Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T10:01:30.834Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

28 - Color and face perception

from Part VII - Color effects on psychological and biological functioning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2016

By
Ian D. Stephen  and
David I. Perrett
Edited by
Andrew J. Elliot ,
Mark D. Fairchild  and
Anna Franklin
Andrew J. Elliot
Affiliation:
University of Rochester, New York
Mark D. Fairchild
Affiliation:
Rochester Institute of Technology, New York
Anna Franklin
Affiliation:
University of Sussex
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Handbook of Color Psychology , pp. 585 - 602
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamo, S. (2005). Female choice for male immunocompetence: when is it worth it? Behavioral Ecology, 16(5), 871–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, F. M., and Osgood, C. E. (1973). A cross-cultural study of the affective meanings of color. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 4(2), 135–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agarwal, A. (2005). Role of oxidative stress in male infertility and antioxidant supplementation. Cleveland Clinic. Business Briefing: US Kidney and Urological Disease, 122–32.Google Scholar
Alaluf, S., Heinrich, U., Stahl, W., Tronnier, H., and Wiseman, S. (2002). Human nutrition and metabolism: dietary carotenoids contribute to normal human skin color and UV photosensitivity. Journal of Nutrition, 132(3), 399–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, M., Newmark, H., and Miller, R. G. (1985). Oral beta-carotene can increase the number of OKT4+ cells in human blood. Immunology Letters, 9, 221–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, G. (1879). The Color-Sense: Its Origin and Development. London: Trubner and Co.Google Scholar
Armstrong, N., and Welsman, J. (2001). Peak oxygen uptake in relation to growth and maturation in 11- to 17-year-old humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(6), 546–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Attrill, M. J., Gresty, K. A., Hill, R. A., and Barton, R. A. (2008). Red shirt color is associated with long-term team success in English football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(6), 577–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamford, A. J., Monadjem, A., and Hardy, I. C. W. (2010). Associations of avian facial flushing and skin coloration with agonistic interaction outcomes. Ethology, 116(12), 1163–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouilly-Gauthier, D., Jeannes, C., Maubert, Y., Duteil, L., Queille-Roussel, C., Piccardi, N., Montastier, C., Manissier, P., Piérard, G., and Ortonne, J.-P. (2010). Clinical evidence of benefits of a dietary supplement containing probiotic and carotenoids on ultraviolet-induced skin damage. British Journal of Dermatology, 163(3), 536–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branda, R. F., and Eaton, J. W. (1978). Skin color and nutrient photolysis: an evolutionary hypothesis. Science, 201(4356), 625–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, V., and Langton, S. (1994). The use of pigmentation and shading information in recognising the sex and identities of faces. Perception, 23(7), 803–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulygina, E., Mitteroecker, P., and Aiello, L. (2006). Ontogeny of facial dimorphism and patterns of individual development within one human population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 131(3), 432–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkhart, C. G., and Burkhart, C. N. (2005). The mole theory: primary function of melanocytes and melanin may be antimicrobial defense and immunomodulation (not solar protection). International Journal of Dermatology, 44(4), 340–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burt, D. M., and Perrett, D. I. (1995). Perception of age in adult Caucasian male faces: computer graphic manipulation of shape and color information. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 259, 137–43.Google Scholar
Changizi, M., Zhang, Q., and Shimojo, S. (2006). Bare skin, blood and the evolution of primate color vision. Biology Letters, 2(2), 217–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charkoudian, N. (2003). Skin blood flow in adult human thermoregulation: how it works, when it does not, and why. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 78(5), 603–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charkoudian, N., Stephens, D. P., Pirkle, K. C., Kosiba, W. A., and Johnson, J. M. (1999). Influence of female reproductive hormones on local thermal control of skin blood flow. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87(5), 1719–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coetzee, V., Greeff, J. M., Stephen, I. D., and Perrett, D. I. (2014). Cross-cultural agreement in facial attractiveness preferences: the role of ethnicity and gender. PLoS ONE, 9, e99629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coetzee, V., and Perrett, D. I. (2014). Effect of beta-carotene supplementation on African skin. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 19(2), 25004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coetzee, V., Perrett, D. I., and Stephen, I. D. (2009). Facial adiposity: a cue to health? Perception, 38(11), 1700–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corson, R. (1972). Fashions in Makeup: From Ancient to Modern Times. London: Owen.Google Scholar
