Book contents
- Handbook of CTG Interpretation
- Handbook of CTG Interpretation
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Glossary
- 1 ‘An Eye Opener’: Perils of CTG Misinterpretation
- 2 Fetal Oxygenation
- 3 Physiology of Fetal Heart Rate Control and Types of Intrapartum Hypoxia
- 4 Understanding the CTG
- 5 Applying Fetal Physiology to Interpret CTG Traces
- 6 Avoiding Errors
- 7 Antenatal Cardiotocography
- 8 Intermittent (Intelligent) Auscultation in the Low-Risk Setting
- 9 Current Scientific Evidence on CTG
- 10 Role of Uterine Contractions and Intrapartum Reoxygenation Ratio
- 11 Intrapartum Monitoring of a Preterm Fetus
- 12 Role of Chorioamnionitis and Infection
- 13 Meconium
- 14 Intrapartum Bleeding
- 15 Labour with a Uterine Scar
- 16 Impact of Maternal Environment on Fetal Heart Rate
- 17 Use of CTG with Induction and Augmentation of Labour
- 18 Recognition of Chronic Hypoxia and the Preterminal Cardiotocograph
- 19 Unusual Fetal Heart Rate Patterns
- 20 Intrauterine Resuscitation
- 21 Management of Prolonged Decelerations and Bradycardia
- 22 ST-Analyser (STAN)
- 23 ST-Analyser
- 24 Role of a Computerized CTG
- 25 Peripheral Tests of Fetal Well-being
- 26 Operative Interventions for Fetal Compromise
- 27 Nonhypoxic Causes of CTG Changes
- 28 Neonatal Implications of Intrapartum Fetal Hypoxia
- 29 Role of the Anaesthetist in the Management of Fetal Compromise during Labour
- 30 Medico-legal Issues with CTG
- 31 Ensuring Competency in Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring
- 32 Physiology-Based CTG Training
- Appendix Rational Use of FIGO Guidelines in Clinical Practice
- Answers to Exercises
- Index
- References
22 - ST-Analyser (STAN)
Principles and Physiology
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 March 2017
Edited by
Book contents
- Handbook of CTG Interpretation
- Handbook of CTG Interpretation
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Glossary
- 1 ‘An Eye Opener’: Perils of CTG Misinterpretation
- 2 Fetal Oxygenation
- 3 Physiology of Fetal Heart Rate Control and Types of Intrapartum Hypoxia
- 4 Understanding the CTG
- 5 Applying Fetal Physiology to Interpret CTG Traces
- 6 Avoiding Errors
- 7 Antenatal Cardiotocography
- 8 Intermittent (Intelligent) Auscultation in the Low-Risk Setting
- 9 Current Scientific Evidence on CTG
- 10 Role of Uterine Contractions and Intrapartum Reoxygenation Ratio
- 11 Intrapartum Monitoring of a Preterm Fetus
- 12 Role of Chorioamnionitis and Infection
- 13 Meconium
- 14 Intrapartum Bleeding
- 15 Labour with a Uterine Scar
- 16 Impact of Maternal Environment on Fetal Heart Rate
- 17 Use of CTG with Induction and Augmentation of Labour
- 18 Recognition of Chronic Hypoxia and the Preterminal Cardiotocograph
- 19 Unusual Fetal Heart Rate Patterns
- 20 Intrauterine Resuscitation
- 21 Management of Prolonged Decelerations and Bradycardia
- 22 ST-Analyser (STAN)
- 23 ST-Analyser
- 24 Role of a Computerized CTG
- 25 Peripheral Tests of Fetal Well-being
- 26 Operative Interventions for Fetal Compromise
- 27 Nonhypoxic Causes of CTG Changes
- 28 Neonatal Implications of Intrapartum Fetal Hypoxia
- 29 Role of the Anaesthetist in the Management of Fetal Compromise during Labour
- 30 Medico-legal Issues with CTG
- 31 Ensuring Competency in Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring
- 32 Physiology-Based CTG Training
- Appendix Rational Use of FIGO Guidelines in Clinical Practice
- Answers to Exercises
- Index
- References
Summary
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- Chapter
- Information
- Handbook of CTG InterpretationFrom Patterns to Physiology, pp. 130 - 134Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2017
References
Further Reading
Chandraharan, E. STAN: an introduction to its use, limitations and caveats. Obs Gyn Midwifery Prod News. 2010. Sep 2: 18-22.Google Scholar
Neilson, JP. Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3: Art. No.: CD000116. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD000116.pub2.Google Scholar
Amer-Wåhlin, I, Hellsten, C, Norén, H, Hagberg, H, Herbst, A, Kjellmer, I, Lilja, H, Lindoff, C, Månsson, M, Mårtensson, L, Olofsson, P, Sundström, AK, Marál, K. Cardiotocography only versus cardiotocography plus ST analysis of fetal electrocardiogram for intrapartum fetal monitoring: a Swedish randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;358:534–8.Google Scholar
Antonia, C, Ayres-de-Campos, D, Fernanda, C, Cristina, S, Joao, B. Prediction of neonatal acidemia by computer analysis of fetal heart rate and ST event signals. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201:464e1–6.Google Scholar
Westerhuis, ME, van Horen, E, Kwee, A, van der Tweel, I, Visser, GH, Moons, KG. Inter- and intra-observer agreement of intrapartum ST analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram in women monitored by STAN. BJOG. 2009;116(4):545–51.Google Scholar
Olofsson, P, Ayres-de-Campos, D, Kessler, J, Tendal, B, Yli, BM, Devoe, L. A critical appraisal of the evidence for using cardiotocography plus ECG ST interval analysis for fetal surveillance in labor. Part II: the meta-analyses. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014;93(6):571–86.Google Scholar
Belfort, MA, Saade, GR, Thom, E, Blackwell, SC, Reddy, UM, Thorp, JM Jr, et al. A Randomized Trial of Intrapartum Fetal ECG ST-Segment Analysis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:632–41.Google Scholar
Bhide, A, Chandraharan, E, Acharya, G. Fetal monitoring in labor: Implications of evidence generated by new systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016 Jan;95(1):5–8.Google Scholar
Blix, E, Brurberg, KG, Reierth, E, Reinar, LM, Øian, P. STwaveform analysis vs. cardiotocography alone for intrapartum fetal monitoring: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2015;95:16–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar