Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword by Professor Lord Ara Darzi KBE
- Preface
- Section 1 Perioperative care
- Section 2 Surgical emergencies
- Section 3 Surgical disease
- Hernias
- Dysphagia: gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
- Dysphagia: oesophageal neoplasia
- Dysphagia: oesophageal dysmotility syndromes
- Gastric disease: peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
- Gastric disease: gastric neoplasia
- Hepatobiliary disease: jaundice
- Hepatobiliary disease: gallstones and biliary colic
- Hepatobiliary disease: pancreatic cancer
- Hepatobiliary disease: liver tumours
- The spleen
- Inflammatory bowel disease: Crohn's disease
- Inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative colitis
- Inflammatory bowel disease: infective colitis
- Inflammatory bowel disease: non-infective colitis
- Colorectal disease: colorectal cancer
- Colorectal disease: colonic diverticular disease
- Perianal: haemorrhoids
- Perianal: anorectal abscesses and fistula in ano
- Perianal: pilonidal sinus and hidradenitis suppurativa
- Perianal: anal fissure
- Chronic limb ischaemia
- Abdominal aortic aneurysms
- Diabetic foot
- Carotid disease
- Raynaud's syndrome
- Varicose veins
- General aspects of breast disease
- Benign breast disease
- Breast cancer
- The thyroid gland
- Parathyroid
- Adrenal pathology
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
- Obstructive urological symptoms
- Testicular lumps and swellings
- Haematuria
- Brain tumours
- Hydrocephalus
- Spinal cord injury
- Superficial swellings and skin lesions
- Section 4 Surgical oncology
- Section 5 Practical procedures, investigations and operations
- Section 6 Radiology
- Section 7 Clinical examination
- Appendices
- Index
Breast cancer
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 July 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword by Professor Lord Ara Darzi KBE
- Preface
- Section 1 Perioperative care
- Section 2 Surgical emergencies
- Section 3 Surgical disease
- Hernias
- Dysphagia: gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
- Dysphagia: oesophageal neoplasia
- Dysphagia: oesophageal dysmotility syndromes
- Gastric disease: peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
- Gastric disease: gastric neoplasia
- Hepatobiliary disease: jaundice
- Hepatobiliary disease: gallstones and biliary colic
- Hepatobiliary disease: pancreatic cancer
- Hepatobiliary disease: liver tumours
- The spleen
- Inflammatory bowel disease: Crohn's disease
- Inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative colitis
- Inflammatory bowel disease: infective colitis
- Inflammatory bowel disease: non-infective colitis
- Colorectal disease: colorectal cancer
- Colorectal disease: colonic diverticular disease
- Perianal: haemorrhoids
- Perianal: anorectal abscesses and fistula in ano
- Perianal: pilonidal sinus and hidradenitis suppurativa
- Perianal: anal fissure
- Chronic limb ischaemia
- Abdominal aortic aneurysms
- Diabetic foot
- Carotid disease
- Raynaud's syndrome
- Varicose veins
- General aspects of breast disease
- Benign breast disease
- Breast cancer
- The thyroid gland
- Parathyroid
- Adrenal pathology
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
- Obstructive urological symptoms
- Testicular lumps and swellings
- Haematuria
- Brain tumours
- Hydrocephalus
- Spinal cord injury
- Superficial swellings and skin lesions
- Section 4 Surgical oncology
- Section 5 Practical procedures, investigations and operations
- Section 6 Radiology
- Section 7 Clinical examination
- Appendices
- Index
Summary
Incidence: affects 1 in 12 women in the UK.
There are 20 000 new patients per year in the UK. The incidence is rising but themortality is falling, however there are still about 15 000 deaths from this cancer per year.
Age: it is very rare under the age of 30, incidence increases with age.
Geography: disease of developed countries.
Aetiology/risk factors:
Early menarche, late menopause
First child over 30 years
Family history in first-degree relatives
Previous breast cancer
Radiation exposure
Exogenous hormones
High intake of saturated fats, alcohol.
Pathology
Tumour type:
1. Non-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (CIS) – this is a premalignant condition that can be seen as microcalcification on mammography. This can be unifocal (indicating a localized removal or lumpectomy) or widespread (which may require a mastectomy).
2. Non-invasive lobular CIS.
3. Invasive ductal – this is the most common. The lump feels hard (‘scirrhous’).
4. Invasive lobular.
5. Medullary – 5% of breast cancers. The tumour is soft, and it tends to affect younger patients.
6. Colloid/mucinous – occur in the elderly. May mimic a benign mass on mammogram.
7. Papillary.
8. Paget's – this is a superficial presentation of an underlying cancer and it appears as an eczema-like condition of the nipple. Importantly this persists, therefore all eczema of the nipple lasting >2 weeks should be biopsied.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Hospital SurgeryFoundations in Surgical Practice, pp. 490 - 497Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009