Dowling, D. K., and Simmons, L. W. (2009). Reactive oxygen species as universal constraints in life-history evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 276(1663), 1737–45.Google ScholarPubMed
Drummond, P. D., Back, K., Harrison, J., Helgadottir, F. D., Lange, B., Lee, C., and Wheatley, L. (2007). Blushing during social interactions in people with a fear of blushing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(7), 1601–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drummond, P. D., and Quah, S. H. (2001). The effect of expressing anger on cardiovascular reactivity and facial blood flow in Chinese and Caucasians. Psychophysiology, 38(2), 190–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, E. A., and Duntley, S. Q. (1939). The pigments and color of living human skin. American Journal of Anatomy, 65(1), 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, R., Xiao, D., Keysers, C., Foldiak, P., and Perrett, D. (2003). Color sensitivity of cells responsive to complex stimuli in the temporal cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90(2), 1245–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farkas, L. G. (1981). Anthropometry of the Face and Head in Medicine. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Feather, J. W., Ellis, D. J., and Leslie, G. (1988). A portable reflectometer for the rapid quantification of cutaneous haemoglobin and melanin. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 33(6), 711–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fink, B., Grammer, K., and Matts, P. (2006). Visible skin color distribution plays a role in the perception of age, attractiveness, and health in female faces. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27(6), 433–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fink, B., Grammer, K., and Thornhill, R. (2001). Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness in relation to skin texture and color. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 115(1), 92–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fink, B., Matts, P. J., D’Emiliano, D., Bunse, L., Weege, B., and Röder, S. (2012). Color homogeneity and visual perception of age, health and attractiveness of male facial skin. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 26(12), 1486–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fink, B., and Neave, N. (2005). The biology of facial beauty. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 27(6), 317–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freiwald, W. A., and Tsao, D. Y. (2012). What makes a cell face selective? The importance of contrast. Neuron, 74(3), 567–81.Google Scholar
Friis, H., Gomo, E., Koestel, P., Ndhlovu, P., Nyazema, N., Krarup, H., and Michaelsen, K. F. (2001). HIV and other predictors of serum beta-carotene and retinol in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study in Zimbabwe. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(6), 1058–65.Google ScholarPubMed
Gilad, S., Meng, M., and Sinha, P. (2009). Role of ordinal contrast relationships in face encoding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(13), 5353–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Goren, C. C., Sarty, M., and Wu, P. Y. (1975). Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Pediatrics, 56(4), 544–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunn, D., Rexbye, H., Griffiths, C. E. M., Murray, P. G., Fereday, A., Catt, S. D., and Christensen, K. (2009). Why some women look young for their age. PLoS ONE, 4(12), e8021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagemann, N., Strauss, B., and Leissing, J. (2008). When the referee sees red … Psychological Science, 19(8), 769–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, R. A., and Barton, R. A. (2005). Red enhances human performance in contests. Nature, 435(7040), 293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hupka, R. B., Zaleski, Z., Otto, J., Reidl, L., and Tarabrina, N. V. (1997). The colors of anger, envy, fear, and jealousy: a cross-cultural study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28(2), 156–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilie, A., Ioan, S., Zagrean, L., and Moldovan, M. (2008). Better to be red than blue in virtual competition. Cyberpsychology & Behavior: The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society, 11(3), 375–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeghers, H. (1943). Skin changes of nutritional origin. New England Journal of Medicine, 228, 678–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, E. J. (2002). The role of carotenoids in human health. Nutrition in Clinical Care, 5(2), 56–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, J. M. (1998). Physical training and the control of skin blood flow. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 382–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., and Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4302–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemp, R., Pike, G., White, P., and Musselman, A. (1996). Perception and recognition of normal and negative faces: the role of shape from shading and pigmentation cues. Perception, 25, 37–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koutsos, E. A., Calvert, C. C., and Klasing, K. C. (2003). The effect of an acute phase response on tissue carotenoid levels of growing chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 135, 635–46.Google ScholarPubMed
