Day, [Pacific Islands Regiment], Port Moresby, 1970
Greville, P.J., The Royal Australian Engineers, 1945 to 1972: Paving the Way, Australian Military History Publications, [Sydney], 2002
Grey, Jeffrey, The Australian Army, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2001
Grey, Jeffrey, A Military History of Australia, 3rd edn, CUP, Melbourne, 2008
Grey, Jeffrey, A Soldier's Soldier: A Biography of Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Daly, CUP, Melbourne, 2012
Griffin, James, Nelson, Hank and Firth, Stewart, Papua New Guinea: A Political History, Heinemann Educational, Richmond, Vic., 1979
Gubb, Matthew, Vanuatu's 1980 Santo Rebellion: International Responses to a Microstate Security Crisis, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence, no. 107, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 1994
Haebich, Anna, Spinning the Dream: Assimilation in Australia 1950–1970, Fremantle Press, Fremantle, 2008
Hasluck, Paul, A Time for Building: Australian Administration in Papua and New Guinea, 1951–1963, MUP, Melbourne, 1976
Hastings, Peter, New Guinea: Problems and Prospects, Australian Institute of International Affairs, Melbourne, 1969
Horner, D.M., Defence Supremo: Sir Frederick Shedden and the Making of Australian Defence Policy, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2000
Horner, D.M., Making the Australian Defence Force, vol. 4, The Australian Centenary History of Defence, OUP, Melbourne, 2001
Horner, D.M., SAS: Phantoms of War, 2nd edn, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2002
Horner, D.M., Strategic Command: General Sir John Wilton and Australia's Asian Wars, OUP, Melbourne, 2005
Horner, D.M., and Bou, Jean (eds), Duty First: The Royal Australian Regiment in War and Peace, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1990
Janowitz, Morris, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait, Free Press, Glencoe, Ill., 1960
Kerr, Alan, A Federation in These Seas: An Account of the Acquisition by Australia of Its External Territories, with Selected Documents, Attorney-General's Department, Canberra, 2009
Kiki, Albert Maori, Kiki: Ten Thousand Years in a Lifetime, a New Guinea Autobiography, Cheshire, Melbourne, 1968
Killingray, David, Policing and Decolonisation: Politics, Nationalism, and the Police, 1917–65, Manchester University Press, Manchester/New York, 1992
Lloyd, Stephanie, Jeffery, Marlena and Hearn, Jenny, Taim Bilong Misis Bilong Armi: Memories of Wives of Australian Servicemen in Papua New Guinea 1951–1975, Pandanus Books, Canberra, 2001
McFarlane, Brian W., We Band of Brothers: A True Australian Adventure Story, B.W. McFarlane, Bowral, 2000
May, R.J., The Changing Role of the Military in Papua New Guinea, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence, no. 101, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Canberra, 1993
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Mench, Paul, The Role of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force, Australian National University, Canberra, 1975
Millar, T.B., Australia in Peace and War: External Relations Since 1788, 2nd edn, Australian National University Press, Sydney, 1991
Moore, Clive, New Guinea: Crossing Boundaries and History, University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 2003
Nelson, Hank, Fighting for Her Gates and Waterways: Changing Perceptions of New Guinea in Australian Defence. State Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper, Australian National University, Canberra, 2005
Ogston, Ian, Chalkies: Conscript Teachers in Papua New Guinea: 1970–1971, Ian Ogston, West Chermside, Qld, 2003
Ogston, Ian, Armi Wantoks: Conscript Teachers in Papua New Guinea: 1966–1973, Ian Ogston, West Chermside, Qld, 2004
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Parsons, Timothy, The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2003
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Riseman, Noah, and Trembath, Richard, Defending Country: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Military Service since 1945, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 2016
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Spark, Ceridwen, Spark, Seumas and Twomey, Christina (eds), Australians in Papua New Guinea, 1960–1975, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 2014
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Thompson, Roger C., Australia and the Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 1998
Waiko, John, A Short History of Papua New Guinea, OUP, Melbourne, 1993
Ward, Elizabeth, ‘Call out the troops: An examination of the legal basis for Australian Defence Force involvement in “non-defence” matters’, Australian Parliamentary Research Paper 8, 1997–98
Whitlam, Gough, The Whitlam Government, 1972–1975, Viking, Melbourne, 1985
Wolfers, Edward P., Race Relations and Colonial Rule in Papua New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand Book Co., Sydney, 1975
Wood, James, The Forgotten Force: The Australian Military Contribution to the Occupation of Japan 1945–1952, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1998
Woolford, Don, Papua New Guinea: Initiation and Independence, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1976

