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3 - Poland on the eve of the First World War

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 December 2009

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Summary

The great crisis of 1905–7 passed away, but it could no longer be contended that the Polish Question had ceased to exist. In fact, events were to give it a greater significance. The crisis in Bosnia-Herzegovina of 1908 left the Poles in no doubt that sooner or later the three great powers of Central and Eastern Europe would be involved in war and that in consequence one side or the other would be required to produce some solution to the problem of their existence. Poland did not exist as a country, because it was merely a frontier area on the periphery of three great empires. It was therefore clearly assigned to be a battlefield when the great conflict came. Since Poland did not herself possess an army to fight for her independence it followed that the Poles speculated upon which of the contending alliance groups they ought to place their hopes. No clearly defined solution could be found. The position of Germany was plain. The Germans had no place for the Poles in a Europe of their making. For practical purposes the choice lay between Austria–Hungary and Russia. The Polish inhabitants of Prussian Poland saw no future for themselves in a German state and were attracted to Russia. The landed proprietors of eastern Galicia, harassed by the Austro-Hungarian government's disposition to support the Ukrainians as a means of putting pressure upon the Poles, thought that they would fare better in a conservative Russian state.

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Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1980

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