Lafer-Sousa, R., and Conway, B. R. (2013). Parallel, multi-stage processing of colors, faces and shapes in macaque inferior temporal cortex. Nature Neuroscience. 16, 1870–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langlois, J. H., and Roggman, L. A. (1990). Attractive faces are only average. Psychological Science, 1(2), 115–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, K. J., and Perrett, D. I. (1997). Presentation-time measures of the effects of manipulations in color space on discrimination of famous faces. Perception, 26, 733–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lefevre, C. E., Ewbank, M. P., Calder, A. J., Von Hagen, E., and Perrett, D. I. (2013). It is all in the face: carotenoid skin coloration loses attractiveness outside the face. Biology Letters, 9(6), 2013.0633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, D., Moberg, E., Kollind, M., Lins, P.-E., Adamson, U., and Macdonald, I. A. (1992). Arterial, arterialized venous, venous and capillary blood glucose measurements in normal man during hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia, 35, 287–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacDougall, A. K., and Montgomerie, R. (2003). Assortative mating by carotenoid-based plumage color: a quality indicator in American goldfinches, Carduelis tristis. Die Naturwissenschaften, 90(10), 464–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maddox, K. B., and Gray, S. A. (1999). Cognitive representations of black Americans: reexploring the role of skin tone. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(2), 250–9.Google Scholar
Margetts, B. M., Cade, J. E., and Osmond, C. (1989). Comparison of a food frequency questionnaire with a diet record. International Journal of Epidemiology, 18(4), 868–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matts, P. J., and Fink, B. (2010). Chronic sun damage and the perception of age, health and attractiveness. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 9(4), 421–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matts, P. J., Fink, B., Grammer, K., and Burquest, M. (2007). Color homogeneity and visual perception of age, health, and attractiveness of female facial skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 57(6), 977–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeefry, D. J., and Zeki, S. (1997). The position and topography of the human color centre as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain, 120, 2229–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meinke, M. C., Darvin, M. E., Vollert, H., and Lademann, J. (2010). Bioavailability of natural carotenoids in human skin compared to blood. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 76(2), 269–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minami, T., Goto, K., Kitazaki, M., and Nakauchi, S. (2011). Effects of color information on face processing using event-related potentials and gamma oscillations. Neuroscience, 176, 265–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moeller, S., Freiwald, W. A., and Tsao, D. Y. (2008). Patches with links: a unified system for processing faces in the macaque temporal lobe. Science, 320, 1355–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montoya, P., Campos, J. J., and Schandry, R. (2005). See red? Turn pale? Unveiling emotions through cardiovascular and hemodynamic changes. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 8(1), 79–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, F. G. (1934). Pigmentation, sunlight and nutritional disease. American Anthropologist, 36(3), 438–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakajima, K., Minami, T., and Nakauchi, S. (2012). The face-selective N170 component is modulated by facial color. Neuropsychologia, 50, 2499–2505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Negro, J. J., Sarasola, J. H., Fariñas, F., and Zorrilla, I. (2006). Function and occurrence of facial flushing in birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 143(1), 78–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohayon, S., Freiwald, W. A., and Tsao, D. Y. (2012). What makes a cell face selective? The importance of contrast. Neuron, 74(3), 567–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panza, J., Quyyumi, A., Brush, J., and Epstein, S. (1990). Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine, 323(1), 22–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paxton, L., Redd, S. C., Steketee, R. W., Otieno, J. O., and Nahlen, B. (1996). An evaluation of clinical indicators for severe paediatric illness. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 74(6), 613–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Perrett, D. I., Burt, D. M., Penton-Voak, I. S., Lee, K. J., Rowland, D. A., and Edwards, R. (1999). Symmetry and human facial attractiveness. Perception, 307, 295–307.Google Scholar