Articles and book chapters

Aitkin, Don, and Wolfers, Edward P, ‘Australian attitudes towards the Papua New Guinean area since World War II’, Australian Outlook, vol. 27, no. 2, 1973, pp. 202–14
Aitkin, Don, and Wolfers, Edward P, ‘Australian attitudes towards Papua New Guinea on the eve of Independence’, Australian Outlook, vol. 30, no. 3, 1976, pp. 432–8
Azari, Jaz, Dandeker, Christopher and Greenberg, Neil, ‘Cultural stress: How interactions with and among foreign populations affect military personnel’, Armed Forces and Society, vol. 36, no. 4, 2010, pp. 585603
Bell, Harry, ‘Goodbye to all that? Integration in the PIR’, New Guinea and Australia, the Pacific and South-East Asia, vol. 2, no. 2, 1967, pp. 4958
Bell, Henry L., ‘New Guinea pidgin teaching: Pidgin and the army – an example of Pidgin in a technically orientated environment’, in New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, vol. 3, Language, Culture, Society and the Modern World, ed. Wurm, S.A., pp. 671–90, Australian National University, Canberra, 1977
Bishop, Mickie, ‘Tarred-paper houses’, in Taim Bilong Misis Bilong Armi, ed. Lloyd, Jeffery and Hearn, , pp. 1620
Burns, Heather, ‘A teddy bears’ picnic?’, in Taim Bilong Misis Bilong Armi, ed. Lloyd, Jeffery and Hearn, , pp. 21–7
Corona, Victor P., ‘Career patterns in the US Army Officer Corps’, Public Organization Review, vol. 11, no. 2, 2011, pp. 109–34
Dibb, Paul, ‘The self-reliant defence of Australia: The history of an idea’, in History as Policy: Framing the Debate on the Future of Australia's Defence Policy, ed. Huisken, Ronald Herman, pp. 1126, ANU E Press, Canberra, 2007
Dickson-Waiko, Anne, ‘Women, nation and decolonisation in Papua New Guinea’, Journal of Pacific History, vol. 48, no. 2, 2013, pp. 177–93
Doran, Stuart, ‘Wanting and knowing best: Motive and method in Australia's governance of PNG, 1966–69’, Journal of Pacific History, vol. 40, no. 3, 2005, pp. 311–21
Doran, Stuart, ‘Introduction’, in Australia and Papua New Guinea, 1966–1969, vol. 26, Documents on Australian Foreign Policy, ed. Stuart Doran, pp. xvii–lvii, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Barton, ACT, 2006
Ducie, Jenny, ‘A heavenly bird of paradise’, in Taim Bilong Misis Bilong Armi, ed. Lloyd, Jeffery and Hearn, , pp. 4956
East, Colin, ‘PNGDF: Colonial legacy or independent force?’, Pacific Defence Reporter, vol. 12, no. 5, 1985, pp. 1113, 60
Enloe, Cynthia, ‘The military uses of ethnicity’, Millennium – Journal of International Studies, vol. 4, 1975, pp. 220–34
Firth, Stewart, ‘Colonial administration and the invention of the native’, in Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders, ed. Denoon, Donald, Firth, Stewart, Linnekin, Jocelyn, Meleisea, Malama and Nero, Karen, pp. 253–87, CUP, Cambridge/New York, 1997
Firth, Stewart, ‘Security in Papua New Guinea: The military and diplomatic dimensions’, Security Challenges, vol. 10, no. 2, 2014, pp. 97113
Fletcher, Karen, and Gonara, Bomal, ‘Decriminalisation of prostitution in Papua New Guinea’, in Civic Insecurity: Law, Order and HIV in Papua New Guinea, ed. Luker, Vicki and Dinnen, Sinclair, pp. 145–53, ANU E Press, Canberra, 2011
Fraenkel, Jon, ‘The coming anarchy in Oceania? A critique of the “Africanisation” of the South Pacific thesis’, Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, vol. 42, no. 1, 2004, pp. 134
Glendenning, Maureen, ‘Where's the jungle?’, in Taim Bilong Misis Bilong Armi, ed. Lloyd, Jeffery and Hearn, , pp. 3948
Grey, Jeffrey, ‘Cuckoo in the nest? Australian military historiography: The state of the field’, Military Compass, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, pp. 455–68
Griffin, James, ‘Papua New Guinea’, in Australia in World Affairs, 1971–1975, ed. Hudson, W.J., pp. 347–83, George Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1980
Hall, Robert, ‘Aborigines and Australian defence planning’, in Aborigines in the Defence of Australia, ed. Ball, Desmond, pp. 205–22, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1991
Hastings, Peter, ‘Thoughts on Taurama: The myth of the “non-political” army’, New Guinea, vol. 6, no. 1, 1971, pp. 2834
Heatu, Basita, ‘New Guinea's coming army: To prevent a coup or lead one?’, New Guinea, vol. 2, no. 3, 1967, pp. 32–3
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Theses

Armstrong, Dennis James, ‘An examination of the effects of ethnic contact upon the attitudes of some Australians in Papua New Guinea’, MA, University of Queensland, 1972
Brown, Elizabeth I, ‘Bye, bye Miss American Pie: Wives of American servicemen in Southeast Asia, 1961–1975’, PhD, University of Colorado, 2005
Colebatch, Peta, ‘To find a path: The army in Papua New Guinea’, PhD, Sussex University, 1974
Hunt, Bruce Geoffrey, ‘Papua New Guinea in Australia's strategic thinking, 1880–1977: The path to the 1977 Statement on the Defence Relationship’, PhD, University of New England, 2003
Lovering, Timothy John, ‘Authority and identity: Malawian soldiers in Britain's colonial army, 1891–1964’, PhD, University of Stirling, 2002
Rogers, Trevor A., ‘The Papua New Guinea Defence Force: Vanuatu (1980) to Bougainville (1990)’, PhD, Australian National University, 2002
Urquhart, D.A.K., ‘Australia's military aid programs 1950–1990’, MA, Australian Defence Force Academy, 1991

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