Perrett, D. I., Lee, K. J., Penton-Voak, I., Rowland, D., Yoshikawa, S., Burt, D. M., and Akamatsu, S. (1998). Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness. Nature, 394(6696), 884–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perrett, D. I., Smith, P. A., Potter, D. D., Mistlin, A. J., Head, A. S., Milner, A. D., and Jeeves, M. A. (1984). Neurones responsive to faces in the temporal cortex: studies of functional organization, sensitivity to identity and relation to perception. Human Neurobiology, 3(4), 197–208.Google ScholarPubMed
Pike, T. W., Blount, J. D., Bjerkeng, B., Lindström, J., and Metcalfe, N. B. (2007). Carotenoids, oxidative stress and female mating preference for longer lived males. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 274(1618), 1591–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Ponsonby, L., Dwyer, T., and Couper, D. (1997). Sleeping position, infant apnea, and cyanosis: a population-based study. Pediatrics, 99(1), e3–e3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porcheron, A., Mauger, E., and Russell, R. (2013). Aspects of facial contrast decrease with age and are cues for age perception. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e57985.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, V., and Rao, L. G. (2007). Carotenoids and human health. Pharmacological Research, 55(3), 207–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Re, D. E., Whitehead, R. D., Xiao, D., and Perrett, D. I. (2011). Oxygenated-blood color change thresholds for perceived facial redness, health, and attractiveness. PLoS ONE, 6(3), e17859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhodes, L., Argersinger, M. E., Gantert, L. T., Friscino, B. H., Hom, G., Pikounis, B., and Rhodes, W. L. (1997). Effects of administration of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, oestrogen and fadrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, on sex skin color in intact male rhesus macaques. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 111(1), 51–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribaya-Mercado, J. D., and Blumberg, J. B. (2004). Lutein and zeaxanthin and their potential roles in disease prevention. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23(6 Suppl.), 567S–87S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, A. H. (1991). Biological Perspectives on Human Pigmentation. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, C., Harris, J. M., and Roberts, S. C. (2005). Sporting contests: seeing red? Putting sportswear in context. Nature, 437, E10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, R. (2003). Sex, beauty, and the relative luminance of facial features. Perception, 32(9), 1093–1107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, R. (2009). A sex difference in facial contrast and its exaggeration by cosmetics. Perception, 38, 1211–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, R., Sinha, P., Biederman, I., and Nederhouser, M. (2006). Is pigmentation important for face recognition? Evidence from contrast negation. Perception, 35(6), 749–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saks, L., Ots, I., and Hõrak, P. (2003). Carotenoid-based plumage coloration of male greenfinches reflects health and immunocompetence. Oecologia, 134(3), 301–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaffer, S. E. (2007). Reading our lips: the history of lipstick regulation in Western seats of power. Food and Drug Law Journal, 62(1), 165–225.Google ScholarPubMed
Scott, I. M. L., Pound, N., Stephen, I. D., Clark, A. P., and Penton-Voak, I. S. (2010). Does masculinity matter? The contribution of masculine face shape to male attractiveness in humans. PLoS ONE, 5(10), e13585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seifter, E., Rettura, G., and Levenson, S. M. (1981). Carotenoids and cell mediated immune responses. In Charamblois, G. and Inglett, G. (eds.), The Quality of Foods and Beverages: Chemistry and Technology (vol. II, pp. 335–47). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Setchell, J. M. (2005). Do female mandrills prefer brightly colored males? International Journal of Primatology, 26(4), 715–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Setchell, J. M., and Dixson, A. F. (2001). Changes in the secondary sexual adornments of male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) are associated with gain and loss of alpha status. Hormones and Behavior, 39(3), 177–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Setchell, J. M., Smith, T., Wickings, E. J., and Knapp, L. (2008). Social correlates of testosterone and ornamentation in male mandrills. Hormones and Behavior, 54(3), 365–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Setchell, J. M., Wickings, E. J., and Knapp, L. (2006). Signal content of red facial coloration in female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 273(1599), 2395–2400.Google ScholarPubMed
Shardell, M. D., Alley, D. E., Hicks, G. E., El-Kamary, S. S., Miller, R. R., Semba, R. D., and Ferrucci, L. (2011). Low-serum carotenoid concentrations and carotenoid interactions predict mortality in US adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrition Research, 31(3), 178–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stahl, W., Heinrich, U., Jungmann, H., von Laar, J., Schietzel, M., Sies, H., and Tronnier, H. (1998). Increased dermal carotenoid levels assessed by noninvasive reflection spectrophotometry correlate with serum levels in women ingesting Betatene. Journal of Nutrition, 128(5), 903–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stahl, W., and Sies, H. (1996). Lycopene: a biologically important carotenoid for humans? Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 336(1), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stamatas, G. N., Zmudzka, B. Z., Kollias, N., and Beer, J. Z. (2004). Non-invasive measurements of skin pigmentation in situ. Pigment Cell Research, 17, 618–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephen, I. D., Coetzee, V., Law Smith, M., and Perrett, D. I. (2009a). Skin blood perfusion and oxygenation color affect perceived human health. PLoS ONE, 4(4), e5083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephen, I. D., Coetzee, V., and Perrett, D. I. (2011). Carotenoid and melanin pigment coloration affect perceived human health. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(3), 216–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephen, I. D., Law Smith, M. J., Stirrat, M. R., and Perrett, D. I. (2009b). Facial skin coloration affects perceived health of human faces. International Journal of Primatology, 30(6), 845–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephen, I. D., and McKeegan, A. M. (2010). Lip color affects perceived sex typicality and attractiveness of human faces. Perception, 39(8), 1104–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephen, I. D., Oldham, F. H., Perrett, D. I., and Barton, R. A. (2012a). Redness enhances perceived aggression, dominance and attractiveness in men’s faces. Evolutionary Psychology, 10(3), 562–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephen, I. D., Scott, I. M. L., Coetzee, V., Pound, N., Perrett, D. I., and Penton-Voak, I. S. (2012b). Cross-cultural effects of color, but not morphological masculinity, on perceived attractiveness of men’s faces. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(4), 260–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surridge, A. K., and Mundy, N. I. (2002). Trans-specific evolution of opsin alleles and the maintenance of trichromatic color vision in callitrichine primates. Molecular Ecology, 11(10), 2157–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surridge, A. K., Osorio, D., and Mundy, N. I. (2003). Evolution and selection of trichromatic vision in primates. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18(4), 198–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, K. W., and Stephen, I. D. (2013). Color detection thresholds in faces and color patches. Perception, 42(7), 733–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornton, M. J. (2002). The biological actions of estrogens on skin. Experimental Dermatology, 11(6), 487–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiddeman, B., Burt, D. M., and Perrett, D. I. (2001). Prototyping and transforming facial textures for perception research. Computer Graphics and Applications, 21(5), 42–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsao, D. Y., Moeller, S., and Freiwald, W. A. (2008). Comparing face patch systems in macaques and humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 19514–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Van den Berghe, P. L., and Frost, P. (1986). Skin color preference, sexual dimorphism and sexual selection: a case of gene culture co-evolution? Ethnic and Racial Studies, 9(1), 87–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vuong, Q. C., Peissig, J. J., Harrison, M. C., and Tarr, M. J. (2005). The role of surface pigmentation for recognition revealed by contrast reversal in faces and Greebles. Vision Research, 45(10), 1213–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waitt, C., Gerald, M. S., and Little, A. C. (2006). Selective attention toward female secondary sexual color in male rhesus macaques. American Journal of Primatology, 744, 738–44.Google Scholar
Waitt, C., Little, A. C., Wolfensohn, S., Honess, P., Brown, A. P., Buchanan-Smith, H. M., and Perrett, D. I. (2003). Evidence from rhesus macaques suggests that male coloration plays a role in female primate mate choice. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 270(Suppl.), S144–6.Google Scholar
Whitehead, R. D., Ozakinci, G., and Perrett, D. I. (2012a). Attractive skin coloration: harnessing sexual selection to improve diet and health. Evolutionary Psychology, 10(5), 842–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, R. D., Re, D., Xiao, D., Ozakinci, G., and Perrett, D. I. (2012b). You are what you eat: within-subject increases in fruit and vegetable consumption confer beneficial skin-color changes. PLoS ONE, 7(3), e32988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yip, A. W., and Sinha, P. (2002). Contribution of color to face recognition. Perception, 31(8), 995–1004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×